INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

BACHAN SINGH VS STATE OF PUNJAB (1980) BY: SALEHA HANEEF

Authors : SALEHA HANEEF

Registration ID : 108019 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8019

Year :June-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : haneefsaleha959@gmail.com

Page No : 11 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/07.2024-29547422/BACHAN SINGH VS STATE OF PUNJAB (1980)

THE CONCEPT OF ABSOLUTE LIABILITY: THE STUDY ON ITS DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA BY - MUSKAN SHARMA

Authors : MUSKAN SHARMA

Registration ID : 108018 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8018

Year :June-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : muskansharma3534@gmail.com

Page No : 16 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/07.2024-86339856/THE CONCEPT OF ABSOLUTE LIABILITY: THE STUDY ON IT

THE QUEST FOR TRUTH IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE- REVISITING THE MALIMATH COMMITTEE RECOMMENDATIONS BY - DR. SUMAN MAWAR

Authors : DR. SUMAN MAWAR

Registration ID : 109817 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9817

Year : Aug-2023 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : salonisharma2905@gmail.com

Page No : 24 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link :

THE PARADOX OF PREVENTION: INDIVIDUALISTIC ASPECT OF INTERNET SHUTDOWNS BY - HARSH ENANIYA

Authors : HARSH ENANIYA

Registration ID : 108017 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8017

Year : May-2022 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : salonisharma2905@gmail.com

Page No : 21 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link :

INTERPLAY BETWEEN COMPETITION LAW AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS BY - SUKHMANI SETHI

Authors : SUKHMANI SETHI

Registration ID : 108016 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8016

Year :June-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : Sukhmanisethi62@gmail.com

Page No : 16 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link :

AN ANALYTICAL STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF PORNOGRAPHY AMONG TEENAGERS ON THE ACTS OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE AND RAPE CASES UNDER SECTION 19(1) OF POCSO ACT, SECTION 293 & 354A OF INDIAN PENAL CODE AND SECTION 67A OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ACT, 2000 BY: SANAT KOUL

Authors : SANAT KOUL

Registration ID : 108015 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8015

Year :June-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : sanatkoul10a29@gmail.com

Page No : 16 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link :

SOCIAL SECURITY: A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN INDIA, FRANCE, GERMANY AND UNITED KINGDOM BY - V. RAJENDIRAN & DR. G. SUBHALAKSHMI

Authors : V. RAJENDIRAN & DR. G. SUBHALAKSHMI

Registration ID : 108014 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8013 & IJLRA8014

Year :June-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : vv.rajendiran@gmail.com & subhalakshmig@gmail.com

Page No : 17 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link :

A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF KELSEN’S PURE THEORY OF LAW WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON ITS DISREGARD TO JUSTICE BY - A. GITAPRIYAVARRSHINI

Authors : A. GITAPRIYAVARRSHINI

Registration ID : 108012 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8012

Year :June-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : gitapriyavarrshini_ug22@tnnlu.ac.in

Page No : 22 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link :

A SHIFT FROM CAVEAT EMPTOR TO CAVEAT VENDITOR BY - UMAR JAVED

Authors: UMAR JAVED

Registration ID : 108011 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8011

Year :June-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : rumarjawed2812@gmail.com

Page No : 15 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link :

IMAMUDIN V. STATE OF RAJASTHAN (2023 SCC ONLINE SC 782) BY - RIFA N

Authors : RIFA N

Registration ID : 108010 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8010

Year :June-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id : rifa.hb18114@gmail.com

Page No : 10 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link :

[1]Devadhe T, “Bachan Singh v. State of Punjab, 1982 AIR 1325, ‘Rarest of Rare’ Cases- Legal Vidhiya” (Legal Vidhiya-, April 7 2023) <https://legalvidhiya.com/bachan-singh-v-state-of-punjab-1982-air-1325-rarest-of-rare-cases/> accessed June 18 2024.

[5]Rajendra Prasad v State Of Uttar Pradesh [1979]

[9]Jagmohan Singh v. The State of Uttar Pradesh [1972]

[10]Sreelakshmi M. “BACHAN SINGH v. STATE OF PUNJAB” (Law Essentials, 13 October 2021) <https://lawessential.com/case-comments-1/f/bachan-singh-v-state-of-punjab> accessed 8 June 2024

[11] “Bachan Singh v. State of Punjab – The AmikusQriae” (The Amikus Qriae) <https://theamikusqriae.com/bachan-singh-v-state-of-punjab/> accessed 8 June 2024

[1] See David Landau and Rosalind Dixon, ‘Abusive Judicial Review: Courts Against Democracy’ (2020) 53 UC Davis L Rev 1313; Tom Ginsburg and Aziz Z Huq, How to Save a Constitutional Democracy (Univ Chicago P 2018); Stephen Gardbaum, The New Commonwealth Model of Constitutionalism: Theory and Practice (Cambridge UP 2013). See also Mark Tushnet, Weak Courts, Strong Rights: Judicial Review and Social Welfare Rights in Comparative Constitutional Law (Princeton UP 2009); Katherine Young, ‘A Typology of Economic and Social Rights Adjudication: Exploring the Catalytic Function of Judicial Review’ [2010] Int’l J Const L 385.

[2] E. Delaney, ‘The Federal Case for Judicial Review’ [2022] Oxford Journal of Legal Studies; Giuliano Amato, Benedetta Barbisan, and Cesare Pinelli (eds), Rule of Law vs. Majoritarian Democracy (Bloomsbury 2021).

[3] See pt II of this article; Nick Robinson, ‘Expanding Judiciaries: India and the Rise of the Good Governance Court’ (2009) 8 Washington University Global Studies Law Review 1.

[4] V. Narayan and J. Sindhu, ‘A Historical Argument for Proportionality under the Indian Constitution’ (2018) 2 (1) Indian Law Review; A. Chandra, ‘Proportionality in India: A Bridge to Nowhere’ (2020) 3(2) University of Oxford Human Rights Hub Journal; T. Khaitan, ‘Beyond Reasonableness’ (2008) 50(2) Journal of India Law Institute.

[5] J.H. Ely, Democracy and Distrust (Harvard UP 1980) 102.

[6] R. Dixon, Responsive Judicial Review—Democracy and Dysfunction in the Modern Age.

[7] P. Bobbitt, Constitutional Fate: Theory of the Constitution (Oxford UP 1982).

[13] S. Gardbaum, ‘Comparative Political Process Theory’ (2020) 18(4) ICON; Ittai Bar-Siman- Tav, ‘The Puzzling Resistance to Judicial Review of the Legislative Process’ (2011) 91 Boston UnivLR 1915; SR Ackerman, Stefanie Egidy, and James Fowkes, Due Process of Lawmaking: The United States, South Africa, Germany and the European Union (Cambridge UP 2015).

[14] See pt III of this article; Charanjit Lal Chowdhuri v Union of India AIR 1951 SC 41; Ram Krishna Dalmia v S.R. Tendolkar AIR 1958 SC 538 (on reasonable classification and presump- tion of constitutionality); A.K. Roy v Union of India, AIR 1982 SC 710 (upholding preven- tive detention even after the recognition of the due process under art 21 in Maneka Gandhi v Union of India (1978) 1 SCC 248 : AIR 1978 SC 597); N.B. Khare v State of Delhi AIR 1950 SC 211 (upholding externment on grounds of subjective satisfaction); Babulal Parate v State of Maharashtra AIR 1961 SC 884 : (1961) 3 SCR 423; Madhu Limaye v SDM, Monghyr (1970) 3 SCC 746 : AIR 1971 SC 2486 (upholding s 144 of the CrPC giving broad discretion to the Executive to determine when prohibitory orders on gatherings should be imposed). See also See P.K. Tripathi, Some Insights into Fundamental Rights (University of Bombay, 1972) where he critiques the reasonable classification test; K.G. Kannabiran, Wages of Impunity: Power, Justice and Human Rights, (Orient Longman 2004); S. Shankar, Scaling Justice: India’s Supreme Court, Anti-Terror Laws, and Social Rights (OUP India 2012).

[15] Subhash C. Kashyap, Our Parliament (2001); M.R. Madhavan, Parliament’ in Rethinking India’s Public Institutions (OUP 2017) 81; Kaushiki Sanyal, ‘Who Gains from Parliamentary Disruption’ (2015) 50(35) Economic and Political Weekly.

[16] M. Verma, ‘Diminishing the Role of Parliament: The Case of the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Bill,’ (2019) 54(45) Economic and Political Weekly.

[17] See art 110 of the Constitution. When a Bill is passed as a Money Bill, the Upper House can only recommend amendments that may or may not be accepted by the Lower House; Arvind

P. Datar and Rahul Unnikrishnan, ‘Making a Money Bill of It’ Indian Express (Delhi, 12 January 2016); S. Parthasarathy, ‘Trickeries of the Money Bill’ The Hindu (Delhi, 11 April 2019).

[18] See rr 252–54 of the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in the Council of States, which together provide that once a member asks for actual counting, the Chairman shall pro- ceed with the same. It is pertinent to note that the Parliament was forced to repeal these laws following concerted protests by for farmers more than a year on the outskirts of Delhi.

[19] ‘Election Laws (Amendment) Bill Passed in Lok Sabha Amid Din’ Indian Express (Delhi, 20 December 2021).

[20] See for instance, V. Bhandari, ‘Why the Electoral Reforms Bill is a Problem’ The Hindu

(Delhi, 21 December 2021).

[21] Art 122 states “[t]he validity of any proceedings in the Legislature of a State shall not be called in question on the ground of any alleged irregularity of procedure” See notes 28 to 31 and accompanying text.

[22] David Landau, ‘A Dynamic Theory of Judicial Role’ (2014) 55 BCL Rev 1501.

[23] See generally, A. Kavanagh, ‘The Constitutional Separation of Powers’ in D. Dyzenhaus & M. Thorburn (eds), Philosophical Foundations of Constitutional Law (OUP 2016).

[24] Mattias Kumm, ‘Institutionalising Socratic Contestation: The Rationalist Human Rights Paradigm, Legitimate Authority and the Point of Judicial Review’ (2007) 1(2) European Journal of Legal Studies.

[25] V. Narayan and J. Sindhu, ‘A Case for Judicial Review of Legislative Process in India?’ (2020) 53 VRÜ/World Comparative Law 358, 383-401.

[27] Indeed, the dissenting opinion in K.S. Puttaswamy v Union of India (2019) 1 SCC 1 found such a violation. It is pertinent to note that the majority ruling on this point, finding that the law satisfied the definition of a Money Bill, has been doubted in Roger Mathew v South Indian Bank Ltd (2020) 6 SCC 1 and has been referred to a larger bench for reconsideration.

[28] See references to constitutional construction in Dixon (n 6).

[29] See arts 32, 131-9, 143, 225-8 of the Constitution of India.

[30] For instance, arts 243-O, 262, 363. See the opinion of Justice Chandrachud in K.S. Puttaswamy v Union of India (n 27) [1069]; V. Narayan and J. Sindhu (n 4) 70-73.

[31] Art 118(1) states, “Each House of Parliament may make rules for regulations, subject to the provisions of this Constitution, its procedure and the conduct of its business.”

[32] See arts 110, 190, and 194 of the Constitution of India as illustrations.

[33] It is pertinent to note that the provision for a voice vote provided for in parliamentary rules cannot override constitutional provisions as art 118 stipulates that procedural rules devised by Parliament are subject to the provisions of the Constitution. In fact, the rules of procedure also provide that when a member asks for a division of the votes following a voice vote, the chairman and speaker are obligated to ensure the counting of votes. See V. Narayan and J. Sindhu (n 25) 393–94.

[34] Raja Ram Pal v The Speaker, Lok Sabha (2007) 3 SCC 184.

[35] Ashish Selar v Maharashtra Legislative Assembly 2022 SCC OnLine SC 105.

[36] Ashish Selar v Maharashtra Legislative Assembly (n 35).

[37] Ashish Selar v Maharashtra Legislative Assembly (n 35).

[38] V. Narayan and J. Sindhu (n 25) 394-99.

[39] Charanjit Lal Chowdhuri v Union of India (n 14) [Mukherjea J]; State of Bombay v F.N. Balsara AIR 1951 SC 318.

[40] See V. Narayan and J. Sindhu (n 25) 397-9.

[41] See V. Narayan and J. Sindhu (n 4); A. Chandra (n 4); T. Khaitan (n 4).

[42] In this regard, see for instance Malpe Vishwanath Acharya v State of Maharashtra (1998) 2 SCC 1: AIR 1998 SC 602 (“Social Legislation is treated with deference by the Courts not merely because the Legislature represents the people but also because in representing them the entire spectrum of views is expected to be taken into account. The Legislature is not shackled by the same constraints as the courts of law. But its [sic] power is coupled with a responsibility.”) In fact, one of the crucial arguments against judicial review in the United States is based on the premise that there is an obligation on the Legislature in the American Constitution to evaluate the constitutionality of legislation which the Court cannot interfere with. See JB Thayer, ‘The Original and Scope of Judicial Review’ (1893) 7(3) Harvard L R 129135. Thayer’s seminal albeit dated work is often cited by the Indian Supreme Court to jus- tify judicial restraint. For a recent example see Rajeev Suri v DDA 2021 SCC OnLine SC 7.

[44] For an explanation of these steps that constitute the proportionality test, see D. Grimm, ‘Proportionality in Canadian and German Constitutional Jurisprudence’ (2007) 57(2) Univ of Toronto LJ.

[45] However, the Law Minister did not explain how the proportionality test was satisfied and this instance therefore cannot qualify as deliberation meriting deference.

[46] See the dissenting opinion of Justice Chandrachud in K.S. Puttaswamy v Union of India (n 27) [1066-8, 1076] examining the commitment of judicial review in the Indian Constitution.

[47] D. Kyritsis, ‘Constitutional Review in a Representative Democracy’ (2012) 32(2) Oxford JLS; Ely, Democracy and Distrust (n 5) 102-3.

[48] The judiciary will also be free to consider the law on substantive grounds once the law is passed in a procedurally sound manner.

[49] See discussion in negative and positive rights in Mark Tushnet, Weak Courts, Strong Rights: Judicial Review and Social Welfare Rights in Comparative Constitutional Law (Princeton UP 2009).

[50] See for instance, B.N. Rau, ‘Preliminary Notes on the Fundamental Rights’ in Shiva Rao, The Framing of India’s Constitution, Select Documents II 33 (Indian Institute of Public Administration 1966). See Sindhu and Narayan, ‘A “Weak” Justification for Justiciability of Socio-Economic Rights’ (unpublished, on file with the author).

[51] Constituent Assembly Debates, 19 November 1948; See Sindhu and Narayan (n 50).

[52] Olga Tellis v Bombay Municipal Corpn (1985) 3 SCC 545; Narmada Bachao Andolan v Union of India (2002) 10 SCC 408 : AIR 2000 SC 3751, People’s Union for Civil Liberties v Union of India (2011) 12 SCC 675.

[53] Francis Coralie Mullin v UT of Delhi (1981) 1 SCC 608 : AIR 1981 SC 746

[54] See orders passed in People’s Union for Civil Liberties v Union of India (2011) 12 SCC 675 over the course of 16 years.

[55] Bandhua Mukti Morcha v Union of India (1984) 3 SCC 161.

[56] Olga Tellis v Bombay Municipal Corpn (1985) 3 SCC 545.

[57] U. Baxi, The Indian Supreme Court and Politics (Eastern Book Company 1985).

[58] For the phases of the PIL movement see Shyam Divan ‘Public Interest Litigation’ in S. Choudhry, M. Khosla and P.B. Mehta (eds), The Oxford Handbook of the Indian Constitution (Oxford University Press 2016).

[59] See Lawyer’s Voice v Union of India, Writ Petition (Criminal) 142/2019 order dated May 8, 2019 where the Supreme Court issued notice in a petition seeking criminal investigation into funding activities of an NGO; Wildlife First v Ministry of Forest & Environment WP (Civil) 109/2008, order dated 13.02.2019 where the Court directed the eviction of tribal persons from forest land; MC Mehta v Union of India, Writ Petition (Civil) 10329/2015, order dated 2.9.2019, where the Court laid down guidelines on parking.

[60] Shyam Narayan Chouskey v Union of India 2016 SCC OnLine SC 1411 which the court later walked back.

[61] See orders in Harsh Mander v Union of India, Writ Petition (Civil) 1045 of 2018. See also G. Bhatia, ‘The NRC Case and the Parchment Barrier of Article 21’ (Indian Constitutional Law And Philosophy, 26 April 2019) and-the-parchment-barrier-of-article-21/> accessed 10 January 2021.

[62] Amit Sahni v Commr. of Police (2020) 10 SCC 439 : 2020 SCC OnLine SC 808.

[63] P. Chitlakar and V. Gauri, ‘The Recent Evolution of Public Interest Litigation in the Indian Supreme Court’ in S. Krishnaswamy and others (eds), A Qualified Hope: The Indian Supreme Court and Progressive Social Change (Cambridge UP 2019) 77–91, 85.

[64] The approach of the Court in the midday meal case was notably not followed in Swaraj Abhiyan v Union of India (2018) 12 SCC 170. In this case, the Court dealt with a petition seeking relief of rations in states where there were drought-like conditions. The Petitioner also sought the appointment of court commissioners to monitor the implementation of the Court’s orders. The Court refrained from granting this prayer on the ground that the State had pro- vided for such authorities to ensure implementation under the National Food Security Act 2014 but these positions remained vacant. The Court passed orders to ensure that these vacan- cies were filled.

[65] J. Sindhu and V. Narayan, ‘The Supreme Court Has Failed in Its Duty in Handling of Migrant Cases’ (The Quint 18 May 2020) www.thequint.com/voices/opinion/supreme-court- migrant-workers-crisis-no-judicial-review-high-courts-show-way-coronavirus-lockdown> accessed 10 January 2021.

[66] On how constitutional interpretation can support such a position, see J. Balkin, Living Originalism (Harvard UP 2011).

[67] See Distribution of Essential Supplies and Services During the Pandemic, In re (2021) 7 SCC 772 the Supreme Court’s order with respect to the Government’s COVID-19 vaccine policy, where the Court sought data from the Government about the Government’s purchase orders and persons vaccinated till date, which led the Government to modify its vaccination policy to make it more equitable, serves as an important illustration of how the Court can respond to democratic inertia in matters of individual rights without transgressing its own limitations of legitimacy and competence.

[68] See, generally, Katherine Young, ‘A Typology of Economic and Social Rights Adjudication: Exploring the Catalytic Function of Judicial Review’ [2010] Int’l J Const L 385.

[69] See orders passed in Swaraj Abhiyan v Union of India (2018) 12 SCC 170. Sindhu and Narayan (n 50).

[70] M. Tushnet, ‘Thayer’s Target: Judicial Review or Democracy’ (1993) 88 Nw U L Rev 9, 17.

[71] Indeed, there is copious scholarship on the counter-majoritarian difficulty posed by judicial review in the United States. For a survey of this scholarship see, S.B. Prakash & J.C. Yoo,‘The Origins of Judicial Review’ (2003) 70(3) 887, 894-898.

[72] See R.A. Dahl, Democracy and its Critics (Yale UP 1989). Terri Peretti, ‘An Empirical Analysis of Alexander Bickel’s The Least Dangerous Branch’ in Kenneth Ward and Cecilia Castillo (eds), The Judiciary and American Democracy (State University of New York Press 2006).

[73] See the rights provided in pt III of the Indian Constitution.

[75] State of Madras v V.G. Row AIR 1952 SC 196; State of Punjab v Khan Chand AIR 1974 SC 543; Om Kumar v Union of India (2001) 2 SCC 386; Shayara Bano v Union of India (2017) 9SCC 1.

[76] See G Bhatia, The Transformative Constitution: A Radical Biography in Nine Acts (Harper Collins 2019).

[77] Navtej Singh Johar v Union of India (2018) 10 SCC 1 : AIR 2018 SC 4321.

[78] K.S. Puttaswamy v Union of India (2017) 10 SCC 1; State of Maharashtra v Indian Hotel & Restaurants Assn (2013) 8 SCC 519 : AIR 2013 SC 2582.

[79] See Chiranjit Lal Chowdhuri v Union of India AIR 1951 SC 41; Ram Krishna Dalmia v S.R. Tendolkar AIR 1958 SC 538.

[81] Kantaru Rajeevaru v Indian Young Lawyers Assn (2020) 2 SCC 1.

[82] On how this precedent made it to India see Narayan & Sindhu (n 4) 57-62.

[83] On the method of constitutional interpretation see P. Bobbitt, (n 7); C. Chandrachud, ‘Constitutional Interpretation’ in S. Choudhry, M. Khosla and P.B. Mehta (eds), The Oxford Handbook of the Indian Constitution (Oxford University Press 2016).

[84] Art 32(2); In fact, the provision was amended to ensure discretion of remedies to the Supreme Court, see Constituent Assembly Debates, 9 December 1948.

[85] For instance, in Anuradha Bhasin v Union of India (2020) 3 SCC 637 : AIR 2020 SC 1308, the Court failed to strike down the internet shutdown imposed in Jammu and Kashmir, which became the longest internet shutdown in a democracy, despite finding that the Government was wrong to not produce the orders before court and that strict standards of proportionality had to be applied. Instead of striking down the measure, the Court, without explanation, passed a direction to the Government to produce the orders and review the situation. The internet in the region was only restored a year after the Court’s decision.

[86] This technique ought to have been applied in the face of protests against the decision of the Court in Indian Young Lawyers Assn v State of Kerala (2019) 11 SCC 1 allowing the entry of women into the Sabarimala Temple. Instead, the Court agreed to review its decision, See Kantaru Rajeevaru v Indian Young Lawyers Assn (n 82).

[87] A good example of a considered approach to standards of review is the Court’s decision in State of Gujarat v Shri Ambica Mills Ltd. (1974) 4 SCC 656 : AIR 1974 SC 1300, where the Court held that in matters of economic decisions promoting welfare (unlike identity-based classifications) the State government should have more leeway to make classifications so as to first determine the success of the welfare measure.

[88] See notes 38 to 45 and accompanying text.

[89] Aharon Barak, Proportionality Constitutional Rights and their Limitations (Cambridge UP 2012), 396–99.

[90] Cora Chan, ‘Proportionality and Invariable Baseline Intensity of Review’ (2013) 33 Leg Stud 1.

[1] ‘Indian Telecommunication Bill, 2022’,

ill%2C%202022.pdf>.

[2] GS Bajpai and Saurabh Sharma, ‘Demystifying the Draft Indian Telecommunication Bill, 2022’ (2023) SSRN Electronic Journal.

[3] Anuradha Bhasin v Union of India (2020) SCC Online SC 25.

[4] Standing Committee on Communications and Information Technology (2021-22), Ministry of Communications (Department of Telecommunications), 17^th Lok Sabha

ormation_Technology_26.pdf> accessed 22 August 2022.

[5] Soumyarendra Barik, ‘Draft Telecom Bill: Negative impact on digital ecosystem, say tech companies’, The Indian Express (Mumbai, 12 November 2022).

[6] Shashi Shekhar Vempati, India and The Artificial Intelligence Revolution (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 2016).

[7] Saket Modi, ‘India in 10 years: Cyberspace, the new frontier’, LiveMint (3 February 2022).

[8] ‘How does the Internet work?’ (Cloudfare), www.cloudflare.com/learning/network-layer/how-does-the- internet-work/> accessed 13 August 2022.

[9] Steven Feldstein, ’Government Internet Shutdowns Are Changing. How Should Citizens and Democracies Respond?’ (2022) Carnegie Endowment for International Peace shutdowns-are-changing.-how-should-citizens-and-democracies-respond-pub-86687> accessed 13 August 2022.

[10] Cassondra Mix, ‘Internet Communication Blackout: Attack Under Non- International Armed Conflict?’ (2014) 3 Journal of Law & Cyber Warfare 70, 70-102.

[11] Anuradha Bhasin v Union of India (2020) SCC Online SC 25.

[12] Diksha Munjal, ‘In India, are internet shutdowns in accordance with law? Not always’(newslaundry, 29 October 2021)

www.newslaundry.com/2021/10/29/in-india-are-internet-shutdowns-in-accordance-with-law-not-always > accessed 13 August 2022.

[13] The Superintendent, Central Prison, Fatehgarh v Ram Manhar Lohia AIR 1960 SC 633.

[15] Kuso Sah v State of Bihar (1974) 1 SCC 185.

[16] Madhu Limaye v Sub-Divisional Magistrate, Monghyr (1970) 3 SCC 746.

[17] Anuradha Bhasin v Union of India (2020) SCC Online SC 25.

[18] Outlook Web Bureau, ‘Fundamental Right: All You Need to Know About Longest Internet Shutdown In Kashmir’ (OutlookIndia,13 February 2022).< https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-sc-says-internet-fundamental-right-all-you-need-to-know-about-kashmirs-longest-internet-shutdown/345478 > accessed 14 November 2022.

[20] Tina Gurnaney, ‘Estimated internet penetration in India reaches 27% with 355 million internet users: Kleiner Perkins’ (ETTelecom, 1 June 2017) perkins/58942667> accessed 22 August 2022.

[21] Tanushree Basuroy, ‘Internet usage in India’ (Statista, 22 September 2022)

<www.statista.com/topics/2157/internet-usage-in-india > accessed 10 November 2022.

[22] Ani Petrosyan, ‘Internet users worldwide 2022’ (Statista, 13 February 2022),

www.statista.com/statistics/271411/number-of-internet-users-in-selected-countries> accessed 10 November 2022.

[23] Tanushree Basuroy, ‘Internet usage in India’ (Statista, 22 September 2022)

<www.statista.com/topics/2157/internet-usage-in-india > accessed 10 November 2022.

[24] Scroll Staff, ‘India had world’s highest number of internet shutdowns for fourth straight year in 2021, says report’ (Scroll, 28 April 2022)

accessed 8 November 2022.

[25] Nitish Arya, Internet Shutdowns in India: Understanding and Impact (2022).

[27] Pranav Mukul, ‘Economic Impact: “India lost $2.8 bn in 2020 to Internet shutdowns; over double of 20 others’ The Indian Express (5 January 2021).

[29] ‘Not right to resort to Internet shutdown every time: Parliament panel’ Business Standard (2 December 2021).

[30] Anuradha Bhasin v Union of India (2020) SCC Online SC 25.

[32] The Constitution of India, 1950 art 19(2).

[33] State of Madras v VG Row AIR 1952 SC 196.

[34] Shreya Singhal v Union of India (2015) 5 SCC 1(India).

[35] Babulal Parate v State of Maharashtra AIR 1961 SC 884.

[36] Justice K. S. Puttuswamy (Retd) and Anr v Union of India (2017) 10 SCC 1.

[37] Anuradha Bhasin v Union of India (2020) SCC Online SC 25.

[38] Faheema Shirin RK v State of Kerala (2019) SCC Online Ker 2976.

[39] Anuradha Bhasin v Union of India (2020) SCC Online SC 25.

[40] Aditi Chaturvedi, ‘Digital India Dream and Arbitrary Internet Shutdowns Can’t Go Together. Just See the Loss’, The Print (23 March 2022).

[41] Human Rights Watch, ‘No Internet Means No Work, No Pay, No Food: Internet Shutdowns Deny Access to Basic Rights in “Digital India” (2023)

www.hrw.org/report/2023/06/14/no-internet-means-no-work-no-pay-no-food/internet-shutdowns-deny-access-basic> accessed 13 August 2022.

[42] Hakeem Irfan Rashid, ‘Many Lose Jobs, Migrate due to Internet Shutdown in Kashmir’, The Economic Times (14 November 2019) < https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/many-lose-jobs- migrate-due-to-internet-shutdown-in-kashmir/articleshow/72057198.cms?from=mdr> accessed 13 August 2023.

[43] Jan Rydzak, ‘Of Blackouts and Bandhs: The Strategy and Structure of Disconnected Protest in India’ (2019) accessed 23 February 2022.

[44] James Vincent, ’UN condemns internet access disruption as a human rights violation’ The Verge (2016) www.theverge.com/2016/7/4/12092740/un- resolution-condemns-disrupting-internet-access > accessed 26 February 2022.

[46] Joint Declaration on Freedom of Expression and Responses to Conflict Situations, OHCHR (2015) www.ohchr.org/en/statements/2015/05/joint- declaration-freedom-expression-and-responses-conflict-situations#:~:text=Individuals%20who%20expose%20wrongdoing%2C%20serious, sanction%2C%20even%20if%20they%20have > accessed 13 August 2022.

[47] The promotion, protection and enjoyment of human rights on the Internet Res 32/13 (2016) A/HRC/RES/32/13.

[48] International Telecommunications Union, ‘Building the Information Society: A Global Challenge in the New Millenium’ (Geneva Declaration of Principles, World Summit on the Information Society, December 2003).

[49] United Nations Millennium Declaration Res 55/2 (2000) A/RES/55/2.

[50] Rec CM/Rec (2007) 16 ‘Committee of Ministers to Member States on Measures to Promote the Public Service Value of the Internet’ [2007] Council of Europe.

[51] David Kaye, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Promotion and Protection of the Right to Freedom of Opinion and Expression (2016) UN Doc A/71/373

accessed 22 August 2022.

[52] Soumyarendra Barik, ‘Draft Telecom Bill: Negative Impact on Digital Ecosystem, Say Tech Companies’ The Indian Express (11 November 2022).

[53] Isha Sahai Bhatnagar, ‘No Centralised Data on Internet Shutdowns, Centre Tells Parliament’ Hindustan Times (4 August 2022).

[54] Jan Rydzak, ‘Of Blackouts and Bandhs: The Strategy and Structure of Disconnected Protest in India’ (2019) accessed 23 February 2022.

[55] Mucahid Durmaz, ‘Do African Autocrats Fear the Internet?’ TRT World (2019).

[56] Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, ‘Internet shutdowns: trends, causes, legal implications and impacts on a range of human rights’ (2022) UN Doc A/HRC/50/55 www.ohchr.org/en/documents/thematic-reports/ahrc5055-internet-shutdowns-trends-causes-legal-implications-and-impacts> accessed 22 August 2022.

[57] Madhu Limaye v Sub-Divisional Magistrate, Monghyr (1970) 3 SCC 746.

[58] Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, Frank La Rue (2013) UN Doc A/HRC/23/40 www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/RegularSession/Session23/A.HRC.23.40_EN.pdf> accessed 22 August 2022.

[59] UN ICCPR, ‘General comment No. 34’ (2011) UN Doc. CCPR/C/GC/34 accessed 22 August 2022.

[60] ibid at para 43; UN Human Rights Committee (HRC), ‘UN Human Rights Committee: Concluding Observations: Syrian Aarab Republic’ (2005), UN Doc. CCPR/CO/84/SYR, www.refworld.org/docid/43f2ff770.html> accessed 13 August 2022.

[1] ashwin, P. author By (2022) The interplay between intellectual property law and competition law- similarities and differences, Enhelion Blogs. Available at: https://enhelion.com/blogs/2022/08/22/the-interplay-between-intellectual-property-law-and-competition-law-similarities-and-differences/ (Accessed: 07 April 2024).

[2] India - the intellectual property and antitrust review – edition 4. - conventus law. Available at: https://conventuslaw.com/report/india-the-intellectual-property-and-antitrust/ (Accessed: 07 April 2024).

[3] Varottil, U. and Varottil, U. (2017) Competition Appellate Tribunal ruling in the Auto Parts Case, IndiaCorpLaw. Available at: https://indiacorplaw.in/2017/01/competition-appellate-tribunal-ruling.html (Accessed: 07 April 2024).

[4] Copyright. Available at: https://www.copyright.gov/history/1909act-1973.pdf (Accessed: 07 April 2024).

[5] Sony Electronics, inc. v. Soundview Technologies, 157 F. supp. 2d 180 (D. Conn. 2001) Justia Law. Available at: https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp2/157/180/2470269/ (Accessed: 07 April 2024).

[6] ashwin, P. author By (2022a) The interplay between intellectual property law and competition law- similarities and differences, Enhelion Blogs. Available at: https://enhelion.com/blogs/2022/08/22/the-interplay-between-intellectual-property-law-and-competition-law-similarities-and-differences/ (Accessed: 07 April 2024).

[7] Meetings UNCTAD. Available at: https://unctad.org/meetings (Accessed: 07 April 2024).

[8] Competition policy in copyright. Available at: https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/katz_290421_e.pdf (Accessed: 07 April 2024).

[9]The proper balance of competition and patent law and ... Available at: https://www.ftc.gov/sites/default/files/documents/reports/promote-innovation-proper-balance-competition-and-patent-law-and-policy/innovationrptsummary.pdf (Accessed: 07 April 2024).

[10]NLIU. Available at: https://nliulawreview.nliu.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Volume-V-Issue-I-141-166.pdf (Accessed: 07 April 2024).

[11] Licensing of IP rights and Competition Law - OECD. Available at: https://www.oecd.org/daf/competition/licensing-of-ip-rights-and-competition-law.htm (Accessed: 07 April 2024).

[12] ICCLi (2023) Intellectual property: Powerhouse for innovation and economic growth - ICC - international chamber of commerce, ICC. Available at: https://iccwbo.org/publication/intellectual-property-powerhouse-for-innovation-and-economic-growth/ (Accessed: 07 April 2024).

[13] Managing intellectual property rights in innovation: The key to reaching the market WIPO. Available at: https://www.wipo.int/wipo_magazine/en/2021/01/article_0009.html (Accessed: 07 April 2024).

[14] Site homepage (no date) OECD iLibrary. Available at: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/ (Accessed: 07 April 2024).

[16] Editor_4 and Ridhi (2023) The competition (amendment) act, 2023: A game changer for mergers and acquisitions, SCC Times. Available at: https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2023/06/05/the-competition-amendment-act-2023-a-game-changer-for-mergers-and-acquisitions/ (Accessed: 07 April 2024).

[17]WIPO. Available at: https://www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/mdocs/en/wipo_rt_ip_sin_11/wipo_rt_ip_sin_11_ref_rulesandprinciples.pdf (Accessed: 07 April 2024).

[18] Technology, T.O. of (2013) Competition and intellectual property policy: The way ahead, Federal Trade Commission. Available at: https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/news/speeches/competition-intellectual-property-policy-way-ahead (Accessed: 07 April 2024).

[19] Licensing of IP rights and Competition Law. Available at: https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/attachments/us-submissions-oecd-2010-present-other-international-competition-fora/ip_licensing_us-oecd.pdf (Accessed: 07 April 2024).

[20] Competition policy in copyright. Available at: https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/katz_290421_e.pdf (Accessed: 07 April 2024).

[21]WIPO. Available at: https://www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/mdocs/en/wipo_rt_ip_sin_11/wipo_rt_ip_sin_11_ref_rulesandprinciples.pdf (Accessed: 07 April 2024).

[22]Copyright and competition policy - tspace. Available at: https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/89455/1/Katz%20-%20Copyright%20and%20Competition.pdf (Accessed: 07 April 2024).

[23] Chawla, A. (2023) Competition law and IPR: Case for further limiting scope of interference under Article 226, IRCCL. Available at: https://www.irccl.in/post/competition-law-and-ipr-case-for-further-limiting-scope-of-interference-under-article-226 (Accessed: 07 April 2024).

[24] Rastogi, A. and Verma, V.K. (2020) Ericsson vs. CCI (Micromax & Intex Sep Row): Delhi High Court refuses stay against investigation by CCI, Indian Case Law. Available at: https://indiancaselaw.in/ericsson-vs-cci-micromax-intex-sep-row-delhi-high-court-refuses-stay-against-investigation-by-cci/ (Accessed: 07 April 2024).

[25] Conventus Law (2019) India - the intellectual property and antitrust review – edition 4., Conventus Law. Available at: https://conventuslaw.com/report/india-the-intellectual-property-and-antitrust/ (Accessed: 07 April 2024).

[26] Writ appeal nos. 1806 and 1807 of 2013. case: The Tamil Nadu Film Exhibitors Association Vs Competition Commission of India and Ors.. High Court of Madras (India) (no date) vLex. Available at: https://vlex.in/vid/the-tamil-nadu-film-577379090 (Accessed: 07 April 2024).

[27] Conventus Law (2019a) India - the intellectual property and antitrust review – edition 4., Conventus Law. Available at: https://conventuslaw.com/report/india-the-intellectual-property-and-antitrust/ (Accessed: 07 April 2024).

[28] Arneja, N., Gandhi, T. and Bhanot, V. (2020) Q&A: IP rights in competition in India, Lexology. Available at: https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=f646a285-65aa-4352-ad54-0e8591af3616 (Accessed: 07 April 2024).

[29] Arneja, N., Gandhi, T. and Bhanot, V. (2020) Q&A: IP rights in competition in India, Lexology. Available at: https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=f646a285-65aa-4352-ad54-0e8591af3616 (Accessed: 07 April 2024).

[2] The Information Technology (Amendment) Act 2000, s 67A.

[5] Raman Devgan, ‘IPC Section 354A - Sexual Harassment and Punishment for Sexual Harassment’ (A Lawyers Reference, 31 Oct 2022) <https://devgan.in/ipc/section/354A/> accessed 7 June 2024.

[6] The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 2019, s 19(1).

[8] Sushma, ‘Pornography as an expression of erotic sex behaviour impinging upon the realm of morality a socio legal critique of law in India’ (2022) INFLIBNET <https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/472744/3/03_chapter1.pdf> accessed on 2 June 2024.

[9] Casemine, ‘Sachendra Singh Rawat v. State Of Uttarakhand’ (casemine.com, 8 Aug 2023) <https://www.casemine.com/judgement/in/654c348f1457ac47a2331ed2> accessed 3 June 2024.

[10] Srivastava S and others, ‘Exposure to Pornographic Content Among Indian Adolescents and Young Adults and Its Associated Risks: Evidence from UDAYA Survey in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh’ (2022) 52 Archives of Sexual Behavior <https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-022-02411-7> accessed on 1 June 2024.

[11] Sushma, ‘Pornography : A crime against morality but not law’ (2022) INFLIBNET <https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/472744/3/03_chapter3.pdf> accessed on 2 June 2024.

[12] Casemine, ‘Samaresh Bose And Another v. Amal Mitra And Another’ (casemine.com, 24 Sept 1985) <https://www.casemine.com/search/in/samaresh%2Bbose> accessed 3 June 2024.

[13] Dhruv Krishna, ‘Sex Education: Still a Taboo in India?’ (Times of India Blog, 15 July 2020) <https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/dhruvslexicon/sex-education-still-a-taboo-in-india-2-23171/> accessed 4 June 2024.

[14] Sushma, ‘Effects of Pornography’ (2022) INFLIBNET <https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/472744/3/03_chapter5.pdf> accessed on 2 June 2024.

[15] Sushma, ‘Pornography : A crime against morality but not law’ (2022) INFLIBNET <https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/472744/3/03_chapter3.pdf> accessed on 2 June 2024.

[16] About the Author, ‘Watching Porn could lead to rapes’ (Deccan Chroncile, 9 Mar 2016) <https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/090316/watching-porn-could-lead-to-rapes-study.html> accessed 13 June 2024.

[18] Guleria , Vishal, ‘Concept and Evolution of Cyber Pornographic Crimes’ (2021) INFLIBNET <https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/401099/6/ch-2.pdf> accessed on 1 June 2024.

[19] Analiza Pathak, ‘SHOCKING: Teen Brother Rapes And Murders Minor Sister After Watching Porn In UP’s Kasganj’ (India.Com, 6 Feb 2024) <https://www.india.com/uttar-pradesh/shocking-teen-brother-rapes-and-murders-minor-sister-after-watching-porn-in-ups-kasganj-6706739/> accessed 5 June 2024.

[22] Sushma, ‘Pornography : A crime against morality but not law’ (2022) INFLIBNET <https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/472744/3/05_chapter3.pdf> accessed on 2 June 2024.

[23] Guleria , Vishal, ‘Concept and Evolution of Cyber Pornographic Crimes’ (2021) INFLIBNET <https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/401099/6/ch-2.pdf> accessed on 1 June 2024.

[24] Sushma, ‘Pornography as an expression of erotic sex behaviour impinging upon the realm of morality a socio legal critique of law in India’ (2022) INFLIBNET <https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/472744/10/10_chapter8.pdf> accessed on 2 June 2024.

[25] Sushma, ‘Pornography as an expression of erotic sex behaviour impinging upon the realm of morality a socio legal critique of law in India’ (2022) INFLIBNET <https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/472744/10/10_chapter8.pdf> accessed on 2 June 2024.

[26]Sushma, ‘Forms of Pornography In India’ (2022) INFLIBNET <https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/472744/6/06_chapter4.pdf> accessed on 7 June 2024.

[1] Mamuria and Doshi, Labour problems and social welfare in India, KitabMahalpvt.Ltd. Allahbad (1966) pg. 339.

[2] Ajinkya Tanksale and J K Jha, “Implementing National Food Security Act in India: Issues and Challenges” 117 British Food Journal 1315-1335 (2015).

[3] Government of India, Report: Annual Report 2020-21 (Ministry of Labour and Employment, 2021).

[4] Constitutional Council, Decision No. 98-401 of 10 June 1998, framework and incentive Act related to the reduction of working hours.

[5] Constitutional Council, Decision No. 77-83 of July 1977, Act amending Article 4 of the Amending Finance Act of 1961 (Service obligation of Civil servants)

[6] Constitutional Council, Decision No. 86-225 of 23 January 1987, Act establishing various social order measures.

[7] Constitutional Council, Decision No. 80-117 of 22 July 1980, Act on the protection and control of nuclear materials.

[8] Article 20(1) - The Federal Republic of Germany is a democratic and social federal state.

[9] Article 79(3) – Amendments to this Basic Law affecting the division of the Federation into Lander, their participation in principle in the legislative process, or the principles laid down in Articles 1 and 20 shall be inadmissible.

[10] Article 2, Clause (1) – Every person shall have the right to free development of his personality insofar as he does not violate the rights of others or offend against the constitutional order or the moral law.

[11] Article 3 Clause (1) – All persons shall be equal before the law.

[12] Article 14 Clause (1) – Poverty and the right of inheritance shall be guaranteed. Their content and limits shall be defined by the laws.

[1] Dhananjai Shivakumar, “The Pure Theory as Ideal Type: Defending Kelsen on the Basis of Weberian Methodology”, The Yale Law Journal , vol. 105, (1996), pp. 1383. https://doi.org/10.2307/797179

[2] Cotrell Roger, “Jurisprudence”, Lexis Nexis, Ed.2, 2001, pp. 104.

[4] Hans Kelsen, “General Theory of Law and State”, (1945).

[5] Michael Doherty, “Jurisprudence: The Philosophy of Law”, Ed.2, (2001), pp. 98.

[7] Berkeley, “What Is Justice?”, (1960).

[8] Joseph Raz, “The Purity of Pure Law Theory” Revue Internationale de Philosophie , 1981, Vol. 35, pp. 442.

[10] “The Concept of a Legal System”, Oxford, (1970), pp. 97.

[12] Joseph Raz, “Kelsen’s Theory of Basic Norm”, The American Journal of Jurisprudence, vol. 68, (2023).

[14] Mridushi Swarup,”Kelsen’s Theory of Grundnorm”. https://manupatra.com/roundup/330/articles/article%201.pdf

[15] Berkeley:, “The Pure Theory of Law”, 2nd ed. (1967).

[16] Uwaezuoke Precious Obioha, “The Nature of Justice”, Journal of Political Science, vol. 29(2), (2011). pp. 185-190. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267941412

[17] Bibi Hamedi, “The Concept of Justice In Greek Philosophy (Plato and Aristotle)”. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. (2014). vol. 5, pp. 1163.

[18] Plato’s Republic, Jowett’s Translation, The Modern Library, New York, (2013) pp. 147-148.

[19] Ranjithkumar A . “Plato?s Notion of Justice in Understanding Order and Stability in Stratified Societies: A Study of India’s Experience”. International Journal of Political Science Development, vol 5(2), (2017). pp. 45-49.

https://www.academicresearchjournals.org/IJPSD/PDF/2017/March/Ranjithkumar.pdf

[20] Plato, “The Republic”. Translated by Desmond Lee. England: Penguin Books Ltd, (1974).

[23] D.R. Bhandari, “Plato’s Concept of Justice: An Analysis”,Obioha, Precious. (2011). http://www.bu.edu/wcp/Papers/Anci/AnciBhan.htm#top, downloads on 05.04.24 (Retrieved April 5, 2024).

[24] Patrick Kernahan, “The Meaning of Law: Plato’s Minos”. In On Religion and Politics, IWM Junior Visiting Fellows' Conferences, Vol. 13, (2004). pp. 5-6.

https://files.iwm.at/uploads/jc-13-01.pdf

[25] Heywood, Andrew, “Political Theory: An Introduction”,Ed. 4, Palgrave Macmillan Education, United Kingdom, (2015).

https://mgdc-chararisharief.com/elearn/Political%20Theory-1stSem.pdf

[26] Sooraj Kumar Maurya, “Aristotle’s Theory of Justice: Revisited”, World Congress on Innovations and Research in Arts, Culture, Literature, Languages, Philosophy and Spirituality, (2019). pp. 14. https://krishisanskriti.org/vol_image/31May201903055012%20%20%20%20%20Sooraj%20Kumar%20Maurya%20

%20%20%20%2013-17.pdf

[27] W.D Ross, “Aristotle’s The Nicomachean Ethics, Revised with an Introduction and Notes by Lesley Brown”,

Oxford University Press, Oxford, (2009), p. 85.

[28] Tony Burns, “Aristotle and natural law”. History of Political Thought. vol. 19. (1998), pp. 142-166.

[29] Sampurnaa Dutta, “Rawls Theory of Justice: An Analysis”, IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science

(IOSR-JHSS) Volume 22, Issue 4, (2017) pp. 40-43.

https://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jhss/papers/Vol.%2022%20Issue4/Version-1/G2204014043.pdf

[31] John Rawls, “A Theory of Justice”, Harvard University Press, (1971). pp. 3- 86.

[33] T.R.Sharma, “Rawlsian Justice:Disjunction between choice and observation”, Vol. 28, IJPS (1989), p 33-34. https://www.questjournals.org/jrhss/papers/vol9-issue3/2/L09036468.pdf

[35] R. M. Hare, “Review of Rawls’ Theory of Justice--I, by John Rawls”. The Philosophical Quarterly (1950-) 23, no. 91 (1973). pp. 154.. (https://doi.org/10.2307/2217486.)

[36] Amartya Sen, "What Do We Want from a Theory of Justice?", Journal of Philosophy vol. 103 (2006), pp. 215-238. (http://www.jstor.org/stable/20619936.)

[38] Amartya Sen, “The Idea of Justice”, Allen Lane, London (2009).

[40] Afif Mahfud et al. “Agrarian Justice and Contextuality in Maxim Fiat Justitia Ruat Caelum and Fiat Justitia Ne Pereat Mundus”.Research Gate. vol.23. 65-79. 10.24815/kanun.v23i1.20178.

[41] Umut Dag, “Amartya Sen’s Idea of Justice and its relation with John Rawls and Adam Smith”, (2015), pp. 19-25.

[42] Amartya Sen, "Open and Closed Impartiality,” Journal of Philosophy, Vol; 99, No.9, (2002). pp. 445-460.

[43] Hans Kelsen, “The Pure Theory of Law and Analytical Jurisprudence”, Harvard Law Review ,vol. 55, (1941), pp. 46.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/1334739

[44] M. Maurice Orona , “What Is Justice?by Hans Kelsen”, Washington Law Review, vol. 32, (1957), pp. 401. https://digitalcommons.law.uw.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3245&context=wlr

[45] D’ Amato, Anthony. “On the Connection between Law and Justice.”, (2011), Davis L. Rev. 527, pp. 18. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228187530_On_the_Connection_between_Law_and_Justice

[46] Michael S. Green, “Legal Realism as Theory of Law”, William & Mary Law Review, vol. 46, (2005). pp. 1988. https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1299&context=wmlr

[47] Godstime Otamiri, LEGAL EXAMINATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LAW AND JUSTICE, (2023). pp. 10.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/371856181_LEGAL_EXAMINATION_OF_THE_RELATIONSHIP_BET WEEN_LAW_AND_JUSTICE

[1] Ayush Verma, Doctrine of Caveat Emptor, IPleaders (Dec. 2, 2023), https://blog.ipleaders.in/doctrine-of-caveatemptor/.

[4] Raghava Menon v. Kuttappan Nair, Proprietor, AIR 1962 KER 318.

[5] Grants v. Australian Knitting Mills [1935] UKPC 62

[6] M/S Emami Ltd. vs Nikhil Jain, AIR 2017 Del 479.

[7] Benjamin Careathers v. Red Bull North America, Inc, 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 97533.

[9] Harlingdon and Leinster v. Christopher Hull Fine Art Ltd., 1991.

[10] Law Commission of India, Quality Control and Inspection of Consumer Goods. http://lawcommissionofindia.nic.in/101-169/report105.pdf

[12] Rajesh Kapoor, Avtar Singh's Law of Contract & Specific Relief (13th ed. 2020).

[14] Pollock & Mulla, The Indian Contract Act, 1872 (16th ed. 2021).

[15] LIC v. Manjula Mohanlal Joshi, AIR 1975 ORI 1-1.

[16] John Minas Apcar v. Louis Caird Malchus, AIR 1939 CAL 473.

[18] Smt.Rekha Sahu v. The Uco Bank, 2013 (7) ADJ 642.

IJLRA	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals Volume 5 Issue 8 2022 Page 1-6
IEEE	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, 5(8)

BACHAN SINGH VS STATE OF PUNJAB (1980) BY: SALEHA HANEEF

THE CONCEPT OF ABSOLUTE LIABILITY: THE STUDY ON ITS DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA BY - MUSKAN SHARMA

THE QUEST FOR TRUTH IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE- REVISITING THE MALIMATH COMMITTEE RECOMMENDATIONS BY - DR. SUMAN MAWAR

THE PARADOX OF PREVENTION: INDIVIDUALISTIC ASPECT OF INTERNET SHUTDOWNS BY - HARSH ENANIYA

INTERPLAY BETWEEN COMPETITION LAW AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS BY - SUKHMANI SETHI

AN ANALYTICAL STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF PORNOGRAPHY AMONG TEENAGERS ON THE ACTS OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE AND RAPE CASES UNDER SECTION 19(1) OF POCSO ACT, SECTION 293 & 354A OF INDIAN PENAL CODE AND SECTION 67A OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ACT, 2000 BY: SANAT KOUL

SOCIAL SECURITY: A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN INDIA, FRANCE, GERMANY AND UNITED KINGDOM BY - V. RAJENDIRAN & DR. G. SUBHALAKSHMI

A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF KELSEN’S PURE THEORY OF LAW WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON ITS DISREGARD TO JUSTICE BY - A. GITAPRIYAVARRSHINI

A SHIFT FROM CAVEAT EMPTOR TO CAVEAT VENDITOR BY - UMAR JAVED

IMAMUDIN V. STATE OF RAJASTHAN (2023 SCC ONLINE SC 782) BY - RIFA N

LAW JOURNAL

IMPORTANT LINKS

ETHICS & POLICY

BACHAN SINGH VS STATE OF PUNJAB (1980) BY: SALEHA HANEEF

THE CONCEPT OF ABSOLUTE LIABILITY: THE STUDY ON ITS DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA BY - MUSKAN SHARMA

THE QUEST FOR TRUTH IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE- REVISITING THE MALIMATH COMMITTEE RECOMMENDATIONS BY - DR. SUMAN MAWAR

THE PARADOX OF PREVENTION: INDIVIDUALISTIC ASPECT OF INTERNET SHUTDOWNS BY - HARSH ENANIYA

INTERPLAY BETWEEN COMPETITION LAW AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS BY - SUKHMANI SETHI

AN ANALYTICAL STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF PORNOGRAPHY AMONG TEENAGERS ON THE ACTS OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE AND RAPE CASES UNDER SECTION 19(1) OF POCSO ACT, SECTION 293 & 354A OF INDIAN PENAL CODE AND SECTION 67A OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ACT, 2000 BY: SANAT KOUL

SOCIAL SECURITY: A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN INDIA, FRANCE, GERMANY AND UNITED KINGDOM BY - V. RAJENDIRAN & DR. G. SUBHALAKSHMI

A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF KELSEN’S PURE THEORY OF LAW WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON ITS DISREGARD TO JUSTICE BY - A. GITAPRIYAVARRSHINI

A SHIFT FROM CAVEAT EMPTOR TO CAVEAT VENDITOR BY - UMAR JAVED

IMAMUDIN V. STATE OF RAJASTHAN (2023 SCC ONLINE SC 782) BY - RIFA N

Citation

Citation

Citation

Citation

Citation

Citation

Citation

Citation

Citation

Citation

Citation 2