INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

AFFIRMATIVE ACTION FOR SOCIAL JUSTICE: PERSPECTIVES FROM INDIA BY - MADHUSHREE

Authors: MADHUSHREE

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Year: April-2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

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A BRIEF OVERSIGHT OF ORGANISATIONS DEALING IN SPACE GOVERNANCE BY :- MS. SANTOSH .J. DADHICH

Authors: MS. SANTOSH .J. DADHICH

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Year: April-2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

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CYBER THREATS IN INDIAN BANKING SYSTEM BY - BHAVYA SAXENA

Authors: BHAVYA SAXENA

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Year: April-2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

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AN OVERVIEW OF JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM IN INDIA BY - JAYANTIKA THAKUR

Authors: JAYANTIKA THAKUR

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EVOLUTION OF BANKS IN INDIA BY: - MR MOHAMMADAZAR SHAIKH

Authors: MR MOHAMMADAZAR SHAIKH

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Year: April-2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

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UNDERTRAIL PRISONERS IN INDIA: DELAYED JUCTICE AND PROLONGED INCARCERATION. BY - PARAG MODI

Authors: PARAG MODI

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Year: April-2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

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SECULARISM IN INDIA: CONSTITUTIONAL PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE BY - HARSHIT SINGH

Authors: HARSHIT SINGH

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Year: April-2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

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A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF FARMERS RIGHTS IN INDIA BY - KAUSTUBH MURKUTE

Authors: KAUSTUBH MURKUTE

Registration ID: 107152 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA7152

Year: April-2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

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WOMEN’S ACCESS TO JUSTICE: UNDERSTANDING THE BARRIERS FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE VICTIMS BY - NEHA KUMARI

Authors: NEHA KUMARI

Registration ID: 107151 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA7151

Year: March-2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: rajakneha00@gmail.com

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Doi Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/12.2025-47329212/WOMEN’S ACCESS TO JUSTICE: UNDERSTANDING THE BAR

ADAPTING TO SUSTAINABILITY: NAVIGATING THE OBSTACLES OF TECHNOLOGICAL SHIFTS IN GREEN ECONOMY BY: PRIYANSHI

Authors: PRIYANSHI

Registration ID: 107150 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA7150

Year: March-2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

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^{^[1]} enables the State to make special provisions for the advancement of any economically weaker section of citizens, including reservations in educational institutions.

^{^[2]} Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from making any provision for the reservation of appointments or posts in favour of any economically weaker sections of citizens other than the classes mentioned in clause (4), in addition to the existing reservation and subject to a maximum of ten per cent.

^{^[3]} The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India.

^{^[4]} Writ Petition (Civil) 55 Of 2019, (2022) SCC 1540

^{^[5]} enables the State to make special provisions for the advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens or for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes

^{^[7]} Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from making any provision for the reservation of appointments or posts in favour of any backward class of citizens which, in the opinion of the State, is not adequately represented in the services under the State

^{^[9]} the reservation of seats in the House of People for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes

^{^[10]} Reservation of seats for Scheduled caste and tribes in the Legislative Assemblies of the States

^{^[11]} grants reservations in the Lok Sabha and State Legislatures to Scheduled Castes and Tribes, and the Anglo-Indian community.

^{^[14]} SCC (L & S) supp. 1, cross-citation 1992 supp. (3) SCC 217.

[1] Frans Von der Dunk, International Organisations as Creators of Space Law: A Few Genera Remarks, Space, Cyber and Telecommunications Law Program Faculty Publications, University of Nebraska- Lincoln (1999)

[5] Deepa Kansara, Space Law< Public International Law, available at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361988424_Space_Law_Public_International_Law , last visited on 17/01/24

[6] United Nations Treaties and Principles on Outer Space, United Nations, New York (2022)

[7] Joseph Bosco, International Law Regarding Outer space- An Overview, Journal of Air Law and Commerce, Volume 55 Issue 3 (1990)

[8] United Nations Office of Outer Space Affairs, available at https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/index.html , last visited on 18/01/24

[9] Georgetown Law Library, Space Law: The Law of Outer Space, available at https://guides.II.georgetown.edu/c.php?g=1037047&p=7518562 , last visited on 18/01/24

[10] World Space Agencies Webpage, available at https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/space-agencies.html ,last visited on 18/0/24

[11]Genesis, ISRO Timeline, available at https://www.isro.gov.in/genesis.html ,last visited on 18/01/24

[12] NASA History, available at https://www.nasa.gov/history/, last visited on 18/01/24

[14] Jeffrey Prevost, Law of Outer Space- Summarised, Cleveland State Law Review, Volume 19 Issue 3 (1970)

[15] UNGA Res. 1802 (XVII) 1962; UNGA Res. 1963 (XVIII) 1963

[1] Details about Indian Banking system, available at: https://internationaljournals.co.in/index.php/giirj/article/view/591 (last visited on 1 March 2024)

[2]Details regarding Cyber security challenges in Indian Banking system, available at: https://vpmthane.org/jbcapp/upload/m6/496.pdf (last visited on 1 March 2024)

[5] Details about the Background of the Indian Banking system, available at: http://ipublisher.in/I/a/306016 (last visited on 2 March 2024)

[9]Details regarding Importance of Cybersecurity in Banking, available at: https://www.viirj.org/vol13issue1/29.pdf (last visited on 1 March 2024)

[11]Details regarding the Cyber threats in the Banking Industry, available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/347440777_CYBER_ATTACKS_IN_THE_BANKING_INDUSTRY (last visited on 2 March 2024)

[13] Details regarding Cyber Security Framework June 2016, available at:https://www.scribd.com/document/428245308/Cyber-Security-Framework-June-2016 (last visited on 3 March 2024)

[15]Details regarding RBI’s role in Cyber security management in Banking Industry, available at: https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Speeches/PDFs/CYBERSECURITYFINANCIALSYSTEM2D39A8754117488EB7A1550711E4B0A4.PDF (last visited on 3 March 2024)

[17]Details regarding the NIST Cyber security framework, available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292040355_The_NIST_cybersecurity_framework (last visited on 4 March 2024)

[19] Details regarding Cyber security practices in Indian Banking system, available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/367968136_An_Overview_of_Cyber_Security_in_Digital_Banking_Sector (last visited on 3 March 2024)

[22] Details regarding WannaCry Ransomware Attack of 2017https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-019-0161-6 (last visited on 5 March 2024)

^{^[7]} Indian Constitutional Law; M.P. Jain ; Lexis Nexus,Gurgaon,8th edn. 2019

^{^[8]} Constitutional Law Of India; J.N. Pandey; Central Law Agency; Allahabad,59 th end.2022.

^{^[9]} Bare Act; The Children Act,1960, Universal Publication,12th edition

^{^[10]} Article 1 of the UN Convention on the Rights of child 1989

^{^[11]} The Indian Penal Code; Dhirajlal's & Ratanlal; Lexis Nexus; Lucknow, 35th end.2019

^{^[12]} Juvenile Delinquency, welfare, justice and therapeutic interventions: a global perspective; Susan Young,Ben Greer and Richard Church; National Library of Medicine;Oct 2024

^{^[13]} Study of Juvenile Justice Act and System in India;Debanjali Singha Roy; South Calcutta Law College; Oct 4,2020; Brobono India

^{^[14]} Indian Penal Code; S N. Mishra; Central Law Publication; Lucknow;22nd end. 2020.

^{^[15]} Criminology, Penology,Victimology; N.V. Paranjape; Central Law Publication; Allahabad,18th end.2020.

^{^[16]} Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice (2001); National Academies Press Washington DC.

^{^[17]}The Effectiveness of the Juvenile Justice System; David Smith; The University of Edinburgh; Criminology and Criminal Justice 5(2):181-195

^{^[18]} The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act,2015.

[1] https://nykdaily.com/2020/12/history-and-origin-of-secularism

[2] https://secularismandnonreligion.org/articles/10.5334/snr.113

[5] https://vajiramandravi.com/quest-upsc-notes/secularism/

[9] M. P. Singh, V. N. Shukla's Constitution of India

[10] Upendra Baxi. The Indian Constitution: Oxford India Short Introductions. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2008.

[1] Anil Gupta & Ronald R. Reichman, "Intellectual Property Rights for Plant Biotechnology: International Agreements and National Laws," 4 Int'l J. Biotech. 669 (2002), available at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286755545_Intellectual_Property_Rights_for_Plant_Biotechnology_I nternational_Agreements_and_National_Laws. Last seen on 31/03/2024

[2] See Vandana Shiva, "The Plunder of Agriculture in India," 10 Alternatives 623 (1983), available at https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/40643860. Last seen on 31/03/2024

[3] International Union for Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV), available at https://www.upov.int/. Last seen on 31/03/2024

[4] For more information on the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV), see the official UPOV website: https://www.upov.int/en/about/upov. Last seen on 31/03/2024

[5] For more information on the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGFRA), see the official Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) website: https://www.fao.org/plant- treaty/overview/en/. Last seen on 31/03/2024

[6] World Trade Organization. (n.d.). Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). Retrieved from https://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/27-trips_04c_e.htm. Last seen on 01/04/2024

[7] Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights Act (PPVFRA), 2001, No. 53, Acts of Parliament, 2001 (India)

[8] Jayashree Watal, Intellectual Property Rights in Indian Agriculture, ICRIER (July 1998).

[9] Mrinalini Kochipillai- “The PPV& FR act-2001: Historical and Implementation incentives”.

[10] Srividhya Ragavan & Jamie M. O'Shields, Has India Addressed Its Farmers' Woes? A Story of Plant Protection Issues, Geo. Int'l Envtl. L.Rev.20:97 (2007).

[11] Elizebeth Verkey, “Law of plant varieties protection”, Eastern Book Company, 8th March,2007.

[12] Barton, John H and Peter Berger, “Patenting Agriculture” Issues in Science and Technology, (4th ed. 2001).

[13] Pankhuri Agarwal, the ‘Farmers’ Rights’ Law Lays the IPR Trap, Spicyip (April 21, 2019).

[1] Ph.D. Scholar at Faculty of Law, University of Delhi.

[2] Kaifulla Ibrahim, F.M., J., Rule of Law & Access to Justice, 2014, Tamil Nadu State Judicial Academy.

[3] Sarkar Lotika (1995) Women’s Movement and the Legal Process Occasional Paper No. 24 CWDS, New Delhi p. 1-2.

[4] Report of the Special Rapporteur on Violence against Women, its Causes and Consequences, Radhika Coomaraswamy, Addendum 1: International, regional, and national developments in the area of violence against women 1994-2003, UN Doc. E/CN.4/2003/75/Add.1, 27 February 2003.

[5] Shalu Nigam, “Understanding Justice Delivery System from the Perspective of Women Litigants as Victims of Domestic Violence in India” Centre for Women Development and Studies (2005) available at: https://www.cwds.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/UnderstandingJustice.pdf (last visited on April, 14, 2023).

[7] R. Kaur and S. Garg, “Addressing domestic violence against women: An unfinished agenda” 33(2) Indian Journal of Community Medicine 73-78 (2008).

[8] Maria Federica Moscati, The Role of Transitional Justice and Access to Justice in Conflict Resolution and Democratic Advancement 9 (2015), available at: https: www.democraticprogress.org/wpcontent/uploads/2015/06/MOSCATI_TRANSITIONALJUSTICE-Proof.pdf (last visited April 8, 2023).

[9] The Hague Inst. for Innovation of Law, Trend Report/Part 1: Towards Basic Justice Care for Everyone 5, 8, 17 (2012) [hereinafter Hiil]; The Comm’n on Legal Empowerment of the Poor & United Nations Dev. Program [UNDP], 2 Making the Law Work for Everyone 25–27, 42–53 (2008) [hereinafter Comm’n on Legal Empowerment]; UNDP, Programming for Justice: Access for All 60–100 (2005) [hereinafter UNDP 2005].

[10] Francesco Francioni, The Rights of Access to Justice under Customary International Law, in ACCESS TO JUSTICE AS A HUMAN RIGHT 1, 8 (Francesco Francioni ed., 2007) (arguing that there is no customary international norm granting individuals universal standing before international institutions).

[12] The International Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural Rights was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 16th December 1966, it entered into force on 3rd January 1976.See Brownlie, Ian(ed.), Basic Documents on Human Rights, Third Edition, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1998, p. 114.

[13] Dias Kadwani Ayesha & Welch Gita (eds.), Justice for the Poor, Perspectives on Accelerating Access, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2009, p. 24.

[14] Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16 December 1966, available at: http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/a_ccpr.htm (last visited on April 4, 2023).

[15] See General Recommendation No. 33 of the UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women issued on the 23rd July 2015, CEDAW/C/GC/33. 18 See General Recommendation No. 33 of the UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women issued on the 23rd July 2015, CEDAW/C/GC/33.

[18] The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India.

[19] Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth. — (1) The State shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them.

[20] Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from making any special provision for women and children.

[21] Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment.

[22] Article 21. No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law, nor shall any person be denied equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India.

[23] Article 39- Certain principles of policy to be followed by the State—The State shall direct its policy towards securing— (a) that the citizens, men, and women equally, have the right to an adequate means of livelihood.

[24] Article 39(d)-The State shall direct its policy towards securing—(d) that there is equal pay for equal work for both men and women.

[25] Equal justice and free legal aid. —The State shall secure that the operation of the legal system promotes justice, on a basis of equal opportunity, and shall provide free legal aid, by suitable legislation or schemes or in any other way, to ensure that opportunities for securing justice are not denied to any citizen by reason of economic or other disabilities.

[26] Provision for just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief. —The State shall make provision for securing just and humane conditions of work and for maternity relief.

[27] Article 46 Promotion of educational and economic interests of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other weaker sections. —The State shall promote with special care the educational and economic interests of the weaker sections of the people, and, in particular, of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes, and shall protect them from social injustice and all forms of exploitation.

[28] Article47- Duty of the State to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve public health. —The State shall regard the raising of the level of nutrition and the standard of living of its people and the improvement of public health as among its primary duties and, in particular, the State shall endeavour to bring about prohibition of the consumption except for medicinal purposes of intoxicating drinks and of drugs which are injurious to health.

[29] Article 51A. Fundamental duties. —It shall be the duty of every citizen of India—(e) to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities; to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women.

[37] Sakshita Khosla, “List of states with most & least domestic violence against women released” inshorts, May 8, 2022, available at: https://inshorts.com/en/news/list-of-states-with-most-least-domestic-violence-againstwomen-released-1652004873638 (last visited on April 22, 2023).

IJLRA	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals Volume 5 Issue 8 2022 Page 1-6
IEEE	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, 5(8)

AFFIRMATIVE ACTION FOR SOCIAL JUSTICE: PERSPECTIVES FROM INDIA BY - MADHUSHREE

A BRIEF OVERSIGHT OF ORGANISATIONS DEALING IN SPACE GOVERNANCE BY :- MS. SANTOSH .J. DADHICH

CYBER THREATS IN INDIAN BANKING SYSTEM BY - BHAVYA SAXENA

AN OVERVIEW OF JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM IN INDIA BY - JAYANTIKA THAKUR

EVOLUTION OF BANKS IN INDIA BY: - MR MOHAMMADAZAR SHAIKH

UNDERTRAIL PRISONERS IN INDIA: DELAYED JUCTICE AND PROLONGED INCARCERATION. BY - PARAG MODI

SECULARISM IN INDIA: CONSTITUTIONAL PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE BY - HARSHIT SINGH

A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF FARMERS RIGHTS IN INDIA BY - KAUSTUBH MURKUTE

WOMEN’S ACCESS TO JUSTICE: UNDERSTANDING THE BARRIERS FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE VICTIMS BY - NEHA KUMARI

ADAPTING TO SUSTAINABILITY: NAVIGATING THE OBSTACLES OF TECHNOLOGICAL SHIFTS IN GREEN ECONOMY BY: PRIYANSHI

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AFFIRMATIVE ACTION FOR SOCIAL JUSTICE: PERSPECTIVES FROM INDIA BY - MADHUSHREE

A BRIEF OVERSIGHT OF ORGANISATIONS DEALING IN SPACE GOVERNANCE BY :- MS. SANTOSH .J. DADHICH

CYBER THREATS IN INDIAN BANKING SYSTEM BY - BHAVYA SAXENA

AN OVERVIEW OF JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM IN INDIA BY - JAYANTIKA THAKUR

EVOLUTION OF BANKS IN INDIA BY: - MR MOHAMMADAZAR SHAIKH

UNDERTRAIL PRISONERS IN INDIA: DELAYED JUCTICE AND PROLONGED INCARCERATION. BY - PARAG MODI

SECULARISM IN INDIA: CONSTITUTIONAL PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE BY - HARSHIT SINGH

A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF FARMERS RIGHTS IN INDIA BY - KAUSTUBH MURKUTE

WOMEN’S ACCESS TO JUSTICE: UNDERSTANDING THE BARRIERS FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE VICTIMS BY - NEHA KUMARI

ADAPTING TO SUSTAINABILITY: NAVIGATING THE OBSTACLES OF TECHNOLOGICAL SHIFTS IN GREEN ECONOMY BY: PRIYANSHI

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