INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO THE RIGHT TO HEALTH AND COVID-19 (By -Nishant Kumar)

Author Name: Nishant Kumar

Title: CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO THE RIGHT TO HEALTH AND COVID-19

DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/05.2022-18415548/Nishant Kumar

Email Id: nishantkumarcnlu@gmail.com

COVID-19 AND ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS IN PANDEMICS (By- Sneha Kumari)

Author Name: Sneha Kumari

Title: COVID-19 AND ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS IN PANDEMICS

DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/05.2022-43184572/ Sneha Kumari

Email Id: snehak445@gmail.com

JUDICIAL AND SOCIAL RESPONSE TO LIVE-IN RELATIONSDHIP IN INDIA : A CRITICAL ANALYSIS (BY -RAJ KUMAR GARG & NITU)

Author Name: RAJ KUMAR GARG & NITU

Title: JUDICIAL AND SOCIAL RESPONSE TO LIVE-IN RELATIONSDHIP IN INDIA : A CRITICAL ANALYSIS

DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/05.2022-52892197/RAJ KUMAR GARG & NITU

Email Id: gargraj266@gmail.com

PERSONAL DATA PROTECTION BILL 2018 & 2019 (By- Rishav Kumar)

Author Name: Rishav Kumar

Title: PERSONAL DATA PROTECTION BILL 2018 & 2019

DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/05.2022-73528784/Rishav Kumar

Email Id: rishavkumar0120@gmail.com

Women’s rights in India: Recent reform in law and continuing challenges (By- Keshav Jee Jha)

Author Name: Keshav Jee Jha

Title: Women’s rights in India: Recent reform in law and continuing challenges

DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/05.2022-97871762/Keshav Jee Jha

Email Id: keshavjee96@gmail.com

THE ADOPTION OF ‘RULE OF LAW’ IN INDIAN CONSTITUTION (By- Jatin Rana)

Author Name: Jatin Rana

Title: THE ADOPTION OF ‘RULE OF LAW’ IN INDIAN CONSTITUTION

DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/05.2022-63935412/Jatin Rana

Email Id: jatinrana.agra@gmail.com

“A SOCIO-LEGAL STUDY OF ACID ATTACK IN INDIA” (By-Riya)

Author Name: Riya

Title: “A SOCIO-LEGAL STUDY OF ACID ATTACK IN INDIA”

DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/05.2022-12918374/Riya

Email Id: sriyaLLB19@law.alliance.edu.in

PUNISHMENT AND IT’S THEORIES (By- Ankit Kumar Singh)

Author Name: Ankit Kumar Singh

Title: PUNISHMENT AND IT’S THEORIES

DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/05.2022-94978351/Ankit Kumar Singh

Email Id: ankitsingh8288@gmail.com

Naming Terror: Impact of Proscription on Negotiations with Non-State Armed Groups (By- Dr.S.Krishnan & Ms. Bhavna Jain)

Author Name: Dr.S.Krishnan

Associate Professor

Ms. Bhavna Jain

2^nd year Student of LLB (3)

Title: Naming Terror: Impact of Proscription on Negotiations with Non-State Armed Groups

DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/05.2022-21994576/Dr.S.Krishnan & Ms. Bhavna Jain

Email Id: s.krishnan22@gmail.com

THE JOURNEY OF SAME SEX MARRIAGE FROM VEDAS TO MODERN ERA (By-Swapnil Raj)

Author Name: Swapnil Raj

Title: THE JOURNEY OF SAME SEX MARRIAGE FROM VEDAS TO MODERN ERA

DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/05.2022-19484457/Swapnil Raj

Email Id: rajswapnil878@gmail.com

[1] World Health Organisation, The re-emergence of infectious diseases, Managing epidemics: key facts about major deadly diseases, (Mar 27, 2022, 05:48 pm),

https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/managing-epidemics-interactive.pdf

[2] Owen Jarus, 20 of the worst epidemics and pandemics in history, Livescience, (Mar 27, 2022, 05:59 pm), https://www.livescience.com/worst-epidemics-and-pandemics-in-history.html

[3] A. Cowell, Photos from a Century of Epidemics, New York Times, March 20, 2020, (Mar 27, 2022, 06:26 pm),

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/20/world/europe/coronavirus-aids-spanish-flu-ebola-epidemics.html

[4] World Health Organization (2020). WHO Statement regarding cluster of pneumonia cases in Wuhan, China, (Mar 27, 2022, 06:39 pm),

https://www.who.int/china/news/detail/09-01-2020-who-statement-regarding-cluster-of-pneumonia-cases-in-wuhan-china

[7] Tom Mockaitis, what we can learn from past pandemics, The Hill, March 11, 2020, (Mar 29, 2022, 12:49 pm), https://thehill.com/opinion/white-house/487111-what-we-can-learn-from-past-pandemics

[9] John Firth, The History of Pandemics: Three Great Pandemics (Mar 29, 2022 , 01:21 pm) https://jmvh.org/article/the-history-of-plague-part-1-the-three-great-pandemics/

[10] Alfred W. Crosby, America's Forgotten Pandemic: The Influenza of 1918, 56-69, (2nd ed Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2003)

[12] Reported by Centres for Disease Control and Prevention.

[13] Jennifer Shkabatur, A Global Panopticon- the Changing Role of International Organisations in the Information Age, Michigan Journal of International Law, (Mar 29, 2022, 03:38 pm) https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjil/vol33/iss1/508/

[14] 2009 H1N1 Pandemic: A report by Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, (Mar 29, 2022, 03:55 pm) https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/2009-h1n1-pandemic.html

[15] World Health Organisation(2020), Clinical Management of Human Infection and Pandemic (H1N1) 2009, (Mar 29, 2022, 09:37 pm), https://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/swineflu/clinical_management_h1n1.pdf

[16] Global Pandemics and Global Public Health, Independent Commission on Multilateralism, (Mar 31, 2022, 09:57 pm) ,

https://www.ipinst.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Global-Pandemics-and-Global-Public-Health1.pdf

[17] World Health Organisation (2020), Emergency Ministerial meeting on COVID-19 organised by the African Union and the Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, (Mar 31, 2022, 08:44 pm) https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/emergency-ministerial-meeting-on-covid-19-organized-by-the-african-union-and-the-africa-centres-for-disease-control-and-prevention

[18] World Health Organization (2020). Statement on the second meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the outbreak of novel corona virus (2019-nCoV), (Mar 31, 2022, 08:58 pm) https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-mission-briefing-on-covid-19---12-march-2020

[19] World Health Organisation (2020), Modes of transmission of virus causing COVID-19: implications for IPC precaution recommendations, (Mar 31, 2022, 07:53 pm) https://www.who.int/news-room/commentaries/detail/modes-of-transmission-of-virus-causing-covid-19-implications-for-ipc-precaution-recommendations

[20] World Health Organisation (2020), WHO Director General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19- 16 March, 2020, (April 01, 2022, 09:21 pm) https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---16-march-2020

[21] United Nation, Human Rights are critical- for the response and the recovery, COVID-19 and Human Rights, (April 01, 2022, 08:20 pm) https://www.un.org/victimsofterrorism/sites/www.un.org.victimsofterrorism/files/unhuman_rights_and_covid_april_2020.pdf

[22] Charles Clift, The Role of the World Health Organisation in International System, Centre on Global Health Security Working Group Papers, (April 01, 2022, 09:31 pm) https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/publications/research/2013-02-01-role-world-health-organization-international-system-clift.pdf

[23] John Firth, The History of Pandemics: Three Great Pandemics , JMVH, (April 01 ,2022 , 01:21 pm) https://jmvh.org/article/the-history-of-plague-part-1-the-three-great-pandemics/

[24] The Indian Express, Corona virus- afflicted 2020 looks like 1918’s Spanish Flu despite science’s march, May 05, 2020, (April 02, 2022, 01:30 pm) https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2020/may/05/coronavirus-afflicted-2020-looks-like-1918s-spanish-flu-despite-sciences-march-2139523.html

[25] World Health Organisation (2020), how the four biggest outbreak since the start of this century shattered some long- standing myths, (April 02, 2022, 01:55 pm)

https://www.who.int/csr/disease/ebola/ebola-6-months/myths/en/

[26] World Health Organization (2020). Statement on the second meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the outbreak of novel corona virus (2019-nCoV), (April 02, 2022, 02:38 pm) https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-mission-briefing-on-covid-19---12-march-2020

[28] Sara E. Davies, National Security and Pandemics, United Nation Chronicle, (April 02, 2022, 03:00 pm) https://www.un.org/en/chronicle/article/national-security-and-pandemics

[30] World Health Organization, Revision of the International Health Regulations, WHA 58.3, Fifty-eighth World Health Assembly (2005).

[31] Article 2, World Health Organization, Revision of the International Health Regulations, World Health Assembly (2005).

[32] World Health Organisation(2020), WHO Director- General’s opening remarks at the International Health Regulations Review Committee, (April 03, 2022, 05:01 pm)

https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-international-health-regulations-review-committee

[33] World Health Organization (1999), WHO/CDS/CSR/EDC/99.1 Influenza Pandemic Plan, The Role of WHO and Guidelines for National and Regional Planning (Apr. 1999), (April 03, 2022, 05:15 pm), https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/66155/WHO_CDS_CSR_EDC_99.1.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

[34] World Health Organisation(2020), WHO Director- General’s statement on IHR Emergency Committee on Novel Corona virus (2019-nCoV), (April 03, 2022, 05:25 pm)

https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-statement-on-ihr-emergency-committee-on-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov)

[35] International Labour Organisation (2020), ILO Standards and COVID-19 (corona virus), (April 05, 2022, 05:53 pm) https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/--norms/documents/generic/document/wcms_739937.pdf

[36] ILO (2020), Understanding how the crisis affect the social market, (April 05, 2022, 06:20 pm)

[37] United Nations (2020), Covid-19 Response, (April 05, 2022, 06:35 pm), https://www.un.org/en/coronavirus/information-un-system

[38] UNESCO (2020), Indigenous peoples and the COVID-19 pandemic: A Global Review, (April 07, 2022, 05:22 pm), https://en.unesco.org/news/indigenous-peoples-and-covid-19-pandemic-global-overview

[39] UNESCO (2020), Global Education Coalition, (April 07, 2022, 06:30 pm), https://en.unesco.org/covid19/educationresponse/globalcoalition

[40] CDC (2020). Travellers Health Information, (April 07, 2022, 10:23pm) https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/destinations/list/

[41] CDC (2020), Corona virus disease 2019 (COV?D 19) For Healthcare Professionals, (April 07, 2022, 10:30 pm), https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-nCoV/hcp/index.html

[44] UNICEF (2020), Corona virus (COVID-19) Global Response, (April 07, 2022, 11:16 am), https://www.unicef.org/appeals/covid-2019.html#2

[45] Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United States (2020), UN food agencies offer support to China amid corona virus outbreak, (April 08, 2022, 02:14 pm), http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/1259800/icode/

[46] International Monetary Fund (2020), World Economic Outlook, April 2020: The Great Lockdown, (April 09, 2022, 02:47 pm), https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2020/04/14/weo-april-2020

[47] Daniel Gerszon Mahler, Updated Estimates of the Impact of COVID-19 on Global Poverty, World Bank, (April 09, 2022, 03:45 pm)

https://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/updated-estimates-impact-covid-19-global-poverty ,

[48] The Indian Express, Explained: How COVID-19 has affected the global economy, May 16, 2020, (April 09, 2022, 03:39 pm), https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-how-has-covid-19-affected-the-global-economy-6410494/

[49] United Nations (2020), COVID-19 Response, (April 09, 2022, 04:15pm) https://www.un.org/en/coronavirus/information-un-system

[51] It is a global initiative which aimed at working with vaccine manufacturers to provide countries worldwide equitable access to safe and effective vaccines. It is currently the world’s largest and most diverse COVID-19 vaccine portfolio - including nine candidate vaccines, with a further nine under evaluation and conversations underway with other mayor producers.

[4]Information available at ; https://legalformatsindia.com/is-live-in-relationship-still-against-indian-culture/

[8] Many couples struggle to share their finances after marriage. Is the male meant to be the only owner of the house, or will they split the costs? This issue does not arise in live-in situations. You owe each other nothing, so you split your money evenly and create financial limitations.Information available at https://legalformatsindia.com/is-live-in-relationship-still-against-indian-culture/

[10] Acceptance of the aforementioned category of live-in partnerships as analogous to a domestic connection for the purposes of Section 2(f) of the DV Act does not imply that bigamy is encouraged or that the institution of marriage is under threat. The married woman/wife is not deprived of her marriage rights of support, legitimacy, and custody of children by simply deeming the live-in couple to be in a domestic relationship. It just accepts the current factual condition of our society while proactively promoting the DV Act's key aims of women's safety. https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2021/07/07/live-in-relationships-at-cross-roads-with-morality.html

[17]https://indiankanoon.org/doc/215649/.There is no live-in relationship if he spends a night out with a lady and engages in sexual acts, or if he stays with someone for a few days while on vacation. In addition, if a man has a 'keep/mistress/rakhail whom he financially supports and use her simply for sexual purposes (or as a servant or both), the Supreme Court believes that such a relationship is not marriage.

[19]For more information visit https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2021/07/07/live-in-relationships-at-cross-roads-with-morality.html scconline.com/blog/post/2016/12/22/live-in-partners-not-entitled-to-protection-if-one-of-the-partner-has-a-subsisting-marriage/

[21] CRIMINAL MISC. WRIT PETITION No. - 13700 of 2020

[22] Criminal Revision Application No. 82 of 2017

[24] W.P.(C) No. 635 of 2013 & CM No. 1204 of 2013

[31] In Dhannulal v. Ganeshram, to resolve a property dispute, the Court upheld a woman's ability to inherit property when her live-in partner died. Family members said in the court that their grandpa had been cohabiting with a lady for the previous 20 years. They also argued that she was not eligible to receive the land when their grandfather died because she was not married to him.

The Court disagreed, ruling that "where the man and woman lived together as husband and wife, the law will infer that they were living together in a lawful marriage."

[35] An order of the Jharkhand High Court, which stated that Section 125 CrPC does not allow for the grant of maintenance to a woman who is not lawfully married to the person for whom maintenance is sought, was challenged before the Supreme Court. It was admitted that there was a live-in relationship in this case. Referring to the Domestic Violence Act, the court stated that even though the petitioner is not the lawfully wedded wife and hence not entitled to support under Section 125 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, she would have an effective remedy to seek maintenance under the Act. According to the Act's requirements, economic abuse is also considered domestic violence.

[37] WRIT - C No. - 11108 of 2020, https://indiankanoon.org/doc/73339714/

[38] The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act of 2005 appears to have included live-in relationships as part of the definition of a domestic relationship. The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act of 2005 appears to have included live-in relationships as part of the definition of a domestic relationship. Any woman who is or has been in a domestic relationship with the respondent and alleges to have been subjected to any act of domestic violence by the respondent is a 'Aggrieved Person.' 'Domestic Relationship' refers to a relationship between two people who reside or have lived in a common household at any point in time, and who are connected by consanguinity, marriage, or a relationship in the nature of marriage, adoption, or are family members living together as a joint family.

[43] Therefore in Chanmuniya vs Virendra Kumar Singh Kushwaha 2011 1 SCC 141 the division bench of supreme Court referred certain questions to be decided by the larger bench which are yet to be decided. They were:
a) Whether the living together of a man and woman as husband and wife for a considerable period of time would raise the presumption of a valid marriage between them and whether such a presumption would entitle the woman to maintenance under Section 125 Cr.P.C?

b) Whether strict proof of marriage is essential for a claim of maintenance under Section 125 Cr.P.C. having regard to the provisions of DVAct, 2005?

c) Whether a marriage performed according to customary rites and ceremonies, without strictly fulfilling the requisites of Section 7(1) of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, or any other personal law would entitle the woman to maintenance under Section 125 Cr.P.C.?

[45] As a result, the Supreme Court stressed the importance of expanding Section 2(f) of the PWDVA 2005, which defines "domestic relationships," to include victims of illegal relationships who are poor and illiterate, as well as their children who are born out of such relationships and have no source of income. Furthermore, the Supreme Court urged that Parliament create new legislation based on specific criteria provided by it in order to safeguard victims from any social harm caused by such interactions.

[50].Ibid. The court went on to say that, while socially unacceptable in this country, a live-in or marriage-like relationship is neither a crime nor a sin, and it is an extremely personal decision to marry or not to marry, or to have a heterosexual relationship, and thus the court felt there was a need for legislation because it was the woman who invariably suffered as a result of the breakdown of such a relationship.The Supreme Court bench also provided examples of several countries that have begun to recognise such relationships. It said that Parliament should take this problem seriously and pass appropriate laws or make appropriate amendments to the Act to safeguard women and children born from such partnerships, even if such a relationship is not in the type of a marriage..

[51]Section 50 of Evidence Act says that opinion on relationship, where applicable.—When the Court must develop a view as to the existence of one person's relationship with another, the opinion stated by behaviour, or any person who, as a member of the family or otherwise, has specific information on the topic, is a relevant fact: However, such an opinion will not suffice to show a marriage in proceedings under the Indian Divorce Act of 1869. The Supreme Court held in D Patchaiammal versus D Velusamy that if a man and a woman have a live-in relationship for a long period of time, they would be seen as a married couple in society, and the child born from this relationship will be considered legitimate. The question is, whether A and B were married. ? The fact that they were usually received and treated by their friends as husband and wife, is relevant.

[54] Tulsa & others vs Durghatiya and others (4) SCC 520)

[55] Children born out of void and voidable marriages have legitimacy under Section 16 of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, and Section 26 of the Special Marriage Act, which provide that children born out of void and voidable marriages are legitimate or regarded to be legitimate.

[59] However, if their parents are not legally married, they will be unable to claim coparcenary rights in their father's HUF property. Because the law specifically states "both legitimate and illegitimate child," claiming maintenance under Section 125 of the Cr. P.C. is entirely within the rights of dependent children born out of live-in relationships. When it comes to guardianship, the mother is considered the natural guardian for such children. Even according to Section 16 of the Hindu Marriage Act, such children have the right to their parents' self-acquired properties..https://journals.sagepub. com/doi/ full/101177/2631831820974585

[61] Criminal Appeal No.1139 of 2002.

[62] (2005) 3 SCC 636

[63] 1(2000)DMC376

[1] Article 21(3) includes right to privacy as integral part of the constitution; JUSTICE K.S. PUTTASWAMY V.S. UOI, AIR 2017 SC 4161

Article 21(6) includes right to privacy as integral part of life as is cherished constitutional value; RAM JETHMALANI V.S. UNION OF INDIA (2011) 8 SCC 1: JT 2011 (7) SC 104: (2011) 6 SCALE 691

1]Author Student of LL.M,Chanakaya National Law University, Patna

[5] Means- "Unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature constitutes sexual harassment when submission to or rejection of this conduct explicitly or implicitly affects an individual's employment, unreasonably interferes with an individual's work performance or creates an intimidating, hostile or offensive work environment."

[6] Women’s NGOs are changing the world – and not getting credit for, available at, http://theconversation.com/womens-ngos-are-changing-the-world-and-not-getting-credit-for-it-88360 (visited on 3^rd Sep.2018)

[11] Ending Violence Against Women And Girls, https://www.unicef.org/pacificislands/evaw.pdf, (visited on 13^th September, 2018)

[12] World Economic Forum, Reports on Global Gender Gap 2017,

[13] Express Web desk, “India ranks 131 in HDI index: Where do we stand on gender inequality, maternal mortality, schooling?” , The Indian express, (22^nd March 2017)

[14]ParulChaudhary, “Gender inequalities in Hindus and Muslim Personal laws in India”, International Journal of Home Science 2015; 1(1): 34-37

[17]“JUSTICE, social, economic, and political”

[19] Exception of Section 375 of The Indian Penal Code, 1860(45 of 1860) —Sexual intercourse by a man with his own wife, the wife not being under fifteen years of age, is not rape.

[20]Mr. N.A. Palkhivala, “AN OVERVIEW ON DOWRY PROHIBITION”, Legal India law news and law resources portal, 25^th January 2011.

o[21] Section 3(iii)(b)- repeated threats to cause physical pain to any person in whom the aggrieved person is

Interested.

[23]Women empowerment scheme, “Ministry of women and child development, GOI” , https://wcd.nic.in/schemes-listing/2405, (13:57, 28^th April, 2019)

[1]Dicey’s ‘The law and the constitution (1885)’.

[2] Wade and Forsyth, Administrative law (2009).

[7] Article 32 and Article 226 of Indian constitution

[11]Bachchansingh v. state of Punjab AIR 1982 SC 1325

[13]State of Punjab v. Dalbir Singh, 2012 AIR SC 1040

[14] 2012 (11) JT 154: 2012 (10) SCALE 468: 2012 (8) SLT 101.

[15] Article 323A and 323B of the Indian constitution

[16] State of state of west Bengal v. Anwar Ali Sarkar AIR 1952 SC 75

[17] Tara Chand v. Delhi Municipality AIR 1977 SC 567

[20] Khatri v. State of Bihar AIR 1981 SCR 408

[1]Krishan Vij, Textbook of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology: Principles & Practice, (Elsevier Publishers, New Delhi, 2011)

[2]Rama Mehta, Socio-Legal Status of Women in India, (Mittal Publications, Delhi, 1987)

[3]Kalantry, Sital and Getgen Kestenbaum, Jocelyn, Combating Acid Violence in Bangladesh, India and Cambodia (June 9, 2011). Cornell Legal Studies Research Paper No. 11-24

[4] Jane Welsh, it was like burning in Hell: A comparative exploration of acid attack violence, 2009.

[6] Harinder Singh v. State of Punjab, AIR 2009 SC 913.

[1]The Limits of Criminal Law: A Comparative Analysis of Approaches to Legal Theorizing, By Carl Constantin Lauterwein

[1] Chapter_1_Early_History_of_Punishment_and_the_Development_of_Prisons_in_the_United_States.pdf

[1]Introduction to Vedas, Vedangas, Jyotish Shastra and Vedic Astrology

[1]Historical Evolution of Transgender Community in Indiahttp://www.trp.org.in/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/ARSS-Vol.4-No.1-Jan-June-2015-pp.17-19.pdf

[1]Transgender Identity As Hidden in Vedic Literature And Society

[1]According to Transgender folklore, in the epic Ramayana when Lord Rama leaves for exile with Sita and Lakshmana, he is followed by people and at the banks of the river, at the edge of the forest he turns and appeals to his followers to wipe their tears and says ‘men and women please go back and perform your duties’. He turns and never looks back. While returning back after fourteen years he finds a group of people still waiting for him. Upon questioning he realizes that the words ‘men and women’ were not meant for the group and hence they stayed back. This was the transgender group that waited for Lord Rama for fourteen years. Lord Rama blessed transgender for their devotion as they waited for his return for fourteen years (Lal 1999; Krishna and Gupta 2002).

[1]In one of the myths of the Hindu religion, Lord Shiva breaks off his phallus and tosses it and the phallus breaks in pieces and extends fertility over the entire earth. Though Lord Shiva loses the power to procreate, his phallus becomes a symbol of ‘universal fertility’ and therefore one can trace the cult of lingam (phallus) worship. This is seen as an exact description with hijras who themselves are impotent but bless others for fertility (Lal 1999).

[1]Sri Sri Ravi Shankar on Twitter: "Homosexuality

https://twitter.com/srisri/status/410810667176697856

https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/2077/32545/1/gupea_2077_32545_1.pdf

[1]Historical Evolution of Transgender Community in India

[1]Preeti Sharma, “Historical Background and Legal Status of Third Gender In Indian Society”, IJRESS, Vol.ED – 2 (12), December. 2012.

[1]What does Hinduism say about homosexuality

[1]Tmp 20966 Transgender Paper 1488766684 | Transgender

https://www.scribd.com/document/327905779/Tmp-20966-Transgender-Paper-1488766684

[1]National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India 2014 (5) SCC 438

[1]Urvashi Vaid ‘Building bridges: thoughts on Identity and South Asian G/L/B/T Organizing’ Trikone Magazine, Tenth Anniversary Issue, 1996.

[1] A group dedicated to halting the spread of HIV and AIDS in India, where about 7 million people are believed to be infected.

[1] www.lawctopus.com/academike/same-sex-marriages-in-india

IJLRA	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals Volume 5 Issue 8 2022 Page 1-6
IEEE	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, 5(8)

CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO THE RIGHT TO HEALTH AND COVID-19 (By -Nishant Kumar)

COVID-19 AND ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS IN PANDEMICS (By- Sneha Kumari)

JUDICIAL AND SOCIAL RESPONSE TO LIVE-IN RELATIONSDHIP IN INDIA : A CRITICAL ANALYSIS (BY -RAJ KUMAR GARG & NITU)

PERSONAL DATA PROTECTION BILL 2018 & 2019 (By- Rishav Kumar)

Women’s rights in India: Recent reform in law and continuing challenges (By- Keshav Jee Jha)

THE ADOPTION OF ‘RULE OF LAW’ IN INDIAN CONSTITUTION (By- Jatin Rana)

“A SOCIO-LEGAL STUDY OF ACID ATTACK IN INDIA” (By-Riya)

PUNISHMENT AND IT’S THEORIES (By- Ankit Kumar Singh)

Naming Terror: Impact of Proscription on Negotiations with Non-State Armed Groups (By- Dr.S.Krishnan & Ms. Bhavna Jain)

THE JOURNEY OF SAME SEX MARRIAGE FROM VEDAS TO MODERN ERA (By-Swapnil Raj)

LAW JOURNAL

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ETHICS & POLICY

CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO THE RIGHT TO HEALTH AND COVID-19 (By -Nishant Kumar)

COVID-19 AND ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS IN PANDEMICS (By- Sneha Kumari)

JUDICIAL AND SOCIAL RESPONSE TO LIVE-IN RELATIONSDHIP IN INDIA : A CRITICAL ANALYSIS (BY -RAJ KUMAR GARG & NITU)

PERSONAL DATA PROTECTION BILL 2018 & 2019 (By- Rishav Kumar)

Women’s rights in India: Recent reform in law and continuing challenges (By- Keshav Jee Jha)

THE ADOPTION OF ‘RULE OF LAW’ IN INDIAN CONSTITUTION (By- Jatin Rana)

“A SOCIO-LEGAL STUDY OF ACID ATTACK IN INDIA” (By-Riya)

PUNISHMENT AND IT’S THEORIES (By- Ankit Kumar Singh)

Naming Terror: Impact of Proscription on Negotiations with Non-State Armed Groups (By- Dr.S.Krishnan & Ms. Bhavna Jain)

THE JOURNEY OF SAME SEX MARRIAGE FROM VEDAS TO MODERN ERA (By-Swapnil Raj)

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