INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

FORENSIC SCIENCE S IMPACT: DNA TESTS AND NARCO-ANALYSIS BY - ASHWINI DATTATREYA DAGDE

Authors: ASHWINI DATTATREYA DAGDE

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RELIGIOUS LIBERTY IN SOCIETY IS ERODING BY - SHERIN FARHANA EV

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THE COMPANIES (CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY POLICY) AMENDMENT RULES, 2022 – OVERVIEW AND CRITICAL ANALYSIS BY - ANEESA NAHAN

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YOU CAN NOT CLOCK BACK BY - DIVYANSHI BHARDWAJ

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“WOMEN AND THE RIGHT TO INDIVIDUAL AUTONOMY” BY: - KASHNI

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Year : Jan -2022 | Volume: II | Issue: 5

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GENDER-SPECIFIC RAPE LEGISLATION BY - ARNEET KANG

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A CRITICAL STUDY OF LEGAL PROVISIONS ON GENDER EQUALITY BY - DR. NEERU GUPTA

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ABDUL SHUKOOR SAHEB V. ARJI PAPA RAO (DECEADSED) AIR 1963 SC 1150 BY - SMITI JHUNJHUNWALA

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THE NOTION OF REFOULEMENT AS A NECROPOLITICAL PRAXIS: THE FATE OF ASYLUM SEEKERS IN CONTEMPORARY TIMES BY - KIBIRIGE HASSAN

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RESPONSIBLE AI IMPLEMENTATION: ETHICAL DILEMMAS DATA PRIVACY AND ALGORITHMIC BIAS IN TODAY S TECHNOLOGICAL LANDSCAPE BY - JENNIFER GHOSHRAY

Authors: JENNIFER GHOSHRAY

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[3] Notes on Religion and Politics,” in Bjorkman (ed.), Fundamentalism, Revivalists and Violence in South Asia, 10 & 11

[4] Brian J. Grim and Roger Finke, The Price of Freedom Denied: Religious Persecution and Conflict in the Twenty-First Century (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011

[5] Anand, D. ‘The Violence of Security: Hindu Nationalism and the Politics of Representing ‘the Muslim’ as a Danger’ in The Round Table Vol.94 No.379, 2005

[6] Brass, P.R. ‘The Production of Hindu-Muslim Violence in Contemporary India’ in Olle Törnquist (ed.) Political Violence: Indonesia and India in Comparative Perspective, (University of Oslo Centre for Development and the Environment, 2000

[1] Joint Parliamentary Standing Committee on Finance, Report on Competition (Amendment) Bill, 2022, <https://164.100.47.193/lsscommittee/Finance/17_Finance_52.pdf>.

[3] Companies Act 2013, schedule VII

[10] Nilesh Vasa and Anindita Sarkar, A taxing “Corporate Social Responsibility for Companies under GST?” dated 14-5-2018 published in LSI LawStreetIndia.

[16] Companies (Corporate Social Responsibility Policy) Rules 2022, Rule 3(2)

[19] Polycab Wires (P.) Ltd., In re, 2019 SCC OnLine Ker AAR-GST 1

[20] Kerala General Sales Tax Act 1963, sec 17(5)(h)

[1] Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia ‘demurrer’ Encyclopedia Britannica, (April 12, 2018) accessed 06 April 2023

[4] Satyadhyan Ghosal v Deorijin Debi AIR [1960] SC 941: [1960] 3 SCR 590

[5] In this suit, the SC held that res judicata is a concept that is universally applied; M. Nagabhushana v State of Karnataka, [2011] 3 SCC 408: [2011] 1 SCC (Civ) 733

[7] Daryao v State of U.P., AIR [1961] SC 1457: [1962] 1 SCR 574

[9] State of Maharashtra v National Construction Co., [1996] 1 SCC 735

[11] M.S.M. Sharma v Dr Shree Krishna, AIR [1960] SC 1186: [1961] 1 SCR 96

[14] Devilal Modi v STO, AIR [1965] SC 1150: [1965] 1 SCR 686

[15] State of U.P. v Nawab Hussain [1977] 2 SCC 806

[1] * Kashni, Student of LL.M. programme (3 years), University of Delhi, Faculty of Law.

[2] Justice K.S.Puttaswamy (Retired) v. Union of India, 2017 10 S.C.C.

[3] “The Indian Supreme Court Declares the Constitutional Right to Privacy” by Jayna Kothari, (OxHRH Blog, 4 October 2017) available at: https://ohrh.law.ox.ac.uk/the-indian-supreme-court-declares-the-constitutional-right-to-privacy/ [accessed on April 10, 2021]

[4] Supra note 2.

[5] Supra note 2.

[6] Supra note 4 .

[7] Here, ‘informal’ means ‘not formally established by law’.

[8] Independent Thought v. Union of India, W.P. (Civil) No. 382 of 2013, decided on October 11, 2017 (Madan B. Lokur and Deepak Gupta, J.J.)

[9] The Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women , 1979. It was signed by India in 1980 and ratified in 1993.

[10] The Convention on the Rights of Child, 1989. It was ratified by India in 1992.

[11] Such as- Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012 (POCSO Act) and the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 (PWDVA),

[12] Socio-Legal Review, “Independent Thought v. Union of India and the Unconstitutionality of Marital Rape”, Nov 6, 2017, available at: https://www.sociolegalreview.com/post/independent-thought-v-union-of-india-and-the-unconstitutionality-of-marital-0is%20not%20rape%E2%80%9D [accessed on April 7, 2021]

[13] AIR 1983 AP 356

[14] AIR 1984 SC 1562, (1984) 4 SCC 90

[15] Supra note 2.

[16] Air India v. Nargesh Meerza (1981)

[17] Shakti Vahini v. Union of India on 27 March ( 2018)

[18] CB Muthamma v. Union of India (1979)

[19] State of Maharashtra & Anr. v. Madhukar Narayan Mardikar (1990)

[20] Vishaka & Ors. v. State of Rajasthan & Ors. (1997), Delhi Domestic Working Women's' Forum v, Union of India & Ors. (1994)

[21] V. Tulasamma & Ors v. Sesha Reddi (Dead) By L. Rs (1977), Daniel Latifi v. Union of India (2001).

[22]International Women’s Day: 30 SC Judgments on Women’s Empowerment, available at: https://www.livelaw.in/know-the-law/landmark-decisions-of-the-supreme-court-that-changed-the-course-for-women-in-india-153592?infinitescroll=1 [accessed on April 13, 2021]

[23] Supra note 2.

[24] Anuj Garg & Ors v. Hotel Association Of India & Ors on 6 December, 2007

[25] Suchita Srivastava & Anr v. Chandigarh Administration on 28 August, 2009

[26] State Of Maharashtra And Another v. Madhukar Narayan Mardikar on 23 October, 1990

[27] Abc v. State(Nct Of Delhi) on 6 July, 2015

^{^[28]}Supra note 4.

[29] Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala, (1973) 4 SCC 225; AIR 1973 SC 1461

[1] Abdul Shukoor Saheb v. Arji Papa Rao AIR 1963 SC 1150 ¶ 2.

[2] Abdul Shukoor Saheb v. Arji Papa Rao AIR 1963 SC 1150 ¶ 2.

[3] Abdul Shukoor Saheb v. Arji Papa Rao AIR 1963 SC 1150 ¶ 2.

[4] Abdul Shukoor Saheb v. Arji Papa Rao AIR 1963 SC 1150 ¶ 3.

[5] Abdul Shukoor Saheb v. Arji Papa Rao AIR 1963 SC 1150 ¶ 3.

[6] Abdul Shukoor Saheb v. Arji Papa Rao AIR 1963 SC 1150 ¶ 4.

[7] Abdul Shukoor Saheb v. Arji Papa Rao AIR 1963 SC 1150 ¶ 5.

[8] Abdul Shukoor Saheb v. Arji Papa Rao AIR 1963 SC 1150 ¶ 5.

[9] Abdul Shukoor Saheb v. Arji Papa Rao AIR 1963 SC 1150 ¶ 7.

[10] Abdul Shukoor Saheb v. Arji Papa Rao AIR 1963 SC 1150 ¶ 24.

[11] Abdul Shukoor Saheb v. Arji Papa Rao AIR 1963 SC 1150 ¶ 24.

[12] Abdul Shukoor Saheb v. Arji Papa Rao AIR 1963 SC 1150 ¶ 24.

[13] Abdul Shukoor Saheb v. Arji Papa Rao AIR 1963 SC 1150 ¶ 25.

[14] Abdul Shukoor Saheb v. Arji Papa Rao AIR 1963 SC 1150 ¶ 28.

[15] Abdul Shukoor Saheb v. Arji Papa Rao AIR 1963 SC 1150 ¶ 29.

^{^[16]}Jay Adkisson, Twyne's case and the most infamous flock of sheep in Anglo-american law Forbes (2020), https://www.forbes.com/sites/jayadkisson/2020/01/06/twynes-case-and-the-most-infamous-flock-of-sheep-in-anglo-american-law/?sh=e81ebac4227c (last visited Apr 25, 2023).

[17] Sarju Prasad v. Jai Karan, 1998 SCC OnLine All 722

^{^[18]}Need for Speedy Justice – Some Suggestions, law commission of India, 221 (18th ed. 2009).

[1] Kibirige Hassan is a 4^th Year Law Student Pursing B.A LL. B at Marwadi University, Rajkot.

[2] Mehdi Chebil, ‘Pushed back because we’re black: Africans stranded at Ukraine-Poland Boarder.’ France24, see also; Lorenzo Tondo in Przemysl and Emmanuel Akinwotu, ‘People of color fleeing Ukraine attacked by polish nationalists.’, TheGuardian. (2022).

[3] A., Brasseur, (President of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe), ‘Europe slamming its’s doors on Refugees: Is this really What Europe is About?’ Press Release, Council of Europe. (2016).

[4] Human Rights Watch. “India: Rohingya Deported to Myanmar Face Danger,” March 31, 2022.

[5] BBC News. “Migrants Freezing to Death on Belarus-Poland Border,” September 23, 2021.

[6] The New Humanitarian. “Hot and Cold: Greece’s Treatment of Ukrainian and Non-Ukrainian Refugees,” August 16, 2022. Available at; https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news-feature/2022/08/16/Greece-refugees-Ukraine-asylum-system-application.

[7] Human Rights Watch. “India: Halt All Forced Returns to Myanmar,” March 10, 2021. Available at; https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/03/10/india-halt-all-forced-returns-myanmar.

[8] Agnieszka Pikulicka-Wilczewska. “Fears of Migrant Deaths Rise after Bodies Found in Eastern Poland.” Reuters. Reuters, January 13, 2023. Available at; https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/fears-migrant-deaths-rise-after-bodies-found-eastern-poland-2023-01-13/.

[9] Oxfam International. “‘A Two-Tier Refugee Response’: Greece’s Welcome of People Fleeing Ukraine Stands in Stark Contrast with Others Seeking Safety | Oxfam International,” May 25, 2022. Available at; https://www.oxfam.org/en/press-releases/two-tier-refugee-response-greeces-welcome-people-fleeing-ukraine-stands-stark.

[10] PBS NewsHour. “‘Remain in Mexico’ Reinstated, Sends Asylum Seekers across the Southern Border.” PBS NewsHour, December 11, 2021. Available at; https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/remain-in-mexico-reinstated-sends-asylum-seekers-across-the-southern-border.

[11] Article 3 and Article 33, UN General Assembly. (1951). Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. Available at; https://www.unhcr.org/sites/default/files/legacy-pdf/4ca34be29.pdf

[12] ‘South Africa: Failing asylum system is exacerbating Xenophobia.’ Amnesty.org. (2019), see also; ‘Living in Limbo: Rights of asylum seekers denied.’, Amnesty International.Org. (2019).

[13] O’Sullivan M., & Dallal S., ‘States, the law Access to Refugee Protection: Fortresses and Fairness’, 65, HART. 9 (2017). See also; D. Stevens & L. Baldassar, ‘Refugees Protection and the role of law.’ Cambridge University Press. (2014).

[14] John Kennedy, ‘Refoulement as a Biopolitical Praxis: Subalternity, Ethnography, and Ethics at the Mexico-Guatemala Boarder.’, Cornell University. (2021)

[15] Evan J. Criddle and Evan Fox-Decent, ‘The Authority of International Refugee Law.’, 62 Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 1067 (2021).

[16] Michael Garcia Bochenek. “The Persistent, Pernicious Use of Pushbacks against Children and Adults in Search of Safety” 12(3) 34. (2023).

[17] UNHCR. (2020, March 31). Key legal considerations on access to territory for persons in need of international protection in the context of the COVID-19 response. Available at; https://www.refworld.org/docid/5e7132834.html

[18] Allain, J. (2001). ‘The jus cogens nature of non?refoulement.’ International Journal of Refugee Law, 13(4), 533-558.

[19] ICJ. (2005). Armed activities on the territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo vs. Uganda), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2005, p. 168.

[20] Musalo, K., Moore, J., & Boswell, R. A. (2011). ‘Refugee law and policy: Cases and materials.’, Durham: Carolina Academic Press.

[21] UN General Assembly, (1951), Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees’, and its 1967 Protocol.

[22] UN General Assembly, (1984), Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment.

[23] UN General Assembly, (1951), Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees’, and its 1967 Protocol.

[24] UN General Assembly, (1967), Declaration on Territorial Asylum.

[26] United Nations. (1948). Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

[27] UN General Assembly, (1951), Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees’, and its 1967 Protocol.

[28] The principle of non-refoulement as a norm of customary international law. Responses to the questions posed to UNHCR by the federal Constitutional Court of the Federal Republic of Germany in cases 2BvR 1938/98, 2BvR 1953/93, 2BvR 1954/93. See also; Dr. Sigit Riyato ‘The Refoulement principle and its relevance in the international legal system.’,7, (2010).

[31] L., B., John & T., Buergenthal (eds), ‘The movement of persons Across Borders.’ 18. (1992).

[32] Ibid 18, see also; UN Human Rights Committee (UNHRC), (1992), (CPR General Comment No. 20): Article 7 (Prohibition of Torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading Treatment or punishment).

[33] Ibid 18, see also; Bronner Hail K., ‘Non-refoulement and ‘Humanitarian’ refugees.’ Customary International law. (1986).

[34] Tom Phillips, ‘Mexican man kills himself after being refused entry to U.S.’ TheGuardian. (2020).

[35] Organization of African Unity. (OAU), (1969), Convention Governing the specific Aspects of Refugee problems in Africa (OAU Convention).

[36] Oona H, M, & Preston Lim ‘COVID-19 and International law: Refugees law. The principle of non-refoulement.’, JustSecurity, (2020).

[37] Refugees and migrants in times of COVID-19: Mapping trends of public health and migration policies and practices. World Health Organization. (2021).

[38] Gammeltoft-Hansen, T. (2011). ‘Access to asylum: International refugee law and the globalization of migration control’. Cambridge University Press.

[39] Durieux, J-F. ‘The many faces of ‘prima facie’: Group-based evidence in refugee status determination. Refuge.’ Canada’s Journal on Refugees, 25(2). (2008).

[40] Organization of African Unity (OAU). (1969). Convention Governing Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa.

[41] McAdam, J. ‘From protection to persecution: The Australian-Cambodia refugee ‘arrangement’’. Melbourne Journal of International Law, 18(1), 273-287. (2017).

* Jennifer Ghoshray is a legal researcher and cognitive psychologist, who studied law, psychology, and economic theory at the prestigious Rutgers University and Florida International University in USA. She utilizes a multi-dimensional lens through which to view mergers and acquisition and anti-trust issues, while placing common citizens’ rights in the context. She has developed a unique expertise in the conflict between development of artificial intelligence fuelled Metaverse and existing laws, areas on which she has lectured at various National Law Schools, such as the NUJS, Kolkata, NLIU, Bhopal, and Symbiosis Law. Her presentation at the 2022 National Conference on Fintech, Data Protection and Cybersecurity held at National Law University, Delhi traced the emergence of digital capitalism at the praxis of technology’s ambition and law’s inadequacy. The author can be reached at Jennifer.Ghoshray@gmail.com.

[1] Tegmark, M. AI and Physics, Lex Fridman Podcast (Jan. 18, 2021), episode #155, at 2:217 (Paraphrased from the podcast). https://www.happyscribe.com/public/lex-fridman-podcast-artificial-intelligence-ai/155-max-tegmark-ai-and-physics.

[2] Murdoch, B. Privacy and Artificial Intelligence: Challenges For Protecting Health Information In A New Era. BMC Med Ethics 22, 122 (2021). [doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12910-021-00687-3].

[3] Moon, I., Shamsuzzaman, M., Mridha, M., & Rahaman, A. (2022). Towards the Advancement of Cashless Transaction: A Security Analysis of Electronic Payment Systems. Journal of Computer and Communications, 10, 103-129. doi: 10.4236/jcc.2022.107007.

[4] Vermeulen, B., Kesselhut, J., Pyka, A., & Saviotti, P. P. (2018). The Impact of Automation on Employment: Just the Usual Structural Change? Sustainability, 10(5), 1661. doi: 10.3390/su10051661.

[5] Bankins, S., & Formosa, P. (2023). The Ethical Implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) For Meaningful Work. Journal of Business Ethics, 185, 725–740. doi: 10.1007/s10551-023-05339-7.

[6] Bartneck, C., Lütge, C., Wagner, A., & Welsh, S. (2021). Privacy Issues of AI. In An Introduction to Ethics in Robotics and AI. SpringerBriefs in Ethics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51110-4_8.

[7] Jackson, M. C. (2021). Artificial Intelligence & Algorithmic Bias: The Issues With Technology Reflecting History & Humans, 16 J. Bus. & Tech. L. 299. https://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/jbtl/vol16/iss2/5.

[8] Thiebes, S., Lins, S., & Sunyaev, A. (2021). Trustworthy artificial intelligence. Electron Markets, 31(3), 447–464. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12525-020-00441-4.

[9] Rodrigues, R. (2020). Legal And Human Rights Issues Of AI: Gaps, Challenges And Vulnerabilities. Journal of Responsible Technology, 4, 100005. ISSN 2666-6596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrt.2020.100005.

[10] Zajko, M. (2022). Artificial Intelligence, Algorithms, And Social Inequality: Sociological Contributions To Contemporary Debates. Sociology Compass, 16(3), e12962. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12962.

[11] Dastin, J. (2018, October 11). Amazon scraps secret AI recruiting tool that showed bias against women. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-amazon-com-jobs-automation-insight-idUSKCN1MK08G.

[12] Pearce, Guy. "Beware the Privacy Violations in Artificial Intelligence Applications." ISACA Now Blog. May 28, 2021. https://www.isaca.org/resources/news-and-trends/isaca-now-blog/2021/beware-the-privacy-violations-in-artificial-intelligence-applications.

[13] Garcia, A.C.B., Garcia, M.G.P. & Rigobon, R. "Algorithmic Discrimination in the Credit Domain: What Do We Know About It?" AI & Soc (2023), DOI: 10.1007/s00146-023-01676-3.

[14] Murdoch B. Privacy And Artificial Intelligence: Challenges For Protecting Health Information In A New Era. BMC Med Ethics. 2021 Sep 15;22(1):122. Doi: 10.1186/s12910-021-00687-3. PMID: 34525993; PMCID: PMC8442400.

[15] Nicol Turner Lee, Paul Resnick, and Genie Barton, "Algorithmic Bias Detection and Mitigation: Best Practices and Policies to Reduce Consumer Harms," Brookings (May 22, 2019), https://www.brookings.edu/articles/algorithmic-bias-detection-and-mitigation-best-practices-and-policies-to-reduce-consumer-harms/.

[16] Bak, M., Madai, V. I., Fritzsche, M. C., Mayrhofer, M. Th., & McLennan, S. (2022). You Can't Have AI Both Ways: Balancing Health Data Privacy and Access Fairly. Frontiers in Genetics, 13. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgene.2022.929453. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2022.929453. ISSN 1664-8021.

[17] Topol, E.J. High-Performance Medicine: The Convergence Of Human And Artificial Intelligence, Nat Med 25, 44–56 (2019), https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-018-0300-7.

[18] Fuster, A., Goldsmith-Pinkham, P., Ramadorai, T., & Walther, A. (2022). Predictably Unequal? The Effects of Machine Learning on Credit Markets. Journal of Finance, 77: 5–47.

[19] Dressel, J., & Farid, H. (2018). The Accuracy, Fairness, And Limits Of Predicting Recidivism. Sci. Adv., 4, eaao5580. DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aao5580.

[20] Angwin, J., Larson, J., Mattu, S., Kirchner, L. (2016). Machine bias: There’s software used across the country to predict future criminals. And it’s biased against blacks. ProPublica. https://www.propublica.org/article/machine-bias-risk-assessments-in-criminal-sentencing.

[22] Boldyreva, E. (2018). Cambridge Analytica: Ethics and Online Manipulation With Decision-Making Process. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference "Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Education" (Vol. 12, pp. 91-102). doi: 10.15405/epsbs.2018.12.02.10.

[23] Rehman, I. u. (2019). Facebook-Cambridge Analytica data harvesting: What you need to know. Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal), 2497. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/2497.

[24] Maslej, N., Fattorini, L., Brynjolfsson, E., et al. (2023). The AI Index 2023 Annual Report. AI Index Steering Committee, Institute for Human-Centered AI, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, April 2023.

[25] Vössing, M., Kühl, N., Lind, M. et al. Designing Transparency for Effective Human-AI Collaboration. Inf Syst Front 24, 877–895 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-022-10284-3

[26] General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (General Data Protection Regulation). https://gdpr-info.eu/.

[27] Shin, D., Hameleers, M., Park, Y. J., et al. (2022). Countering Algorithmic Bias and Disinformation and Effectively Harnessing the Power of AI in Media. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 99(4), 887–907. https://doi.org/10.1177/10776990221129245.

[28] Gravett, W. (2021). Sentenced by an algorithm--Bias and lack of accuracy in risk-assessment software in the United States criminal justice system. South African Journal of Criminal Justice, 34(1), 31+. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A688856609/AONE?u=anon~7f6f2f9&sid=googleScholar&xid=f24028e5.

[30] Ferguson, A. G. (2012). Predictive Policing and Reasonable Suspicion. 62 Emory Law Journal, 259. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2050001.

[31] Sweeney, L. (2013). Discrimination in Online Ad Delivery. Communications of the ACM, 56. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2208240.

[32] National Association of Insurance Commissioners. (2021). AI-Enabled Underwriting Brings New Challenges for Life Insurance: Policy and Regulatory Considerations. Journal of Insurance Regulation, 40(8), JIR-ZA-40-08.

[33] Simbeck, K. They Shall Be Fair, Transparent, And Robust: Auditing Learning Analytics Systems. AI Ethics (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-023-00292-7.

[34] Chowdhury, R., & Mulani, N. (2018). Auditing Algorithms for Bias. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2018/10/auditing-algorithms-for-bias

[35] Rigano, C. (2019). Using Artificial Intelligence to Address Criminal Justice Needs. NIJ Journal, (Issue No. 280), January. National Institute of Justice.

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IJLRA	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals Volume 5 Issue 8 2022 Page 1-6
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