INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

SEDITION AND FREEDOM OF SPEECH AND EXPRESSION: CONFLICTING CONCEPTS BY - AADYA SAHAY

Authors: AADYA SAHAY

Registration ID: 101926 Published Paper ID: IJLRA1926

Year : April -2023 | Volume: 2 | Issue: 7
Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: aadyasahay18@gmail.com

Page No :18 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link:

ANALYZING THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A WASIYAT AND A HIBA BY - PALLAVI CHIKKALA

Authors: PALLAVI CHIKKALA

Registration ID: 101925 Published Paper ID: IJLRA1925

Year : April -2023 | Volume: 2 | Issue: 7
Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: chikkalapallavi99@gmail.com

Page No :11 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link:

BLACK MARKETING OF ANIMALS AND THEIR BODY PARTS BY- VARUN PURI

Authors: VARUN PURI

Registration ID: 101924 Published Paper ID: IJLRA1924

Year : April -2023 | Volume: 2 | Issue: 7
Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: puri.varun2004@gmail.com

Page No :18 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link:

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF LAWS ON SEX TOYS IN INDIA & THE WORLD BY - AMAR KUMAR PANDEY & RISHI KUMAR SINGH

Authors: AMAR KUMAR PANDEY & RISHI KUMAR SINGH

Registration ID: 101922 Published Paper ID: IJLRA1922 & IJLRA1923

Year : April -2023 | Volume: 2 | Issue: 7
Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: amarpandey1810@gmail.com & kumarrishi3669@gmail.com

Page No :20 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link:

CONSERVATION OF RIVERS IN INDIA BY: SARAHNA EKKA

Authors: SARAHNA EKKA

Registration ID: 101921 Published Paper ID: IJLRA1921

Year : April -2023 | Volume: 2 | Issue: 7
Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: sarahnaekka27@gmail.com

Page No :15 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link:

DIVORCE MADE EASIER: STRIKING DOWN SECTION 10A BY - HARISHRI S

Authors: HARISHRI S

Registration ID: 101920 Published Paper ID: IJLRA1920

Year : April -2023 | Volume: 2 | Issue: 7
Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: iamharishri@gmail.com

Page No :10 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link:

FACTORS DRIVING GLOBAL MIGRATION PATTERNS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY BY - ARYA MISHRA

Authors: ARYA MISHRA

Registration ID: 101919 Published Paper ID: IJLRA1919

Year : April -2023 | Volume: 2 | Issue: 7
Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: aryamishra@nlunagpur.ac.in

Page No :19 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link:

FORCED SEPARATION, DEMENTIA & FINANCIAL DECISION IN FAMILY LAW: AN INDIAN ANALYSIS BY - ARATRIKA MANHAS

Authors: ARATRIKA MANHAS

Registration ID: 101918 Published Paper ID: IJLRA1918

Year : April -2023 | Volume: 2 | Issue: 7
Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: aratrikamanhas@gmail.com

Page No :15 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link:

LEGALISATION OF SAME SEX MARRIAGE: A WAY TOWARDS REMOVING HOMOPHOBIA FROM THE SOCIETY BY - AAYUSHI SAXENA

Authors: AAYUSHI SAXENA

Registration ID: 101917 Published Paper ID: IJLRA1917

Year : April -2023 | Volume: 2 | Issue: 7
Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: aayushi.saxena@lloydlawcollege.edu.in

Page No :21 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link:

MERGERS & ACQUISITION IN INDIA BY – TALAT FATIMA & MS. SARITA YADAV

Authors: TALAT FATIMA & MS. SARITA YADAV

Registration ID: 101915 Published Paper ID: IJLRA1915 & IJRLA1916

Year : April -2023 | Volume: 2 | Issue: 7
Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: talatfatima0786@gmail.com

Page No :11 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link:

[3] Kedar Nath v. State of Bihar 1962 AIR 955, 1962 SCR Supl. (2) 769

[4] Queen Empress Vs. Jogendra Chunder Bose & Ors., (1892) ILR 19 Cal. 35

[5] Queen Empress Vs. Bal Gangadhar Tilak & Keshav Mahadev Bal, (1897) ILR Bom 112

[6] Tara Singh Gopi Chand Vs. The State, 1951 Cri. L. J. 449

[8] Debi Soren & Ors. Vs The State, 1954 Cri. L. J 758

[10] Kedar Nath Singh vs State Of Bihar 1962 AIR 955, 1962 SCR Supl. (2) 769

[11] Balwant Singh & Anr. vs State of Punjab, 1995 (1) SCR 411

[2]Mehak, (2020), ‘Concept of Wasiyat under Muslim Law’, https://lawsisto.com/legalnewsread/NTQxMA==/Concept-of-Wasiyat-Will-under-Muslim-Law

[3](2016), ‘Meaning and Making of a Will/Wasiyat and its ingredients under Muslim Law’, https://www.lawnn.com/meaning-and-making-of-a-will-wasiyat-and-its-ingredients-under-muslim-law/

[8]Anjali Dingra, (2019), ‘Concept of Gift under Islamic Law’, https://blog.ipleaders.in/concept-of-gift-under-islamic-law/

[10]Kathessa Umma v. NarayanathKunbama, AIR 1964 SC 274

[1]Doniger, Wendy (2003). Kamasutra - Oxford World's Classics. Oxford University Press. p. i. ISBN 9780192839824. The Kamasutra is the oldest extant Hindu textbook of erotic love. It was composed in Sanskrit, the literary language of ancient India, probably in North India and probably sometime in the third century.

[2] I. Sivakumar’s ‘Masculinity and Challenges in Indian Culture’, , Last Visited 10 May 2023.See Also‘Gender Eqality’ (UNICEF) Last visited 10 May 2023.

[3]Guerra, V.M., Gouveia, V.V., Sousa, D.M. et al. Sexual Liberalism–Conservatism: The Effect of Human Values, Gender, and Previous Sexual Experience. Arch Sex Behav 41, 1027–1039 (2012).https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-012-9936-4.See Also, ‘Sex Toys Market Expected to Garner $45,767.2 Million By 2026, At A CAGR of 7.9%’ (Research Dive March 2020) Last Visited 10 May 2023.

[4]Satista Research Department, ‘Sex Toy and Contraception’, Last Visited 10 May 2023.

[8]Kavita Phumbhra v. Commissioner Of Customs (Port),2011 SCC OnLine CAL 2378.

[9]VageshwariDeswal, ‘Sex Toys: An Ethico-legal conundrum’, <Sex Toys: An Ethico-legal conundrum (indiatimes.com)> Last Visited 10 May 2023.

[10]Navtej Singh Johar&Ors. v. Union of India, Through Secretary, 2018 AIR SC 4321.

[11] ‘BBC News’ ‘India Rejects Patent Plea’ <India rejects patent plea for 'immoral' sex toy - BBC News> Last Visited 10 MAY 2023.

[13]David Rivera, 'Sex Toys Through The Ages' (Daily Ojo)

ages.html>Last Visited 11 May 2023.

[14]Marita P. McCabe et al., ‘Incidence and Prevalence of Sexual Dysfunction in Women and Men: A Consensus

Statement from the Fourth International Consultation on Sexual Medicine 2015’ (2016) 13(2) The Journal of Sexual MedicineLast Visited 11 May 2023.

[15] Food and Drug Administration, https://www.fda.gov/food, Last visited May 11, 2023.

[17]https://www.who.int/teams/sexual-and-reproductive-health-and-research/key-areas-of-work/sexual-health/defining-sexual-health.

[18]Herbenick D, Reece M, Sanders SA, Dodge B, Ghassemi A, Fortenberry JD. Women's vibrator use in sexual partnerships: results from a nationally representative survey in the United States. J Sex Marital Ther. 2010;36(1):49-65. doi: 10.1080/00926230903375677. PMID: 20063237.

[22] https://www.cpsc.gov/About-CPSC/Consumer-Ombudsman.

[24]Genital Vibrator for therapeutic use, 21 CFR §884.5960.

[26]In industries where consumers can easily access information about products, there is a need for regulation to ensure that all industry players adhere to the same standards, which would ensure that they bear similar costs in protecting consumers.

[28] Pamela Madsen, Dangerous Sex Toys, https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/shameless-woman/201108/dangerous-sex-toys-what-you-need-know-now-about-phthalates.

[29] “Sex Toys shops in Amsterdam”, , Last visited, 11 May 2023.

[30] Caitlin Fitzsimmons,’ The Sydney Morning Herald, 08 December 2019, , Last visited, 11 May 2023.

[31] International Organization for Standardization. (2018). Occupational health and safety management systems—Requirements with guidance for use (ISO Standard No. 45001:2018). https://www.iso.org/standard/63787.html.

[32] ‘Sex Toy Drive in Alabama’, , Last visited, 11 May 2023.

[33]TonnyDunnel’s, ‘10 Strange Sex Laws in the USA’, , Last visited, 11 May 2023.

[34] Stemple’s ‘NY Court remark on the constitutionality of opening sex stores’, , Last visited 11 May 2023.

[35] SOBERANIA MAKING DECISIONS THAT COUNT, https://soberania.org/legality-of-sex-toys-in-different-countries-where-are-they-banned/, (last visited May 5,2023)

[37] Russell Griffin’s, Sexual Stimulation Device-Related Injuries, 35 J. Sex and Marital Therapy 253, 255 (2009).

[41] Jennifer, Safety Related To Sex Toy, EDMONTON J. (March 21, 2008), http://www.canada.com/edmontonjournal/news/ed/story.html?id=f3155009-ae6e-41cb-b1d-e3aee4a0671e.

[43] Nuzzo, Good Vibrations: U.S. Consumer Web Site Aims to Enhance Sex Toy Safety, SCI. AM. (May 11, 2011), http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=goodvibrations-us-consumer-web-site-aims-to-enhance-sex-toy-safety, “Sex Toy Sales Per Capita Highest In These Ten States, According To Manufacturer | HuffPost Women”.

[45] Phthalates, CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION of USA, https://www.cpsc.gov./info/toysafety/phthalates.html Last visited May 11, 2023.

[46] THE NAT’L ACADS., PHTHALATES & CUMULATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT: TASKS AHEAD 2 (2008).

[47] Sajjan Singh v. State of Rajasthan, 1991 Crimes 240.

[48] S Tamilselvan v. Perumal Murugan, 2016 SCC OnLine MAD 5960.

[49] Ajay Goswami v. Union of India, 2007 AIR SC 293.

[2] Theodore Roosevelt, 26^th President of the United States of America, Address to the Deep Waterway Convention at Memphis, Tennessee (October 4, 1907).

[3] National Geographic Society, River, July 30, 2019, available at https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/river/ (Last visited on May 4, 2021).

[4] Lawrence K. Lustig, Stanley A. Schumm et al, River, November 11, 2020, available at https://www.britannica.com/science/river (Last visited on May 4, 2021).

[5] Kim Rutledge, Tara Ramroop et al, Understanding Rivers, March 14, 2011, available at https://www.nationalgeographic.org/article/understanding-rivers/?utm_source=BibblioRCM_Row (Last visited on May 4, 2021).

[6] Jayanta Bandyopadhyay, Why we need a new perspective on rivers, July 25, 2018, available at https://www.orfonline.org/research/why-we-need-a-new-perspective-on-rivers/#:~:text=However%2C%20rivers%20play%20many%20important,spectrum%20of%20all%20human%20societies.&text=This%20is%20called%20the%20WEBS,Sediment)%20perspective%20on%20river%20basins. (Last visited on May 7, 2021).

[9] Salman M. A. Salman, Groundwater: Legal and Policy Perspectives: Proceedings of a World Bank Seminar (1999).

[10] The Convention on the Law of Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses, Art. 5.

[12] The Convention on the Law of Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses, Art. 6.

[13] The Convention on the Law of Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses, Art. 8.

[17] United Nations, Summaries of Judgements, Advisory Opinions and Orders of the International Court of Justice 1997-2002, ST/LEG/SER.F/1.Add.2 (2003).

[18] The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, §2(a).

[19] The Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972, §29 and 35(6).

[20] The Constitution of India, 1950, Art. 39(b).

[21] The Constitution of India, 1950, Art. 51A(g).

[22] The Constitution of India, 1950, Art. 262(1).

[23] The Constitution of India, 1950, Schedule VII, List II, State List, Item 17 (Water).

[24] The Constitution of India, 1950, Schedule XI, Item 3 (Minor irrigation, water management and watershed development).

[25] The Constitution of India, 1950, Schedule XII, Item 5 (Water supply for domestic, industrial and commercial purposes).

[26] Taniya Malik, Inter-State River Water Disputes: A study in the light of the federal principle in India, International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention, Vol. 4, (October 2015).

[27] S. N. Jain, Alice Jacob & Subhash C. Jain, Inter-State Water Disputes in India (1971).

[30] Subhash Kumar v. State of Bihar & Ors., AIR 1991 SC 420.

[31] Narmada Bachao Andolan, etc. v. Union of India & Ors., AIR 2000 SC 3751.

[32] Lalit Miglani v. State of Uttarakhand and Ors., Writ Petition (PIL) No.140 of 2015.

[33] M.C. Mehta v. Union of India, [1987] 4 SCC 463.

[35] Hemant Pathak, Rivers Conservation Challenges and Opportunities: A Case Study of BundelKhand, Madhya Pradesh, India, International Journal of Environmental Sciences & Natural Resources, Vol. 7, (December 2017).

[1] Deniz S. Sert & Tansu Ceyla Erenler, “Theories of Migration: Reasons for Mobility”, ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE UN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS, 2020, available at https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69625-6_8-1 (Visited April 3, 2023).

[2] “Migration”, available at https://www.un.org/en/global-issues/migration#:~:text=Some%20people%20move%20in%20search,disasters%2C%20or%20other%20environmental%20factors (Visited April 3, 2023).

[3] Kyaing Kyaing Thet, “Pull and Push Factors of Migration: A Case Study in the Urban Area of Monywa Township, Myanmar”, available at https://www.worldofstatistics.org/files/2014/03/Pull-and-Push-Factors-of-Migration-Thet.pdf (Visited April 3, 2023).

[4] Kainth, G.S., “Push and Pull Factors of Migration: A Case of Brick Kiln Industry of Punjah State”, ASIA-PACIFIC JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES, 2009, pp. 82-116.

[6] H. Crow, “Factors Influencing Rural Migration Decisions in Scotland: An Analysis of the Evidence”, SCOTTISH GOVERNMENT SOCIAL RESEARCH, 2010.

[9] Douglas S. Masse et al., “Theories of International Migration: A Review and Appraisal”, POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT REVIEW, Vol. 19, No. 3, 1993, pp. 431-466, available at http://www.jstor.org/stable/2938462?origin=JSTOR-pdf (Visited April 3, 2023).

[12] Corrado Bonifazi, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN EUROPE, available at https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt46mv64.9 (Visited April 3, 2023).

[13] Dr. Anwar-ul-Haq And Saif-ur-Rehman, “Socio-Economic and Psychological Factors in Rural-Urban Migration: A Case Study in Migration Selectivity”, PAKISTAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL REVIEW, Vol. 13, No. 1, 1975, pp. 12-27, available at https://www.jstor.org/stable/25824826 (Visited April 3, 2023).

[14] Eytan Meyers, “Theories of International Immigration Policy-A Comparative Analysis”, THE INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION REVIEW, Vol. 34, No. 4, 2000, pp. 1245-1282, available at https://www.jstor.org/stable/2675981 (Visited April 3, 2023).

[19] “A Brief Overview of Theories of International Migration”, available at http://www.glopp.ch/C1/en/multimedia/C1_pdf1.pdf (Visited April 3, 2023).

[20] Philipp Engler et al., “Migration to Advanced Economies Can Raise Growth”, https://www.imf.org/en/Blogs/Articles/2020/06/19/blog-weo-chapter4-migration-to-advanced-economies-can-raise-growth (Visited April 3, 2023).

[22] “Is migration good for the economy?”, available at https://www.oecd.org/migration/OECD%20Migration%20Policy%20Debates%20Numero%202.pdf (Visited April 3, 2023).

[24] Rachel M. Friedberg and Jennifer Hunt, “The Impact of Immigrants on Host Country Wages, Employment and Growth”, available at https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/abs/10.1257/jep.9.2.23 (Visited April 3, 2023).

[25] “The Pros And Cons Of Migration”, available at https://www.embraceni.org/migration/the-pros-and-cons-of-migration/ (Visited April 3, 2023).

^{^[1]} Morris JC. The clinical dementia rating (CDR): Current version and scoring rules. Neurology 1993 November 1; 43(11): 2412-2412-a.

^{^[2]} Folstein MF, Folstein SE, and McHugh PR. “Mini-mental state”. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res 1975 November; 12(3): 189–198.

^{^[3]} Kim SYH and Caine ED. Utility and limits of the mini-mental state examination in evaluating consent capacity in Alzheimer’s disease. Psychiatr Serv 2002 October 1; 53(10): 1322–1324.

^{^[4]} Begali VL. Neuropsychology and the dementia spectrum: Differential diagnosis, clinical management, and forensic utility. NeuroRehabilitation 2020; 46(2): 181–194.

^{^[5]} Ganguli M, Ratcliff G, Chandra V, et al. A Hindi version of the MMSE: The development of a cognitive screening instrument for a largely illiterate rural elderly population in India. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1995; 10(5): 367–377.

^{^[6]} International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) Version: 2016. Available from: http://apps.who. int/ classifications/icd10/browse/2016/ en#!/X (accessed 20 June 2021).

^{^[7]} American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.) 2013. Available from https://doi.org/10.1176/appi. books.9780890425596. (Last accessed 20 June 2021)

[1] Student, B.A.LL.B (IV Semester), Lloyd Law College, Greater Noida.

[2] Naz Foundation v Government of NCT of Delhi, (2009) 111 DRJ 1.

^{^[3]} Law Reports of the Commonwealth, 2009, pp.838 at 883.

[4] Sachit Bhogle. “The Momentum of History- Realising Marriage Equality in India.” 12 NUJS L. Rev. 3-4, 2019.

[5] Robert Wintemute. “Same-Sex Love and Indian Penal Code Sec. 377: An Important Human Rights Issue for India.” 4 NUJS L. REV. 31, 2011.

[6] Weisbrod. “Family, Church, and State: An Essay on Constitutionalism and Religious Authority.” 26 Journal of Family Law 754 (1988), http://digitalcommons.uconn.edu/ law_papers/146); K. Hossain, “In Search of Equality: Marriage Related Laws for Muslim Women in Bangladesh” 5(1) Journal of International Women’s Studies, 2003, pp. 97.

[7] Stellina Jolly, Ritika Vohra. “Recognition of Foreign Same- Sex Marriage in India: A Legal Exploratory Analysis, Journal of the Indian Law Institute” July – September 2017, Vol. 59.3, pp. 302-326.

[8] P. D. Young. “Religion Sex and Politics: Christian Churches and Same-Sex Marriage in Canada” Fernwood Publishing, 2012, pp. 60.; L. D. Wardle. “Marriage and Religious Liberty: Comparative Law Problems and Conflict of Laws Solutions” 12 Journal of Law & Family Studies, 2010, pp.333.

^{^[11]} Decriminalisation of Same Sex Sexual Activity.

^{^[12]} Williamn, Eskidge. “Dishonorable Passions: Sodomy Laws in America.” 2008, pp. 118-127.

^{^[13]} National Coalition for Gay and Lesbian Equality and Another v Ministry of Justice and Others, 1999 (1) SA 6.

^{^[14]} Edwin Cameron. “Sexual Orientation and the Constitution.” South African Law Journal, vol.450, 1993, pp. 468-69.

^{^[15]} Constitution Amendment Act 1997, § 38(2)(a).

^{^[16]} Constitution, 1998, Article 23(3), replaced by Constitution, 2008, Articles 11(2), 66(9), 83(14).

^{^[17]} Constitution, 2004 (amendment), Article 13(2)

^{^[18]} Constitution (approved by referendum on 25 Jan. 2009), Article 14. II.

^{^[19]} Mato Grosso, Constitution, 1989, Art. 10. III; Sergipe, Constitution, 1989, Art. 3.11 Federal District, Organic Law, 1993, Article 2; Alagoas, Constitution, 2001 (amendment), Art. 2-I; Santa Catarina, Constitution, 2002 (amendment), Art. 4-IV; Par, Constitution, 2007 (amendment), Art. 3-IV.

^{^[20]} Berlin, Constitution, 1995, Article 10(2), Brandenburg, Constitution, 1992, Article 12(2), Bremen, Constitution, 1947 (as amended on 4 Sept. 2001), Article 2; Saarland, Constitution, 1947 (as amended in Feb. 2011), Article 12; Thuringia, Constitution, 1993, Article 2(3).

^{^[21]} Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Constitution, I October 1996, Article 11.

^{^[22]} See http://vvAwwwr.europarl.europa.eu/charter/pdf/text en.pdf.

^{^[23]} All cited judgments of the Court are available at http: vXww.echr.coe.int.

^{^[24]} Smith & Grady v United Kingdom (1999) 29 EHRR 493.

[25] Salgueiro da Silva Mouta v Portugal (no. 33290/96), 1999.

[26] S.L. v Austria (Application no. 45330/99), 2003.

^{^[29]} Ferguson & Others v. United Kingdom, Application No. 8254/11.

^{^[30]} Ruth Vanita. “Democratising Marriage: Consent, Custom and the Law in Law Like Love: Queer Perspectives on Law”, 338, 347, 352 (Arvind Narrain & Alok Gupta), 2011, pp. 338,347,352.

^{^[31]} Aditya Menon, “Delhi Landlords Will Not Rent Homes To Muslims, Live-In Couples, India Today”, October 1, 2012, available at https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/delhi-landlords-will-not-rent-homes-to-muslimslive-in-couples-117469-2012-10-01; Monalisa Das, “No Law Prohibits Unmarried Couples From Staying Together, Still Hotels Refuse, The News Minute”, May 19, 2015, available at https://www.thenewsminute.com/lives/507, Ananya Bhattacharya, “Married Couples Only: Conservative India’s Moral Policing Extends To Airbnb, Quartz India”, July 18, 2017, available at https://qz.com/india/1030463/married-couples-only-conservative-indias-moral-policing-extends-to-airbnb.

^{^[32]} Sachit Bhogle. “The Momentum of History- Realising Marriage Equality In India”, 12 NUJS L. Rev. 3-4 2019.

^{^[33]} Commissioner, Hindu Religious Endowments, Madras v Shri Lakshmindra Thritha Swamiar of Sri Shirur Mutt, (1954) SCR 1005; Ratilal Panachand Gandhi v State of Bombay, AIR 1954 SC 388.

^{^[34]} M.P. Singh. Outlines of Indian Legal & Constitutional History. 118 (Universal Law Publishing Co., 8th ed., 2006; Nandini Bhattacharya-Panda. “Appropriation and Invention of Tradition: The East India Company and Hindu Law in Early Colonial Bengal” 2007.

^{^[35]} Saptarshi Mandal. “Do Personal Laws Get their Authority from Religion or the State: Revisiting Constitutional Status” 51(50) Eco. & Pol. Weekly, 2016.

^{^[36]} State of Bombay v. Narasu Appa Mali, AIR 1952 Bom 84.

[41] Commissioner, Hindu Religious Endowments v Shri Lakshmindar Tirtha Swamiyar of Shri Shirur Mutt, 1954 AIR 282.

[42] Sardar Syedna Taher Saifuddin Saheb v State of Bombay, AIR 1962 SC 853.

^{^[43]} Sardar Syedna Taher Saifuddin Saheb v State of Bombay, AIR 1962 SC 853.

^{^[44]} Commissioner of Police v Acharya Jagdishwarananda Avadhuta, (2004) 12 SCC 770.

^{^[45]} Mohd. Hanif Quareshi v State of Bihar, AIR 1958 SC 731.

^{^[46]} Kantaru Rajeevaru v. Indian Young Lawyers Assn., 2019 SCCOnline SC 1461, ¶¶ 5, 7.

^{^[48]} Gautam Bhatia, supra note 42, 65. See also Gautam Bhatia, supra note 42, 91-92 (commenting on the holding in State of Kerala v. N.M. Thomas, (1976) 2 SCC 310 that Article 16(4) permitting the State to make special provisions for the reservation of appointments or posts for underrepresented groups is a facet of, and not an exception to, the rule in Article 16(1) prohibiting discrimination on specified grounds).

^{^[50]} National Legal Services Authority of India v Union of India, (2014) 5 SCC 438.

^{^[52]} National Legal Services Authority of India v Union of India, (2014) 5 SCC 438, ¶¶82-82.

^{^[53]} Andrew Koppelman. “Why Discrimination Against Gay Men and Lesbians is Sex Discrimination.” 69(2) NYU L. REV. 197 (1994).

^{^[54]} Categories like “men” and “women” are used for simplicity’s sake. Sexual orientation, like gender identity, exists on a spectrum and defies neat categorisation as “attracted to men” and “attracted to women” in the same manner in which gender identity is not limited to “identifies as a man” and “identifies as a woman”.

^{^[55]} Navtej Singh Johar v Union of India, (2018) 10 SCC 1, ¶478 (per Chandrachud, J.).

^{^[61]} Govt. of NCT of Delhi v Union of India, (2018) 8 SCC 501, ¶ 63.

^{^[62]} Navtej Singh Johar v Union of India, (2018) 10 SCC 1, ¶ 459 (per Chandrachud, J.).

^{^[63]} Navtej Singh Johar v Union of India, (2018) 10 SCC 1, ¶¶ 128 (per Misra, C.J.), 349, 351-352 (per Nariman, J.), 459 (per Chandrachud, J.). Malhotra, J. did not refer to constitutional morality. Instead, she relied on S. Khushboo v. Kanniammal, (2010) 5 SCC 600, ¶ 46, which states that social morality, being inherently subjective, cannot be the basis for criminal law that unduly interferes with personal autonomy (Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India, (2018) 10 SCC 1, ¶641.3).

^{^[64]} John Vallamattom v Union of India, (2003) 6 SCC 611, ¶¶33, 36.

^{^[65]} S. Khushboo v Kanniammal, (2010) 5 SCC 600, ¶46.

^{^[66]} Navtej Singh Johar v Union of India, (2018) 10 SCC 1, ¶136 (per Misra, C.J.).

^{^[67]} Navtej Singh Johar v Union of India, (2018) 10 SCC 1, ¶474 (per Chandrachud, J.).

^{^[68]} Navtej Singh Johar v Union of India, (2018) 10 SCC 1, ¶¶93-99, 106, 190, 201-203 (per Misra, C.J.).

^{^[69]} K.S. Puttaswamy v Union of India, (2017) 10 SCC 1.

^{^[70]} Anuj Garg v Hotel Association of India, (2008) 3 SCC 1, ¶¶34-35.

^{^[71]} K.S. Puttaswamy v Union of India, (2017) 10 SCC 1, ¶¶144-145, 298 (per Chandrachud, J., speaking for himself, Khehar C.J.., Agrawal J., and Nazeer J.), ¶645, 647 (per Kaul J.).

^{^[72]} An explicit statement to the effect that same-sex marriage was legalised, with the consequent and necessary changes to the various statutes governing marriage, would be obiter dictum, given that Navtej Johar was restricted to the question of §377 IPC.

^{^[73]} Navtej Singh Johar v Union of India, (2018) 10 SCC 1, ¶479 (per Chandrachud, J.).

^{^[75]} Shayara Bano v Union of India (2017) 9 SCC 1.

^{^[76]} The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, §§7(2), 9, 13(2), 24.

^{^[77]} Thomas John, Liberating Marriage: Same-Sex Unions and the Law in India in LAW LIKE LOVE: QUEER PERSPECTIVES ON LAW 355, 361 (Arvind Narrain & Alok Gupta ed., 2011). Arunkumar v. Inspector General of Registration, AIR 2019 Mad 265.

^{^[80]} Ruth Vanita. “Democratising Marriage: Consent, Custom and the Law in Law Like Love: Queer Perspectives on Law”, 338, 347, 352 (Arvind Narrain & Alok Gupta), 2011, pp. 338,347,352.

^{^[81]} Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act, 1939, §4.

^{^[82]} Junaid Jahangir. “Same-Sex Unions in Islam.” 24(3) Journal of Theology and Sexuality 157, 2018.

^{^[84]} Bible Gateway, Leviticus 18:22, available at https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Leviticus+18%3A22&version=NIV (Last visited on May 5, 2023).

^{^[85]} “Debating Bible Verses on Homosexuality.” New York Times, June 8, 2015, available at https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/06/05/us/samesex-scriptures.html (Last visited on May 6, 2023).

^{^[86]} The Indian Christian Marriage Act, 1872, §4.

^{^[87]} The Indian Christian Marriage Act, 1872, §60.

[88] See Special Marriage Act, 1954, §§ 4(c), 15(a).

[89] Nayantara Ravichandran. “Legal Recognition of Same-sex Relationships in India.” 5 J. IND. L. & SOC. 95, 105, 2014.

[90] Danial Latifi and Another v Union of India (2001) 7 SCC 740.

[91] Sachit Bhogle. “The Momentum of History- Realising Marriage Equality in India”, 12 NUJS L. Rev. 3-4 2019.

^{^[92]} The Madhya Pradesh High Court has held that the inability to procreate alone is not a sufficient ground for nullifying a marriage, and must be accompanied by a mental disorder that would make it unreasonable for the petitioner spouse to live with the spouse having the mental disorder. Alka Sharma v. Abhinesh Chandra Sharma, AIR 1991 MP 205.

^{^[93]} The Domestic Violence Act, 2005, §§2(a).

^{^[94]} The Domestic Violence Act, 2005, §2(f). See also Indra Sarma v. V.K.V. Sarma, (2013) 15 SCC 755, ¶¶38.5 (observing, obiter, that a domestic relationship between same-sex partners does not amount to a “relationship in the nature of marriage” under the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005).

IJLRA	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals Volume 5 Issue 8 2022 Page 1-6
IEEE	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, 5(8)

SEDITION AND FREEDOM OF SPEECH AND EXPRESSION: CONFLICTING CONCEPTS BY - AADYA SAHAY

ANALYZING THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A WASIYAT AND A HIBA BY - PALLAVI CHIKKALA

BLACK MARKETING OF ANIMALS AND THEIR BODY PARTS BY- VARUN PURI

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF LAWS ON SEX TOYS IN INDIA & THE WORLD BY - AMAR KUMAR PANDEY & RISHI KUMAR SINGH

CONSERVATION OF RIVERS IN INDIA BY: SARAHNA EKKA

DIVORCE MADE EASIER: STRIKING DOWN SECTION 10A BY - HARISHRI S

FACTORS DRIVING GLOBAL MIGRATION PATTERNS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY BY - ARYA MISHRA

FORCED SEPARATION, DEMENTIA & FINANCIAL DECISION IN FAMILY LAW: AN INDIAN ANALYSIS BY - ARATRIKA MANHAS

LEGALISATION OF SAME SEX MARRIAGE: A WAY TOWARDS REMOVING HOMOPHOBIA FROM THE SOCIETY BY - AAYUSHI SAXENA

MERGERS & ACQUISITION IN INDIA BY – TALAT FATIMA & MS. SARITA YADAV

LAW JOURNAL

IMPORTANT LINKS

ETHICS & POLICY

SEDITION AND FREEDOM OF SPEECH AND EXPRESSION: CONFLICTING CONCEPTS BY - AADYA SAHAY

ANALYZING THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A WASIYAT AND A HIBA BY - PALLAVI CHIKKALA

BLACK MARKETING OF ANIMALS AND THEIR BODY PARTS BY- VARUN PURI

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF LAWS ON SEX TOYS IN INDIA & THE WORLD BY - AMAR KUMAR PANDEY & RISHI KUMAR SINGH

CONSERVATION OF RIVERS IN INDIA BY: SARAHNA EKKA

DIVORCE MADE EASIER: STRIKING DOWN SECTION 10A BY - HARISHRI S

FACTORS DRIVING GLOBAL MIGRATION PATTERNS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY BY - ARYA MISHRA

FORCED SEPARATION, DEMENTIA & FINANCIAL DECISION IN FAMILY LAW: AN INDIAN ANALYSIS BY - ARATRIKA MANHAS

LEGALISATION OF SAME SEX MARRIAGE: A WAY TOWARDS REMOVING HOMOPHOBIA FROM THE SOCIETY BY - AAYUSHI SAXENA

MERGERS & ACQUISITION IN INDIA BY – TALAT FATIMA & MS. SARITA YADAV

Citation

Citation

Citation

Citation

Citation

Citation

Citation

Citation

Citation

Citation

Citation 2