INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

A CASE SUMMARY: PROPERTY OWNERS ASSOCIATION & ORS. V. STATE OF MAHARASHTRA & ORS. BY - G. ASWINI & DR. P. BRINDA

Authors: G. ASWINI & DR. P. BRINDA

Registration ID: 109079 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9079 & IJLRA9080

Year: Feb-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: ashwinignayagam@gmail.com

Page No: 13 | No of times Downloads: 0065

DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2025-53255637/A CASE SUMMARY: PROPERTY OWNERS ASSOCIATION & ORS.

DIGITAL PRIVACY IN INDIA: THE NEED FOR PROTECTION IN A DATA-DRIVEN SOCIETY. BY: RIDA FATEMA MOLEDINA

Authors: RIDA FATEMA MOLEDINA

Registration ID: 109078 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9078

Year: Feb-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: moledinarida17@gmail.com

Page No: 14 | No of times Downloads: 0065

DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2025-65256862/DIGITAL PRIVACY IN INDIA: THE NEED FOR PROTECTION

IMPLICATIONS, DEVELOPMENT AND ISSUES: AN OVERVIEW ON DATA PROTECTION LAWS IN LOCATION INFORMATION BY - K SANKEERTHANA

Authors: K SANKEERTHANA

Registration ID: 109077 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9077

Year: Feb-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: sankeerthanaammulu04@gmail.com

Page No: 23 | No of times Downloads: 0065

DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2025-37365888/IMPLICATIONS, DEVELOPMENT AND ISSUES: AN OVERVIEW

RTI ACT 2005, A APPROACH TO REAL FREEDOM IN INDIA BY - SANJEEV KUMAR TYAGI & DR. MANISH GUPTA

Authors: SANJEEV KUMAR TYAGI & DR. MANISH GUPTA

Registration ID: 109075 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9075 & IJLRA9076

Year: Feb-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: tjsanjeev05@gmail.com & advocate.manish.rtk@gmail.com

Page No: 25 | No of times Downloads: 0065

DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2025-73117252/RTI ACT 2005, A APPROACH TO REAL FREEDOM IN INDIA

AI-DRIVEN REGULATORY COMPLIANCE AND RISK MANAGEMENT: EMERGING LEGAL ENFORCEMENT IN INDIA BY - SAUMYA SINHA

Authors: SAUMYA SINHA

Registration ID: 109074 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9074

Year: Feb-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: saumya.sinha1509@gmail.com

Page No: 15 | No of times Downloads: 0065

DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2025-99447886/AI-DRIVEN REGULATORY COMPLIANCE AND RISK MANAGEMEN

CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF SEXUAL HARASSMENT OF WOMEN BY - PRATYASHA CHOWDHURY, SAARTHAK MISHRA, SHLOK VYAS, TANISHA SONI & SAI KOUSHIK GOUD GORIGE

Authors: PRATYASHA CHOWDHURY, SAARTHAK MISHRA, SHLOK VYAS, TANISHA SONI & SAI KOUSHIK GOUD GORIGE

Registration ID: 109069 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9069, IJLRA9070, IJLRA9071, IJLRA9072 & IJLRA9073

Year: Feb-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: chowdhury.pratyasha@gmail.com, sonitanisha602@gmail.com, 23010324072@student.slsh.edu.in, 23010324083@student.slsh.edu.in & 23010324106@student.slsh.edu.in

Page No: 23 | No of times Downloads: 0065

DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2025-29278939/CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF SEXUAL HARASSMENT OF WOMEN

IMMIGRANT WOMEN AND CHILDRENS REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS: A LEGAL AND POLICY ANALYSIS AND RECOMMENDATIONS BY - PRANOV ROCHE J C

Authors: PRANOV ROCHE J C

Registration ID: 109068 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9068

Year: Feb-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: pranovkavis732002@gmail.com

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DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2025-86786747/IMMIGRANT WOMEN AND CHILDRENS REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS:

EVALUATION OF JOINT STATEMENT INITIATIVE ON E-COMMERCE BY- SATYAM SHRESTH & SHAMA PRAVEEN

Authors: SATYAM SHRESTH & SHAMA PRAVEEN

Registration ID: 109066 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9066 & IJLRA9067

Year: Feb-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: llm094224@nujs.edu & llm094224@nujs.edu

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DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2025-12544358/EVALUATION OF JOINT STATEMENT INITIATIVE ON E-COMM

THE CONCEPTUAL AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK OF LABOUR WELFARE: AN INDIAN PERSPECTIVE BY - SANDEEP KUMARI

Authors: SANDEEP KUMARI

Registration ID: 109065 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9065

Year: Jan-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: sandeepllb16@yahoo.com

Page No: 20 | No of times Downloads: 0065

DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/01.2025-95336556/THE CONCEPTUAL AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK OF LABOUR

THE GLOBAL HARMONIZATION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAWS: A CRITICAL ASSESSMENT OF INTERNATIONAL TREATIES AND THEIR EFFECTIVENESS BY - ADV. NEETHU SAJIMON

Authors: ADV. NEETHU SAJIMON

Registration ID: 109064 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9064

Year: Jan-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: thecookbook304@gmail.com

Page No: 15 | No of times Downloads: 0065

DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/01.2025-59143657/THE GLOBAL HARMONIZATION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

International journal for legal research and analysis

Abbreviation:IJLRA

ISSN:2582-6433

Website:https://www.ijlra.com/

Accessibility:Open Access

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[2] https://www.scobserver.in/cases/nature-of-private-property-property-owners-association-v-state-of-maharashtra.

[3] Art 31C. Saving of laws giving effect to certain directive principles: Notwithstanding anything contained in Article 13, no law giving effect to the policy of the State towards securing all or any of the principles laid down in Part IV shall be deemed to be void on the ground that it is inconsistent with, or takes away or abridges any of the rights conferred by Article 14 or Article 19 and no law containing a declaration that it is for giving effect to such policy shall be called in question in any court on the ground that it does not give effect to such policy:

Provided that where such law is made by the Legislature of a State, the provisions of this article shall not apply thereto unless such law, having been reserved for the consideration of the President, has received his assent.

[4] Art 39 Certain principles of policy to be followed by the State- The State shall, in particular, direct its policy towards securing—

(b) that the ownership and control of the material resources of the community are so distributed as best to subserve the common good.

[5] https://www.citypopulation.de/en/world/agglomerations/(All urban agglomerations of the world with a population of 1 million inhabitants or more (reference date: 2024-01-01)). last visited on 24.02.2025.

[8] Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala, (1973) 4 SCC 225.

[11] The Supreme Court had earlier taken this stand in the case of Sanjeev Coke v. Union of India (1983 AIR SC 239) and State of Karnataka v. Ranganath Reddy ((1978) 1 S.C.R. 641).

[15] Whether Article 31C (as upheld in Kesavananda Bharati) survives in the Constitution after the amendment to the provision by the forty-second amendment was struck down by this Court in Minerva Mills?

[16] In para 203 of the judgement “Article 39(b) is not a source of legislative power. The inclusion or exclusion of ‘privately-owned resources’ from the ambit of the provision does not impact the power of the legislature to enact laws to acquire such resources. The power to acquire private resources, in certain situations, continues to be traceable to other provisions in the Constitution, including the sovereign power of eminent domain.”

[17] In para 204 of the judgement “Five significant elements emerge from the text of Article 39(b), which has been reproduced in paragraph 2 of this Judgement. These are:

a. The provision relates to “ownership and control”;

b. The ownership and control of “material resources” is dealt with by the provision;

c. The material resources which the provision covers are those which are “of the community”;

d. The policy of the state must be directed to secure the “distribution” of the ownership and control of such resources;

e. The purpose of the distribution must be to “best subserve the common good”.”

[1] Article 21, the constitution of India, 1950.

[2] Writ Petition (Civil) No 494 of 2012; (2017) 10 SCC 1; AIR 2017 SC 4161

[3] Information Technology Act, 2000(No 21 OF 2000)

[4] The digital personal data protection act, 2023( No. 22 OF 2023)

[5] See article, should ‘location data’ be considered as ‘personal data’ under Indian privacy laws, available at

[6] See article, “location privacy: user behaviour in the field, available at

[7] See article, data privacy in India: current outlook and the future, available at

[8] The general data protection regulation,2018, replacement of EU data protection directive of 1995

[9] See article, "Legal and Ethical Implications of Location Data in Online Social Networks" by Gundecha et al., available at

[10] See article, “the role of data protection in marketing” by Kelly D. Martin and Patrick E. Murphy, available at < https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar_url?url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kelly-Martin-12/publication/308578866_The_Role_of_Data_Privacy_in_Marketing/links/5c473b67a6fdccd6b5c04380/The-Role-of-Data-Privacy-in-Marketing.pdf&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Rtk9ZaCBEK6P6rQPrc-EmAk&scisig=AFWwaea2KbSKIOLL4SP-_xK0zCFo&oi=scholarr>

[11] See article, “ current trends and challenges in location in location based services” by Haosheng Huang and Georg Gartner, available at < https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/7/6/199#:~:text=(6)%2C%20199%3B-,https%3A//doi.org/10.3390/ijgi7060199,-Received%3A%2023%20May>

[12]Andrew J. Blumberg and Pete Eckersley , "On Locational Privacy, and How to Avoid Losing it Forever

[13] India: Understanding The Process Of Data Anonymisation In The Context Of Data Privacy Laws< https://www.mondaq.com/india/data-protection/1128820/understanding-the-process-of-data-anonymisation-in-the-context-of-data-privacy-laws#:~:text=In%20India%2C%20'Anonymisation'%20is,the%20framework%20of%20privacy%20jurisprudence.>

[14] See definition of “ Anonymization” available at < imperva.com>

[15] Clause 3(2) of the Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019

[16]Clause 3(2) of the Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019

[17] Article 4(5) of General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR),2016

[18] India: Understanding The Process Of Data Anonymisation In The Context Of Data Privacy Laws< https://www.mondaq.com/india/data-protection/1128820/understanding-the-process-of-data-anonymisation-in-the-context-of-data-privacy-laws#:~:text=In%20India%2C%20'Anonymisation'%20is,the%20framework%20of%20privacy%20jurisprudence.>

[21] Article 21, the constitution of India, 1950.

[22] Writ Petition (Civil) No 494 of 2012; (2017) 10 SCC 1; AIR 2017 SC 4161

[24] Writ Petition (Civil) No 494 of 2012; (2017) 10 SCC 1; AIR 2017 SC 4161

[25] See article, “ location information is more important than you think” by Sarah Meyer, available at < https://www.cpomagazine.com/data-privacy/location-privacy-is-more-important-than-you-think/>

[26] The Personal Data Protection Bill 2019, now stands withdrawn

[27] Information Technology Act, 2000(No 21 OF 2000

[28] See article, “location privacy and its application: a systematic study” by Bo Liu; Wanlei Zhou; Tiaqing Zhu; Longxiang Gao’ Yong Xiang, available at < https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324177819_Location_Privacy_and_Its_Applications_A_Systematic_Study>

[29] See article, “location privacy and its application: a systematic study” by Bo Liu; Wanlei Zhou; Tiaqing Zhu; Longxiang Gao’ Yong Xiang, available at < https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324177819_Location_Privacy_and_Its_Applications_A_Systematic_Study>

[30] See article, should ‘location data’ be considered as ‘personal data’ under Indian privacy laws, available at

[31] See article, “a closer look at location data: privacy and pandemics” available at < https://fpf.org/blog/a-closer-look-at-location-data-privacy-and-pandemics/>

[32] See article, “ a closer look at location data: privacy and pandemics” available at < https://fpf.org/blog/a-closer-look-at-location-data-privacy-and-pandemics/>

[33]See article,” a closer look at location data: privacy and pandemics” available at < https://fpf.org/blog/a-closer-look-at-location-data-privacy-and-pandemics/>

[34] Sensitive personal data and information, 2011

[35] Writ Petition (Civil) No 494 of 2012; (2017) 10 SCC 1; AIR 2017 SC 4161

[37] Information Technology Act, 2000(No 21 OF 2000)

[38] Section 43A of, Information Technology Act, 2000(No 21 OF 2000)

[39] Section 354C of, Indian Penal Code,1860(No 45 of 1860)

[40] Section 354D of, Indian Penal Code,1860(No 45 of 1860)

[41] Section 509 of, Indian Penal Code,1860(No 45 of 1860)

[46] General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR),2016

[47] The digital personal data protection act, 2023( No. 22 OF 2023)

[48]See long title of The digital personal data protection act, 2023( No. 22 OF 2023)

[50] See article “ decoding the digital personal protection data protection act,2023” by dr. Lalit kalra available at < https://www.ey.com/en_in/cybersecurity/decoding-the-digital-personal-data-protection-act-2023>

[51] The digital personal data protection act, 2023( No. 22 OF 2023)

[52] See article “ decoding the digital personal protection data protection act,2023” by dr. Lalit kalra available at < https://www.ey.com/en_in/cybersecurity/decoding-the-digital-personal-data-protection-act-2023>

[53] See article " salient features of the digital personal data protection bill 2023", available at

[54] See article " salient features of the digital personal data protection bill 2023", available at

[55] See article " salient features of the digital personal data protection bill 2023", available at

[56] See article " salient features of the digital personal data protection bill 2023", available at

[57] See article " salient features of the digital personal data protection bill 2023", available at

[58] See article " salient features of the digital personal data protection bill 2023", available at >

[59] See article “ decoding the digital personal protection data protection act,2023” by dr. Lalit kalra available at < https://www.ey.com/en_in/cybersecurity/decoding-the-digital-personal-data-protection-act-2023>

[60] See article” The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023: Recommendations for Inclusion in the Digital India Act” by shravishta ajaykumar; amoha basrur; vaishnavi Sharma, available at < https://www.orfonline.org/research/the-digital-personal-data-protection-act-2023/#amp_ct=1698763717905&_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=16987637067786&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&share=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.orfonline.org%2Fresearch%2Fthe-digital-personal-data-protection-act-2023%2F>

[61] See article” The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023: Recommendations for Inclusion in the Digital India Act” by shravishta ajaykumar; amoha basrur; vaishnavi Sharma, available at < https://www.orfonline.org/research/the-digital-personal-data-protection-act-2023/#amp_ct=1698763717905&_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=16987637067786&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&share=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.orfonline.org%2Fresearch%2Fthe-digital-personal-data-protection-act-2023%2F>

[62] See article " salient features of the digital personal data protection bill 2023", available at

[63] Clause 2(28) of The Personal Data Protection Bill 2019

[64] Clause 2(28) of the Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019

[65] Clause 3(2) of the personal data protection bill, 2019

[66] Clause 3(2) of the personal data protection bill, 2019

[67] Information Technology Act, 2000(No 21 OF 2000)

[68] The Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019, as introduced in Lok Sabha

[69] Joint Committee on the Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019, December 2021

[70] Digital Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019, as introduced in Lok Sabha.

[3] Jain, N. K. (2007). Right to information: concept, law, practice. New Delhi: Regal Publications. pp. 314e319.

[4] Peled, R., & Rabin, Y. (2010). The constitutional right to information. Colum. Hum. Rts. L. Rev., 42, 357.

[11] Banisar, D. (2006). Freedom of information around the world 2006: A global survey of access to government information laws. Privacy International.

[14] Birkinshaw, P. (2006). Freedom of information and openness: Fundamental human rights. Admin. L. Rev., 58, 177.

[16] Stein, L. L., & Camaj, L. (2018). Freedom of information. In Oxford research encyclopedia of communication.

[17] Ghosh, S., & Kumar, Y. (2024). Transparency laws, corruption and the quality of government: comparing India and China. Asian Journal of Political Science, 1-21.

[20] Factories act, 1948 (63 of 1948). (1960). Delhi: Manager of Publications.

[24] Aswale, S. N. “Role of the People and Government in the Implementation of RTI Act”.

[25] Singh, S. R. The Growing role of Civil Society Organisations in Contemporary India: A Case Study of the Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan.

[26] Langdon, S. (2005). Transparency and “good governance:” the role of freedom of information laws in Canada. In X Congreso Internacional Del CLAD Sobre La Reforma Del Estado y de La Administración Pública.

[5] “The Indian Penal Code”, 1860, § 354,cl. A, No. 45, Acts of Parliament, 1860 (India).

[6] “The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act”, 2013, No.13, Acts of Parliament, 2013 (India).

[7] “The Indian Penal Code, 1860”, § 354 , No. 45, Acts of Parliament, 1860 (India).

[8] “The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act”, 2013, No.14, Acts of Parliament, 2013 (India).

[9] Vishaka & Ors vs State Of Rajasthan & Ors, AIR 1997 SC 3011.

[11] Rebecca L. Howard Valdivia, Sexual harassment of women at workplace: issue and challenges. (Sep. 14, 2024, 11:32 PM) https://www.epw.in/journal/1991/34/commentary/sexual-harassment-sex-discrimination.html.

[12] Aaron Karp, Unheard And Uncounted: Violence against Women in India , Issue Brief, (2015).

[13] Rakesh Kumar, Sexual harassment: Section 354 of The Indian Penal Code, GJRA, (2014).

[14] K. Padma, Vruddhula Dakshayani, Dr. K. Sitamanikyam, SEXUAL HARASSMENT OF WOMEN AT WORKPLACE: ISSUES AND CHALLENGE, IJRAR, 391-397, (2023).

[15] Archita Mohapatra and Preetha Soman alongside with Vikram Shroff, The casual acceptance of sexual harassment at the workplace must end.

[21] The Indian Penal Code, 1860, § 354,cl. B, No. 45, Acts of Parliament, 1860 (India).

[23] “Vishaka & Ors vs State Of Rajasthan & Ors, AIR 1997 SC 3011”.

[24] “Apparel Export Promotion Council vs A.K. Chopra, AIR 1999 SC 625”.

[25] Medha Kotwal Lele v. Union of India, (2013) 1 SCC 311.

[26] “The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1974, § 161, No. 2, Acts of Parliament”, 1974 (India).

[27]“The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1974, § 154, No. 2, Acts of Parliament”, 1974 (India).

[28] “The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1974, § 164, No. 2, Acts of Parliament”, 1974 (India).

[29] “The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1974, § 273, No. 2, Acts of Parliament”, 1974 (India).

[30] “The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1974, § 357, No. 2, Acts of Parliament”, 1974 (India).

[31] Indian Evidence Act, 1872, § 53, cl. A, No. 1, Acts of Parliament, 1872 (India).

[32] Indian Evidence Act, 1872, § 114, No. 1, Acts of Parliament, 1872 (India).

[33] “Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012, § 7, No. 32, Acts of Parliament, 2012 (India)”.

[34] “Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012, § 8, No. 32, Acts of Parliament, 2012 (India)”.

[35] “Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012, § 9, No. 32, Acts of Parliament, 2012 (India)”.

[36] “Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012, § 10, No. 32, Acts of Parliament, 2012 (India)”.

[37] “Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012, § 11, No. 32, Acts of Parliament, 2012 (India)”.

[38] Vishaka & Ors vs State Of Rajasthan & Ors, AIR 1997 SC 3011.

[39] “The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act”, 2013, No.14, Acts of Parliament, 2013 (India).

[43] Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act, 1946, No. 20, Acts of Parliament, 1946 (India).

[44] Apparel Export Promotion Council vs A.K. Chopra, AIR 1999 SC 625.

[45] “Medha Kotwal Lele v. Union of India, (2013) 1 SCC 311”.

[46] “Central Civil Services (Classification, Control and Appeal) Rules, 1965”.

[47] The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013, No.14, Acts of Parliament, 2013 (India).

[48] State Of Maharashtra And Another vs Madhukar Narayan Mardikar, AIR 1991 SC 207.

[49] Mrs. Rupan Deol Bajaj & Anr vs Kanwar Pal Singh Gill & Anr, AIR 1996 SC 309.

[50] Jaya Kodate v. Rashtrasant Tukdoji Maharaj Nagpur University, 2014 SCC OnLine Bom 814.

[51] Girdhar Gopal v. State, 1952 SCC OnLine MP 202.

[52] Chaitu Lal v. State of Uttarakhand, AIR 2020 SC 219.

[53] Vidyadharan v. State of Kerala, 2004 SCC (Cri) 260 12.

[54] Tarkeshwar Sahu v. State of Bihar, (2006) 8 SCC 560.

[55] Women In Cinema Collective vs State Of Kerala, 2022 LiveLaw (Ker) 128.

[56] The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013, No.14, Acts of Parliament, 2013 (India).

[1] United Nations. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). Adopted December 16, 1966. United Nations Treaty Series 999.

[2] United Nations. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). Adopted December 18, 1979. United Nations Treaty Series 1249.

[3] Girard, Fran??oise, and Wilhelmina Waldman. "Ensuring the reproductive rights of refugees and internally displaced persons: legal and policy issues." International Family Planning Perspectives 26, no. 4 (2000): 167-173.

[4] Austin, Judy, Samantha Guy, Louise Lee-Jones, Therese McGinn, and Jennifer Schlecht. "Reproductive health: a right for refugees and internally displaced persons." Reproductive health matters 16, no. 31 (2008): 10-21.

[5] Austin, Judy, Samantha Guy, Louise Lee-Jones, Therese McGinn, and Jennifer Schlecht. "Reproductive health: a right for refugees and internally displaced persons." Reproductive health matters 16, no. 31 (2008): 10-21.

[6] Tirado, Veronika, Josephine Chu, Claudia Hanson, Anna Mia Ekström, and Anna Kågesten. "Barriers and facilitators for the sexual and reproductive health and rights of young people in refugee contexts globally: A scoping review." PloS one 15, no. 7 (2020): e0236316.

[7] Gagnon, Anita J., Lisa Merry, and Cathlyn Robinson. "A Systemic Review of Refugee Women's Reproductive Health." Refuge 21 (2002): 6.

[9] Planned Parenthood v. Casey (505 U.S. 833, 1992)

[11] Medina v. Department of Homeland Security, 913 F.3d 242 (5th Cir. 2019).

[12] Ramos v. Nielsen, 321 F. Supp. 3d 1083 (N.D. Cal. 2018).

[15] Larrea-Schiavon, Silvana, Lucía M. Vázquez-Quesada, Lindsay R. Bartlett, Nayeli Lam-Cervantes, Pooja Sripad, Isabel Vieitez, and Liliana Coutiño-Escamilla. "Interventions to improve the reproductive health of undocumented female migrants and refugees in protracted situations: A systematic review." Global Health: Science and Practice 10, no. 6 (2022): 1-15.

[16] Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), 8 U.S.C. § 1101 et seq. (1965).

[17] Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, Pub. L. No. 111-148, 124 Stat. 119 (2010).

[18] U.S. Department of Homeland Security, "Inadmissibility on Public Charge Grounds," 84 Fed. Reg. 41292 (Aug. 14, 2019).

[20] Title X of the Public Health Service Act, 42 U.S.C. § 300 et seq. (1970).

[21] Hyde Amendment, 42 U.S.C. § 300a-6 (1976), as amended.

[24] Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, SC 2001, c. 27.

[28] European Convention on Human Rights, Rome, November 4, 1950, ETS No. 5.

[29] Directive 2011/24/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 March 2011 on the application of patients' rights in cross-border healthcare, O.J. L 88, 4.4.2011, 45–65.

[30] European Convention on Human Rights, Articles 35 and 21, Rome, November 4, 1950, ETS No. 5.

[31] Loi no 75-17 du 17 janvier 1975 relative à l'interruption volontaire de grossesse (Veil Law), Journal officiel de la République française, 18 janvier 1975.

[32] Strafgesetzbuch [StGB] [German Penal Code], § 218 (Germany).

[33] Health Insurance Act 1973 (Cth) (Australia).

[35] World Health Organization. "WHO recommendations on adolescent sexual and reproductive health and rights." (2018).

[36] Abrams, Paula. "Reservations about women: Population policy and reproductive rights." Cornell Int'l LJ 29 (1996): 1.

[37] Janssens, Kristin, Marleen Bosmans, and Marleen Temmerman. "Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights of Refugee Women in Europe: rights, policies, status and needs. Literature review." (2005).

[38] Sharma, Sourabh. "Report On Women's Reproductive Rights As Human Rights: Evaluating The Impact Of Laws And Policies On Access To Reproductive Healthcare." Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences 10, no. 4S (2023): 3519-3524.

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[1] World Trade Organization, ‘WT/MIN(17)/60’ (13 December 2017).

[2] World Trade Organization, ‘WT/L/1056’ (25 January 2019).

[3] World Trade Organization, ‘INF/ECOM/87’ (26 July 2024).

[4] World Trade Organization, ‘Joint Statement Initiative on Electronic Commerce, Article 1’ WTO Doc INF/ECOM/87 (26 July 2024).

[5] World Trade Organization, ‘Joint Statement Initiative on Electronic Commerce, Article 3’ WTO Doc INF/ECOM/87 (26 July 2024).

[6] World Trade Organization, ‘Joint Statement Initiative on Electronic Commerce, Article 4’ WTO Doc INF/ECOM/87 (26 July 2024).

[7] World Trade Organization, ‘Joint Statement Initiative on Electronic Commerce, Article 9’ WTO Doc INF/ECOM/87 (26 July 2024).

[8] World Trade Organization, ‘Joint Statement Initiative on Electronic Commerce, Article 10’ WTO Doc INF/ECOM/87 (26 July 2024).

[9] World Trade Organization, ‘Joint Statement Initiative on Electronic Commerce, Article 11’ WTO Doc INF/ECOM/87 (26 July 2024).

[10] World Trade Organization, ‘Joint Statement Initiative on Electronic Commerce, Article 12’ WTO Doc INF/ECOM/87 (26 July 2024).

[11] World Trade Organization, ‘Joint Statement Initiative on Electronic Commerce, Article 14’ WTO Doc INF/ECOM/87 (26 July 2024).

[12] World Trade Organization, ‘Joint Statement Initiative on Electronic Commerce, Article 17’ WTO Doc INF/ECOM/87 (26 July 2024).

[13] World Trade Organization, ‘Joint Statement Initiative on Electronic Commerce, Article 18’ WTO Doc INF/ECOM/87 (26 July 2024).

[14] World Trade Organization, ‘Joint Statement Initiative on Electronic Commerce, Article 19’ WTO Doc INF/ECOM/87 (26 July 2024).

[15] World Trade Organization, ‘Joint Statement Initiative on Electronic Commerce, Article 20’ WTO Doc INF/ECOM/87 (26 July 2024).

[16] World Trade Organization, ‘Joint Statement Initiative on Electronic Commerce, Article 21’ WTO Doc INF/ECOM/87 (26 July 2024).

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[1] Assistant Professor at HIMCAPES College of Law, Badhera, Una (HP)

[3] T.N. Bagoliwal, Economices of Labour and Industrial Relations 53 (Sahitya Bhawan, Agra, 5^thEdn., 1982).

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[11] Labour Welfare by Mayuri K. available at: http:// www.economicsdiscussion.net/labour/labour- welfare/31839 (last visited on January 24, 2020).

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[15] Labour Welfare by Mayuri K. available at: http:// www.economicsdiscussion.net/labour/labour- welfare/31839 (last visited on January 24, 2020).

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[1] Smith, J. A., Johnson, M. L., & Williams, R. K. (2022). Patent Harmonization and International Treaties. Journal of Intellectual Property Research, 10(3), 123-137. DOI:10.12345/jipr.2022.10.3.123

[2] Proposal on a Common European Sales Law, COM (2011) 635 final

[3] WTO: Understanding the WTO http://www.wto.org/english/theWTO_e/whatis_e/tif_e/fact2_e.htm, Article 3 of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS).

[4] Wiener points out, however, that the Berne Convention and the 1996 WIPO treaties indicate more in general the object and the period of protection, whereas the implementation of this is achieved in national legislation, including the different exceptions. J. Wiener, Globalization and the harmonization of law, London: Pinter 1999, p. 116.

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