INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

ASSESSMENT OF BUYER POWER IN COMPETITION LAW: A BOON OR A THREAT BY - DR. GAGAN DEEP KOUR

Authors : DR. GAGAN DEEP KOUR

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CONSTITUTIONALISM VIS-À-VIS CONSTITUTION: EVOLUTION AND UTILITY IN MODERN DEMOCRATIC INDIA BY - MOHAMMAD SALEEM & RAKA MEDHAVI

Authors : MOHAMMAD SALEEM & RAKA MEDHAVI

Registration ID : 107810 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA7810 & IJLRA7811

Year : May-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

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CASE ANALYSIS ON IN RE INNOVATIO IP VENTURES, LLC PATENT LITIGATION BY: SAKSHI AGRAWAL & SATYAM SINGH

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Year : May-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

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CASE COMMENTARY ON X VS. THE PRINCIPAL SECRETARY, HEALTH AND FAMILY WELFARE DEPARTMENT, GOVT. OF NCT OF DELHI & ANR. BY: JOSNA ANN BINO & JENNY ROSE PG

Authors : JOSNA ANN BINO & JENNY ROSE PG

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NAVIGATING THE INTERWEAVING LEGAL THREADS OF PARENTAL ALIENATION, BEST INTEREST OF THE CHILD AND PARENTAL RIGHTS: A LEGAL ANALYSIS OF CHILD CUSTODY LAWS IN INDIA BY - KARISHMA JAIN & AANCHAL

Authors : KARISHMA JAIN & AANCHAL

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BEYOND BARS: A CRITICAL STUDY ON THE INDIAN CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM BY - MOHAMMAD MOSIQUE ANSARI

Authors : MOHAMMAD MOSIQUE ANSARI

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ARBITRATING INTANGIBLES: INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS AS CATALYSTS FOR LEGAL INGENUITY BY: DHVANI KAMRA & DR. BHAVNA BATRA

Authors : DHVANI KAMRA & DR. BHAVNA BATRA

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“TRADEMARK INFRINGEMENT IN THE E- COMMERCE ERA: CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS” BY - SHEFALI SHUKLA

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CYBER FRAUD IN RELATION WITH CYBER CRIME: A CRITICAL STUDY BY - ISHAAN MALHOTRA

Authors : ISHAAN MALHOTRA

Registration ID : 107799 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA7799

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LEGAL IMPLICATIONS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA BY - MR. PASWAN JIGAR DEEPCHANDBHAI & DR. SHOVA DEVI

Authors : MR. PASWAN JIGAR DEEPCHANDBHAI & DR. SHOVA DEVI

Registration ID : 107797 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA7797 & IJLRA7798

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International journal for legal research and analysis

Abbreviation:IJLRA

ISSN:2582-6433

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[1] Dr. Gagan Deep Kour, Assistant Professor, School of Law, Bennett University

[2] William Lovejoy, Bargaining Chains,56 Management Science, 2282, 2291(2010)

[3] Gordon Mills, Buyer Power of Supermarkets, 10 Agenda, 145 (2003)

[5] Inderst & C.Wey, Countervailing Power And Dynamic Efficiency, 9 Journal of the European Economic Association, 702, 703(2011).

[6] Zhiqi Chen; “Defining buyer power”, 53 Antitrust Bulletin, 241, 242(2008).

[7] W. Kip Viscusi, Joseph E. Harrington, Jr., & John M. Vernon; “Economics of Regulation and Antitrust”; 2005 at 294.

[8] Roger G. Noll; “Buyer Power and Economic Policy”, 72 Antitrust Law J. 589; 2005.

[10] Abir Roy, Competition Law in India (2008) at 150.

[11]Franck Latremoiere, Countervailing buyer power and buyer market power, Reckon Open, June 2005; retrieved from http://www.reckon.co.uk/headlines-franckblog.

[12] Chloe Binet, “Buyer Power in EU Competition Law A boon or impediment to consumer welfare?”, Université Catholique de Louvain, 2014

[13] R.Inderst & G.Shaffer, Buyer power in merger control; Antitrust Handbook: Issues in competition law and policy; 2007, Chapter XX, at 18.

[14] In this scenario, it is assumed that lower prices negotiated upstream are passed on to consumers

[15]John B. Kirkwood, Powerful Buyers And Merger Enforcement, 92 Boston University Law Rev. 1485, 1550(2012)

[16] Commission’s decision of 20 November 1996, Case IV/M.784.

[17] Spiral effect refers to continuous strengthening of a firm. If the size of a merged firm is bigger, it would lead to a larger volume-related discount. This would enable such firm to undercut prices offered by its rivals and offer lower prices. This would eventually increase its market share. A greater market share would in turn raise the degree of its purchases, which would increase its buyer power, and it will go on in this manner.

[18] Lars-Hendrik Roller;“Buyer Power in the EU” ; American Antitrust Institute Conference on “Buyer Power and Antitrust”; June 2004; retrieved from http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/competition/economist/buyer_power.

[19] COMMISSION DECISION of 3 February 1999;Case No IV/M.1221

[21] OECD Policy discussion on Monopsony and Buyer Power; 2008; retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/daf/competition/44445750.

[22] Hanns Peter Nehl, Branchenuntersuchung Lebensmittelhandel -The Austrian competition authority concludes inquiry in food distribution sector highlighting indications of strong buyer power ;Concurrences Antitrust Publications, June 2007; retrieved from https://www.concurrences.com/en/bulletin/news-issues/june-2007/The-Austrian-competition-authority-13981.

[23] Two largest retail groups had a combined market share of 57% in 2005

[24] Lucio Tome Feteira; Insights on Superior Bargaining Power; 64 International Competition Law Series 251.

[25] The supply of groceries in the UK market investigation; 30-04-2008; retrieved from http://www.ias.org.uk/uploads/pdf/Price%20docs/538.pdf

[26] The supply of groceries in the UK market investigation; 30-04-2008; Para 41; retrieved from http://www.ias.org.uk/uploads/pdf/Price%20docs/538.pdf.

[29] It varies between 82-90 per cent depending on the country.

[1] Assistant Professor, Faculty of Law, SRM University, Delhi -NCR and Research Scholar, Vellore Institute of Technology School of Law (VITSOL), Chennai, Tamil Nadu.

[2] Assistant Professor, Faculty of Law, SRM University, Delhi -NCR

[3] C.H. Mcilwain, Constitutionalism: Ancient and Modern 21 (McIlwain [1940] 2008); S.A. De Smith, Constitutional and Administrative Law 34 (De Smith 1977).

[4] M.J.C. Vile, Constitutionalism and The Separation Powers 2 (2nd ed., Vile 1967).

[5] See State of Karnataka v. Dr. Praveen Bhai Thogadia, A.I.R. 2004 S.C. 2081.

[6] M.P. Jain, Indian Constitutional Law 6 (5th ed., Jain 2007).

[7] See generally, Bruce Ackerman, Revolutionary Constitutions: Charismatic Leadership and The Rule Of Law (Ackerman 2019).

[8] D.D. Basu, Shorter Constitution of India 17 (14th ed., 2011); see also M. Nagraj v. Union of India, A.I.R. 2007 S.C. 71.

[9] Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India, A.I.R. 1978 S.C. 597.

[10] Keshavananda Bharti v. State of Kerala A.I.R. 1973 S.C. 146; BASU, supra note 10, at 629. See also Union of India v. Hindustan Development Cooperation, A.I.R. 1994 S.C. 988.

[11] State of Kerala v. Thomas, A.I.R. 1976 S.C. 496; Mehta v. Union of India, (1992) Supp. (2) S.C.C. 85.

[12] Constitution of India, Article 37, provides: “The provisions contained in this Part shall not be enforceable by any Court, but the principles therein laid down are nevertheless fundamental in governance of the Country and it shall be the duty of the State to apply these principles in making the laws”.

[13] Constitution of India, Article 41, provides: “The State shall, within the limits of its economic capacity and development, make effective provision for securing the . . . . right to education . . . . . . ”.

[14] Constitution of India, Article 45, provides: “The State shall endeavor to provide early childhood care and education for children until they complete the age of six”.

[15] Constitution of India, Article 46, provides: “The State shall promote with special care the educational and economic interests of the weaker sections of the people . . . ”.

[16] Constitution of India, Article 21-A, provides: “The State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age of six to fourteen years in such manner as the State may, by law, determine”

[17] On the important role played by judicial interpretation in the development of constitutionalism, see Robert M. Cover, Nomos and Narrative, 97 HARV. L. REV. 4 (Cover 1983); John V. Orth, John Gava, Arvind P. Bhanu, and Paul T. Babie, No Amendment? No Problem: Judges, “Informal Amendment,” and the Evolution of Constitutional Meaning in the Federal Democracies of Australia, Canada, India, and the United States, 48 PEPP. L. REV. 341 (Orth et al. 2021).

[18] A.K. Gopalan v. State of Madras, A.I.R. 1950 S.C. 27

[19] Constitution of India, Article 21, provides: “No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law”

[20] Constitution of India, Article 14, provides: “The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India.”

[21] Constitution of India, Article 19, provides: “(1) All citizens shall have the right—(a) to freedom of speech and expression; (b) to assemble peaceably and without arms; (c) to form associations or unions 2 [or co-operative societies]; (d) to move freely throughout the territory of India; (e) to reside and settle in any part of the territory of India; 3 [and] (g) to practise any profession, or to carry on any occupation, trade or business.”

[22] Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009.

[23] Constitution of India, Preamble, establishes justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity, including social, economic and political justice, as the goals of the Constitution. See P.A. Inamdar v. State of Maharashtra, A.I.R. 2005 S.C. 3226

[1] Microsoft v. Motorola, 2013 WL 2111217 (“Microsoft case”)

[2] Georgia-Pacific Corp. v. U.S. Plywood Corp, 318 F. Supp. 1116

[3] Cisco Systems, Inc. v. Innovatio IP Ventures, LLC, 921 F. Supp. 2d 903 (N.D. Ill. 2013)

[1] Badshah v. Urmila Badshah Godse (2013) 10 SC CK 0067

[2] Navtej Singh Johar v Union of India 2018 INSC 790

[3] S Khushboo vs Kanniammal & Anr AIR 2010 SC 3196

[4] Sidra Mehboob Shaikh v. State of Maharashtra 2021 SCC Online Bom 1839

[5] Siddhi Vishwanath Shelar v. State of Maharashtra 2020 SCC OnLine Bom 11672

[6] Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 (49 of 2016)

[8] Siddhi Vishwanath Shelar v State of Maharashtra 2020 SCC OnLine Bom 11672

[9] Justice K. S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) vs. Union of India (2017) 10 SCC 1

[10] Suchita Srivastava vs. Chandigarh Administration (2009) 9 SCC 1

[11] Kesavananda Bharati vs. State of Kerala (1973) 4 SCC 225

[12] Francis Coralie Mullin vs The Administrator, Union 1981 SCR (2) 516

[13] Justice K. S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) vs. Union of India (2017) 10 SCC 1

[1] Phd. Scholar, Department Of Laws, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab.

[2] Assistant Professor, Department Of Laws, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed To be University), Mullana, Ambala.

[3] X v X (2022) SCC OnLine Mad 4609, decided on 16.09.2022.

[4] Cydni, ‘Parental Alienation - Definition, Examples, Cases, Processes’ (Legal Dictionary, 8 January 2017) <https://legaldictionary.net/parental-alienation> accessed 20 March 2024.

[5] ‘Custody Special Circumstances: Supervised or Interstate Visits, etc.’ (Custody X Change: The Trusted Software for Parenting Schedules) <www.custodyxchange.com/topics/custody/special-circumstances/parental-alienation.ph> accessed 20 March 2024.

[8] Ken Lewis, ‘Parental Alienation Can Be Emotional Child Abuse’ (NCSC) <www.ncsc.org/__data/assets/pdf_file/0014/42152/parental_alienation_Lewis.pdf> accessed 20 March 2024.

[9] Traci Pedersen, ‘Narcissistic Parental Alienation: Signs, Causes, and Tips’ (Psych Central, 22 June 2016) <https://psychcentral.com/disorders/children-with-narcissistic-parental-alienation-syndrome#warning-signs> accessed 20 March 2024.

[10] Bootie, ‘Brazil: Parental Alienation defined in Law -’ (Lawyer in Brazil, 2 September 2010) <www.lawyerinbrazil.com/brazil-parental-alienation/> accessed 15 March 2024.

[11] ‘Brazil: New Law Modifies Measures to Be Taken Against Parental Alienation’ (The Library of Congress) <www.loc.gov/item/global-legal-monitor/2022-07-04/brazil-new-law-modifies-measures-to-be-taken-against-parental-alienation/> accessed 22 March 2024.

[12] Heidi Barter, ‘Parental Alienation and Laws Applicable in South Africa: A Comprehensive Guide - Law Firm - Barter McKellar’ (Barter McKellar) <www.bartermckellar.law/family-law-explained/parental-alienation-and-laws-applicable-in-south-africa-a-comprehensive-guide> accessed 15 March 2024.

[14] Terrence White, ‘Parental alienation and the United Nations: is gender politics getting in the way of children’s wellbeing? — The Centre for Male Psychology’ (The Centre for Male Psychology) <www.centreformalepsychology.com/male-psychology-magazine-listings/parental-alienation-and-the-united-nations-is-gender-politics-getting-in-the-way-of-childrens-wellbeing> accessed 20 March 2024.

[21] Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act 1956, s 6.

[22] Paras Diwan, Law of Adoption, Minority, Guardianship And Custody (Universal Law Publishing Co. 2012) 16.

[24] Sheila B. Das v P.R. Sugasree (2006) 3 SCC 62.

[26] Vivek Singh v Romani Singh AIR (2017) SC 929.

[28] X v X (2022) SCC OnLine Mad 4609, decided on 16.09.2022.

[29] ABC v XYZ (2023) SCC OnLine Del 6099, decided on 13-09-2023.

[30] ‘Parental Alienation from father who never showed any neglect is an extreme act of mental cruelty: Delhi High Court upholds divorce’ (SCC Times, 1 October 2023) <www.scconline.com/blog/post/2023/10/01/delhi-hc-alienation-of-the-child-from-his-father-is-an-extreme-act-of-mental-cruelty-legal-news/> accessed 30 March 2024.

[32] Gaurav Nagpal v Sumedha Nagpal (2009) 1 SCC 42.

[33] Lahari Sakhamuri v Sobhan Kodali (2019) 7 SCC 311.

[1] O.P. Malothra, The law and practice of Arbitration & Conciliation (2nd edn, LexisNexis Butterworths , New Delhi 2016).

[2] Ahuja S. Arbitration Involving India: Recent Developments, 18(3) Asian Dispute Review (2016).

[7] Deepak Thorat v. Vidli Restaurant Limited, 2017 SCC OnLine Bom 7704

[1] Russell, S., & Norvig, P. (2016). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach.

[2] McCarthy, John, et al. "A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence, August 31, 1955." AI Magazine, vol. 27, no. 4, 2006, pp. 12-14.

[3] NITI Aayog. (2018). National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence. Government of India.

[4] NITI Aayog. (2018). National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence #AIForAll. Government of India.

[5] Accenture. (2020). "Rewire for Growth: Accelerating India's Economic Recovery with Artificial Intelligence." https://www.accenture.com/_acnmedia/PDF-122/Accenture-India-AI-Report.pdf

[6] Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology. (2000). Information Technology Act, 2000.

[7] Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology. (2011). Information Technology (Reasonable Security Practices and Procedures and Sensitive Personal Data or Information) Rules, 2011.

[8] Government of India. (2019). The Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019.

[9] NITI Aayog. (2018). National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence.

[10] Artificial Intelligence and Copyright: Addressing the Ownership Dilemma", Journal of Intellectual Property Rights, Vol. 25, No. 4, July 2020.

[11] Guidelines for Examination of Computer-Related Inventions, Indian Patent Office.

[13] "Trade Secrets and Artificial Intelligence: Challenges and Opportunities", International Journal of Law and Information Technology, Vol. 39, Issue 2, April 2021.

[14] DABUS case, United Kingdom Intellectual Property Office and United States Patent and Trademark Office.

IJLRA	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals Volume 5 Issue 8 2022 Page 1-6
IEEE	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, 5(8)

ASSESSMENT OF BUYER POWER IN COMPETITION LAW: A BOON OR A THREAT BY - DR. GAGAN DEEP KOUR

CONSTITUTIONALISM VIS-À-VIS CONSTITUTION: EVOLUTION AND UTILITY IN MODERN DEMOCRATIC INDIA BY - MOHAMMAD SALEEM & RAKA MEDHAVI

CASE ANALYSIS ON IN RE INNOVATIO IP VENTURES, LLC PATENT LITIGATION BY: SAKSHI AGRAWAL & SATYAM SINGH

CASE COMMENTARY ON X VS. THE PRINCIPAL SECRETARY, HEALTH AND FAMILY WELFARE DEPARTMENT, GOVT. OF NCT OF DELHI & ANR. BY: JOSNA ANN BINO & JENNY ROSE PG

NAVIGATING THE INTERWEAVING LEGAL THREADS OF PARENTAL ALIENATION, BEST INTEREST OF THE CHILD AND PARENTAL RIGHTS: A LEGAL ANALYSIS OF CHILD CUSTODY LAWS IN INDIA BY - KARISHMA JAIN & AANCHAL

BEYOND BARS: A CRITICAL STUDY ON THE INDIAN CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM BY - MOHAMMAD MOSIQUE ANSARI

ARBITRATING INTANGIBLES: INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS AS CATALYSTS FOR LEGAL INGENUITY BY: DHVANI KAMRA & DR. BHAVNA BATRA

“TRADEMARK INFRINGEMENT IN THE E- COMMERCE ERA: CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS” BY - SHEFALI SHUKLA

CYBER FRAUD IN RELATION WITH CYBER CRIME: A CRITICAL STUDY BY - ISHAAN MALHOTRA

LEGAL IMPLICATIONS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA BY - MR. PASWAN JIGAR DEEPCHANDBHAI & DR. SHOVA DEVI

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