INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

E-TAXATION ISSUE IN CYBERSPACE BY - MINSHI SINHA

Authors: MINSHI SINHA

Registration ID: 107134 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA7134

Year: March-2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Page No: 14 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/04.2024-88466124/E-TAXATION ISSUE IN CYBERSPACE

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF EQUALITY BEFORE LAW IN INDIA AND UNITED STATE OF AMERICA CONSTITUTION BY: - SHWETA RAVINDRA KANADE

Authors: SHWETA RAVINDRA KANADE

Registration ID: 107133 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA7133

Year: March-2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: shwetakanade1995@gmail.com

Page No: 26 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/04.2024-99231677/COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF EQUALITY BEFORE LAW IN IND

EMEGENCY IN INDIA AND USA BY: DHOBALE SANKET NARAYAN

Authors: DHOBALE SANKET NARAYAN

Registration ID: 107132 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA7132

Year: March-2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: sanket.dhobale123@gmail.com

Page No: 18 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/04.2024-33296446/EMEGENCY IN INDIA AND USA

BALANCING JUSTICE: EXPLORING RETROSPECTIVITY IN JUDICIAL INTERPRETATION OF PENAL STATUTES BY.: - ADV. RAJSEE M. KHEDKAR

Authors: ADV. RAJSEE M. KHEDKAR

Registration ID: 107131 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA7131

Year: March-2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: crajseekhedkar175@gmail.com

Page No: 19 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/04.2024-57256517/BALANCING JUSTICE: EXPLORING RETROSPECTIVITY IN JU

EVALUATING THE REVERSE ONUS CLAUSE AND REFORMATIVE ASPECT IN NDPS ACT,1985 BY - PRIYANKA. C

Authors: PRIYANKA. C

Registration ID: 107130 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA7130

Year: March-2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: cpriyanka1822001@gmail.com

Page No: 16 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/04.2024-41256986/EVALUATING THE REVERSE ONUS CLAUSE AND REFORMATIVE

WHY WE NEED THE CLEAN AIR ACT IN INDIA? BY - K. AASHIKA

Authors: K. AASHIKA

Registration ID: 107129 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA7129

Year: March-2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: aashikakadiravan@gmail.com

Page No: 19 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/04.2024-85256946/WHY WE NEED THE CLEAN AIR ACT IN INDIA

THE TRUTH ABOUT DISCRIMINATION AGAINST GENDER JUSTICE: A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS BY - TANISHA GUPTA & SAGAR SAINI

Authors: TANISHA GUPTA & SAGAR SAINI

Registration ID: 107128 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA7128 & IJLRA7139

Year: March-2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: tanishagupta6141@gmail.com & sagarsaini50574@gmail.com

Page No: 10 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/04.2024-88938427/THE TRUTH ABOUT DISCRIMINATION AGAINST GENDER JUST

SUPERHUMAN CAPABILITIES OF AI IN LAW- FUNDAMENTAL CHANGE TO WHITE-COLLAR ROLES IN INDIA BY - M. SNEHA GOUD

Authors: M. SNEHA GOUD

Registration ID: 107126 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA7126

Year: March-2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: snehamula@gmail.com

Page No: 14 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/01.2026-66468431/SUPERHUMAN CAPABILITIES OF AI IN LAW- FUNDAMENTAL

EMERGING THREATS AND LEGAL RESPONSES OF CYBER WARFARE BY - SIMAR KAUR CHAWLA

Authors: SIMAR KAUR CHAWLA

Registration ID: 107125 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA7125

Year: March-2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: simar6349@gmail.com

Page No: 14 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/04.2024-32143873/EMERGING THREATS AND LEGAL RESPONSES OF CYBER WARF

AN ANALYSIS OF SOFTWARE PROTECTION UNDER PATENT AND COPYRIGHT LAW IN INDIA BY - ASWATHI RADHAKRISHNAN

Authors: ASWATHI RADHAKRISHNAN

Registration ID: 107124 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA7124

Year: March-2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: aswathiradhakrishnan@law.christuniversity.in

Page No: 15 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link:

International journal for legal research and analysis

Abbreviation:IJLRA

ISSN:2582-6433

Website:https://www.ijlra.com/

Accessibility:Open Access

License:Creative Commons 4.0

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All research articles published INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS are fully open access. i.e. immediately freely available to read, download and share. Articles are published under the terms of a Creative Commons license which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors. They do not purport to reflect the opinions or views of the INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS or its members. The designations employed in this publication and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

[1] Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary (Springfield, MA: G & C Merriam, 1974), 372.

[2] Shivam Saxena, Emergency provisions: History, type and duration in India, IPLADERS, (Nov. 2020, 28 10:10 AM),https://blog.ipleaders.in/emergency-provisions-history-types-duration-india/.

[4] Naga People’s Movement of Human Rights v. Union of India,AIR 1998 SC 431: (1998) 2 SCC 109.

[5] M.P. Jain, Indian Constitutional Law, 786-787 (5th edin., 2003, Wadhwa and Company Nagpur).

[7] Bhut Nath v. State of West Bengal, AIR 1974 SC 806: (1974) 1 SCC 645.

[8] Shylashri Shankar, The State of Emergency in India: Bockenforde's Model in a Sub-National Context, 19 German L.J. 197 (2018).

[12] Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer, 343 U.S. 579 (1952).

[13] Patrick A. Thronson, Toward Comprehensive Reform of America's Emergency Law Regime, 46 Michigan L.J. 737 (2013).

[14] William B. Fisch, Emergency In The Constitutional Law Of United States, 38 Am. J. Comp. L. Supp. 389(1990).

[1] Charles Sampford, Retrospectivity and the Rule of Law 10 (2006)

[2] (a) The Indonesian Constitution (Article 28(I)): prohibits prosecution under retroactive application of law as this is considered a human right that may not be derogated from in any circumstances. (b) The Indian Constitution (Article 20): protects from conviction for violation of law that as not an offence at the time of the commission of the act and from a penalty greater than that under the law in force at that time. (c) The Japanese Constitution (Article 39): protects persons from being held criminally liable for an act which was lawful at the time it was committed. (d) Constitution of Argentina mandates that punishment without trial based on law enacted before an act was committed is not permitted.

[4] Jerome Hall, General Principles of Criminal Law 28 (1947)

[5] Jill E. Fisch, "Retroactivity and Legal Change: An Equilibrium Approach”

[6] Livingston Hall, "Strict or Liberal Construction of Penal Statutes".

[7] David slawson , “ Comstitutional and legislative Consideration in Retroactive Lawmaking”.

[8] Art. 20 (1) states: "No person shall be convicted of any offence except for violation of a law in force at the

time of the commission of the act charged as an offence, nor be subjected to a penalty greater than that which might have been inflicted under the law in force at the time of the commission of the offence."

[10] Arvind P. Datar, "Prospective Overruling: Correct Doctrine, Incorrect Application", (2008) 7 SCC (Jour) 41.

[11] 3 Dall. 386, 1 L.Ed. 648 (1798). The case makes a reference to a few examples such as creation or abrogation of offences, altering the rules of evidence or enhancing or reducing the prescribed punishment etc.

[3] Article 6(2): Everyone charged with a criminal offence shall have the right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty according to the law. The words are identical to that of ICCPR.

[4] Victor Tadros & Stephen Tierney, The Presumption of the innocence and the Human Rights Act, 2004

[5] Narendra Singh v. State of Maharashtra 2004 SCC (Cri) 699

[6] Noor Aga v. State of Punjab (2008) 16 SCC 417

[7] Constitution of India, Article 21: No person shall be deprived of their life except according to procedure established by law.

[8]Hussainara Khatoon v. Home Secretary, State of Bihar 1981 SC 928 (4)

[9] D. Rama Subba Reddy v. P.V.S. Rama Das 1970 Cr.L.J. 83

[12] Narendra Singh v state of MP (2004) 10 SCC 699

[13] Binoy Kumar Mishra v State of Jharkhand (2017) 13 SCC 636

[14] Van der Meer v. The Queen (1988) 82 A.L.R. 10, 31

[15] Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms,1982 Art 11(d)

[16] Every accused person has a right to a fair trial, which includes the right to be presumed innocent, to remail silent, and not to testify during proceedings.

[21] Coffin v. United States 156 U.S at page 455

[22] Woolmington v. Director of Public Prosecutions (1935) UKHL 1

[23]Bryon M. Sheldrick, “Shifting Burdens and required Inferences: The Constitutionality of Reverse Onus Clauses,” Univ. Toronto Fac. L. Rev (1986) 44(2) at pages 181-182

[24]Law Commission on India, “47^th Report- The Trial and Punishment of Social and Economic Offences”

[26] Subs, by Act 9 of 2001, s.25, for sec. 54 (w.e.f. 2-10-2001)

[29] Inder Sain vs. the State of Punjab (1973) AIR 2309

[32] Immunity from prosecution to addicts volunteering for treatment

[33] Power of Government to establish centres for identification, treatment, etc., of addicts and for supply of Narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances.

[34] Ronald Dworkin, LAW’S EMPIRE 218 – 219, 225-254 (1986)

[1] Airing ‘clean air’ in Clean India Mission T. Banerjee & M. Kumar & R.K. Mall & R.S. Singh Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India 2 Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, India

[2] ARTICLE Conceptual Problems of the Right to Breathe Clean Air by Sava Jankovic Department of Research and Science, Institute of Science and Culture, Oslo, Norway

[3] Harendra K. Sharma, Banwari Dandotiya & Nimisha Jadon (2017) Exposure

of Air Pollution and Its Health Effects in Traffic Police Persons of Gwalior City, India, Environmental

Claims Journal, 29:4, 305-315, DOI: 10.1080/10406026.2017.1390357

[6] Mamta Suthar, G.K. Singh & R.P. Saini (2017) Effects of air pollution for

estimating global solar radiation in India, International Journal of Sustainable Energy, 36:1, 20-27,

DOI: 10.1080/14786451.2014.979348

[7] 4PETER BIRKS & GRANT MCLEOD, JUSTINIAN’S INSTITUTES, 55 (1987)

[8] Luis Rodriguez-Rivera, Is the Human Right to Environment Recognized Under International Law? It Depends on the Source, 12 DENV. J. INT’L L&POL’Y 16 (2001).

[10] Airing ‘clean air’ in Clean India Mission T. Banerjee & M. Kumar & R.K. Mall & R.S. Singh Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India 2 Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, India

[11] National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) for Indian cities: Review and outlook of clean air action plans Tanushree Ganguly a , Kurinji L. Selvaraj a , Sarath K. Guttikunda b,c, a Council on Energy, Environment and Water, New Delhi, India b Urban Emissions, New Delhi, India c Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, USA

[12] Balakrishnan K, Sambandam S, Ramaswamy P, et al. Establishing integrated rural– urban cohorts to assess air pollution-related health effects in pregnant women, children and adults in Southern India: an overview of objectives, design and methods in the Tamil Nadu Air Pollution and Health Effects (TAPHE) study. BMJ Open 2015;5:e008090. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015- 008090

*Ms. Simar Kaur Chawla, Student BBA LLB 3^rdyear, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University) New Law College, Pune.

[1] What is Cyberwarfare, TechTarget, (https://www.techtarget.com, last visited-20/1/24,2:00PM)

[2] What is Cyber Warfare/Types, Examples and Mitigation, imperva, (https://www.imperva.com, last visited-21/1/2024,12:35PM)

[3] A Brief History of Cyberwarfare, Gra quantam, (https://graquantum.com/a-brief-history-of-cyberwarfare/, last visited-24/1/2024,1:20PM)

[4] Imperva, (https://www.imperva.com,lastvisited,23/1/2024,1:30PM)

[5] Kratikal Blog, (https://kratikal.com/blog/5-biggest-cyber-attacks-in-india/,lastvisited,24/1/2024,1:35PM)

[6]Dhanya Airen, Cyber Warfare And its Impact Legal Service India, (https://www.legalserviceindia.com,last visited-24/1/24,2:10PM)

[9] Advanced persistent threat (APT), imperva, (https://www.imperva.com, last visted-25/1/24,4:30PM)

[10] Section 43 of Information Technology Amendment Act, 2008, No.10 of 2009(India)

[11] Section 66C of Information Technology Amendment Act, 2008, No.10 of 2009(India)

[12] Section 65 of Information Technology Amendment Act, 2008, No.10 of 2009(India)

[3]https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/intellectual_property#:~:text=Overview,monopoly%20in%20the%20protected%20property

[4] Richard Morgan and Kit Burden, Legal Protection of Software: A Handbook, Encyclopedia ofInformation Technology, Universal Law Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., First Indian Reprint, 2007

[5] https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1872-09.pdf

[6] Patent FAQ 2020, Office of Controller General of Patents, Designs and Trade marks, India available at https://ipindia.gov.in/writereaddata/Portal/Images/pdf/FinalFREQUENTLY ASKEDQUESTIONS_- PATENT.pdf

[7] Telefonktiebolaget LM Ericsson (Publ) v. Lava International Ltd CS(OS) No. 764/2015

[9] Shyam Lal Paharia And Anr. vs Gaya Prasad Gupta 'Rasal', AIR 1971 Allahabad 192

[10] University of London Press Ltd v. University Tutorial Press Ltd, 1916-2 Ch. D. 601

[11] https://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/27-trips.pdf

IJLRA	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals Volume 5 Issue 8 2022 Page 1-6
IEEE	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, 5(8)

E-TAXATION ISSUE IN CYBERSPACE BY - MINSHI SINHA

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF EQUALITY BEFORE LAW IN INDIA AND UNITED STATE OF AMERICA CONSTITUTION BY: - SHWETA RAVINDRA KANADE

EMEGENCY IN INDIA AND USA BY: DHOBALE SANKET NARAYAN

BALANCING JUSTICE: EXPLORING RETROSPECTIVITY IN JUDICIAL INTERPRETATION OF PENAL STATUTES BY.: - ADV. RAJSEE M. KHEDKAR

EVALUATING THE REVERSE ONUS CLAUSE AND REFORMATIVE ASPECT IN NDPS ACT,1985 BY - PRIYANKA. C

WHY WE NEED THE CLEAN AIR ACT IN INDIA? BY - K. AASHIKA

THE TRUTH ABOUT DISCRIMINATION AGAINST GENDER JUSTICE: A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS BY - TANISHA GUPTA & SAGAR SAINI

SUPERHUMAN CAPABILITIES OF AI IN LAW- FUNDAMENTAL CHANGE TO WHITE-COLLAR ROLES IN INDIA BY - M. SNEHA GOUD

EMERGING THREATS AND LEGAL RESPONSES OF CYBER WARFARE BY - SIMAR KAUR CHAWLA

AN ANALYSIS OF SOFTWARE PROTECTION UNDER PATENT AND COPYRIGHT LAW IN INDIA BY - ASWATHI RADHAKRISHNAN

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