Open Access Research Article
WHY WE NEED THE CLEAN AIR ACT IN INDIA?
Published Paper
Article Details
WHY WE NEED THE CLEAN AIR ACT IN
INDIA?
AUTHORED BY - K. AASHIKA
1.
INTRODUCTION
WHY WE NEED THE CLEAN AIR ACT IN
INDIA?
Air pollution has become a major
crisis in India. India has proved through many legislations how much
Environmental resource protection are important for human health, development
and sustainability. We must remain harmony to focus on sustain needs. The air
(prevention and control of pollution) act came into force on 1981, at that time
there was only the need for environmental protection on basis of few categories
that were identified to cause pollution. In Current situation, the pollutants
are far more versatile and causes much more danger not only to the human health
but also to the socio economic development. Hence, this study provides the lack
of legislation needed to prevent further air pollution from sources that are to
be added. And our right to clean air as a legal right. And the necessity for it
to be both substantive and procedural right.
2. RESEARCH PROBLEM
A. The problem the author dealt in this
study is the non-inclusion of various air pollutants. Theses particulate
matters are left unattended. They include dust, greenhouse gas emissions, etc.
Hence in this paper we study the various pollutants and the necessity for the
integration of clean air into our system of law.
B. The author studies the liability and
obligations of the state in dealing with the right to clean air and the
ambiguity in defining this right.
C. The problem is the unclear functioning of air
act 1981 and the national clean air program. Hence the act and program are yet
to comply with the the object of the act.
3. OBJECT OF THE STUDY
a. To study and analyze the necessity
for integrating the clean air provision into the existing legal system.
b. To study the existing legal framework
dealing with the obligations of the state to provide right to clean air.
c. To study the efficiency of the
national clean air program and the air act 1981 efficient
4. RESEARCH ISSSUE
A. What is the necessity for integrating
the clean air provision into existing legal system
B. Whether there is clear obligation of
the state to provide the right to clean air.
C. Whether the functioning of national
clean air program and the air act 1981 efficient
5.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Before embarking upon my paper, it is essential to review
articles pertinent to my study.
ARTICLE AIRING ‘CLEAN
AIR’ IN CLEAN INDIA MISSION BY T. BANERJEE, M. KUMAR AND R.K. MALL[1]
The author gives introduction about
the “swatch barat mission”. It aimed to achieve the clean India mission by the
year 2019. The entire camping was supported by students, environmental
activists, celebrities etc. They conducted awareness campaigns about
environmental development, cleaning streets and roads, teaching healthy
sanitation practices, household sanitation, constructing sanitary latrines for
the poor. The author identified the pollutants to be from the anthropogenic
emissions and speaks about the public health, environmental sustainability, and
necessity of climatic adaptation and mitigation policies. I accept the view of
this author except my only comment on it would be that as he proposed many
pollutants and the negligent aspect, he doesn’t really express the concern of
poor people to afford the energy sources. He fails to balance the economic
aspect with environment.
ARTICLE CONCEPTUAL PROBLEMS OF THE
RIGHT TO BREATHE CLEAN AIR BY SAVA JANKOVIC [2]
The study envisages the importance of
environmental law in the society. The rights of the agencies to be provided
with the authority to act sustainably and to seek justice. Then only society
will regard the environmental law as a measure to seek justice. Speaks about
atmospheric trust theory and responsibility of the state to conduct public
report on air quality, action plan and environmental standards. I accept his
view, my comment on this article would be that it fails to express about the
enforceability of right as an autonomous power and not to only concentrate its
balance with sustainability.
6. METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY
The research attempts a doctrinal
study. The author made use of both primary and the secondary sources available
on the subject. The primary sources used are the air (prevention and control)
act 1981 and the secondary sources includes books, journals, and mass media
sources. The author used analytical method.
THESIS OUTLINE
I INTRODUCTION
The concept of clean air and the how
the provisions in the existing legal system needs to be amended for the desired
right of clean air of an individual. Introduction to outdoor pollutants.
II NECESSITY FOR INTEGRATING CLEAN AIR
Explain about the air pollutants and
various sources that are not included in the air act 1981. The importance of
indoor and socio economic pollution.
III RIGHT TO BREATHE CLEAN AIR
Right to clean air as fundamental
human right of a person rather than a policy objective. About the sustainably
and environmental justice. Whether is it a collective or individual right and
the need for it to be substantive and procedural right?
IV ISSUES THAT PROVISIONS IN OUR
LEGAL SYSTEM FAILED TO ADDRESS
Explaining the evolution of India in
recognizing clean air and the issues in the provisions of the legal system
regarding the same that it’s yet to comply with.
V CONCLUSION
Concluding the study and giving some
suggestions to rectify the issues of my research.
7.
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Right to breathe clean air is an
environmental right and fundamental right. But the implementation of this right
is not proper. This right is merely used as a policy objective rather than
implementing it as a statutory remedy. If this right to clean air came to fore
as substantive and procedural law, this will enhance the environmental law and
sustainability in the society. There are many crucial impacts because of air
pollution and simply unclean air, the cause anthropogenic emissions in form of
smoke, particulate matters, combinations of gases cause irregular mixture of
chemicals in air, burning of solid (this is main cause at times of festivities
like Diwali), air pollutions from households. The impact of air pollution does
not only extend to a level of health hazards, it affects the population on
socio economic level. It causes in outdoor level, indoor and economic
destructions. The outdoor air pollution are most commonly recognizable, this
one has more awareness among the public at large and the precautions to avoid
these are effective and are very much manageable. These include the pollutants
that occur due to the traffic, industries, power plants and so on. This causes
respiration related health problems, obesity, heart disease, asthma,
tuberculosis and even cause mental issues like stress and insomnia. Some more
sources that causes these pollution may need to be added into the new act.
CHAPTER II
NECESSITY FOR INTEGRATING CLEAN AIR
The National Emissions Inventory
released by the US Environmental protection agency (USEPA) defined many sources
of air pollution, commercial, industrial, transportation, power plants, fuel
combustions, agricultural (crop burning), fires (forest fires), road dust etc.,
the main source that caused Kanpur to be the most polluted city in India is
because the dust particles in that region are worse and are left unattended.
Motor vehicles emissions including greenhouse gases, brakes and tire wear and
varying pollutants. [3]
2.1 INDOOR AIR POLLUTION
Air pollution from household causes
the most life threatening impact on people, because they are prone to immediate
health hazards and most of the people do not get medical emergency due to
negligence. Air pollution from household causes fuel combustions, mixing of
gases and affects the indoor air quality. It affects human health drastically.
At times it can even be a slow poisoning on human beings. Since it causes asthma,
cardinal diseases and even unknown phenomenon. Another major crisis is
ventilations, or lack thereof. In every region open space or ventilations are
very important for human health and socio environment. Our courts in various
landmark cases has dealt with the importance of open space and ventilation in a
particular region. They claim the proper circulation of clean air is equivalent
to the quality of life.
In Bangalore medical trust v. BS
Muddappa[4]
A low level park was to be
constructed near residential area. But on the orders of CM they began
constructing hospital. Court held that open space in urban and residential area
is very important for recreation purposes. Hence the orders were arbitrary and
violative of article 14 of the constitution of India.
In Damodar Rao v. Municipal
Corporation [5]
A space was marked for recreational
purposes. The government then planned on constructing a residential quarters.
Court held this was slow poisoning by pollution and is violating the article 21
of the constitution of India, right to life and personal liberty includes right
to clean air. Neglect or failure to abide by article 48A is betrayal of
fundamental law and it is the obligation of the state and all other state
organ’s responsibility to protect and we cannot remain silent.
2.2 SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS
This is one of the main causes that
leads to the death of many individuals in our country. As by World Health
Organization’s report, India has more death caused by air pollution
specifically asthma. The lack of access to the treatments and resources,
because of no proper education and awareness, and even the poverty are the
aspects of the nation’s failure from protecting people. Sleeping disorders,
respiratory problems, mental issues etc. are the common problems faces by the
poor that could not afford the treatment or they are reluctant to go to the
hospital afraid of the costs, lack of awareness and more such causes. People in
poverty are most likely to be affected by both indoor and outdoor pollution.
Most especially children are affected. Even though covid -19 did reduce the air
pollution marginally by 95% according to the report by National Clean Air
Agency, the children from poverty had to tend to their families by working in
various fields and were prone to these pollutants.
2.3 BIOLOGICAL STATUS
A study in 2017 “Effects of air
pollution for estimating global solar radiation in India” by Mamta Suthar, G.K.
Singh & R.P. Saini[6].
The report was a study on solar radiation and API and they conducted this
research in 9 cities In India. They concluded that the areas with high
pollutants cause’s higher atmospheric alternations and solar radiations tend to
be lower. This solar is essential for all biological species to live, plants
for even their food through photosynthesis, all chemical and physical process
of nature, hence once the solar radiation estimates to be lower, all these
factors will be plummeted.
CHAPTER III
RIGHT TO BREATHE CLEAN AIR
Right to clean air is not a binding
instrument in international level even though the right to a healthy
environment was discussed in many international declarations and treaties like
Stockholm declaration, Rio and bizkaia declaration. The UN assembly did not
recognize the right to clean air as it did recognize the right to clean water.
This right exists solely on the substantive law in the national levels. That
too was based on the legislations of the countries and do differ a lot.
3.1 WHAT TYPE OF RIGHT IT NEEDS TO
BE?
The right to a healthy environment is
important and is also recognized. But the categories of such healthy
environment is often left alienated. As much as we give importance to clean
water we tend to neglect our right to clean air. We cannot see difference in
clean and polluted air most of the times unless there is a smoke or dust
particles, this might be the reason why we seemingly neglect the dangerous
hazard that is in front of our eyes.
Right to clean air must be
fundamental human right of a person rather than a policy objective. We must
provide the authority the power to act sustainably and to seek justice in case
of lack of healthy environment including unclean air. The state must conduct
public report regarding the air quality in cities, come up with action plans to
rectify the same and provide environmental justice to the lack of clean air.
The environmental standards are built to be in such a way that it becomes
nondiscriminatory and non-retrogressive to any person, any law making body or
any provision of law. This must be the state’s responsibility.
3.2 INDIVIDUAL OR COLLECTIVE RIGHT
We owe to every person in the society
the right to clean air. Everyone deserves to live in the best quality of life.
We cannot deprive them of their rights. Hence right to clean is an individual
right since it is owed to a person. And that is why we need it as our
fundamental human right.
The right to clean environment is a
collective right because we owe it to all of the humankind to satisfy their
needs and people must have general satisfactory environment.[7] A
healthy environment cannot be achieved by a single hand, it is a team effort.
Hence, the right to clean air does protect people individually but it also
requires a collective action and cooperation from the general public in a
society. Hence this is both an individual right and a collective right.
3.3 THE NEED FOR SUBSTANTIVE AND
PROCEDURAL LAW
The right to clean right needs to be
a substantive right and procedural right. If this becomes a substantive law, it
will be recognized by the state and people could ask for environmental justice
specifically for the depravation of clean air[8].
By the addition of provisions for the environmental protection by placing
suitable limits and restrictions on unsustainable process and productions.
Further suggestions to be added are provided in the conclusion of this paper.
By enacting the clean air act to be
procedural legislation, it balances the power between the substantive law clean
air act and the other existing laws. For it paves a way for it to be harmonies
with the other branches of law. Harmonious interactions between the clean air
act and the development acts that supports industrialization. Clean air act
with other human rights and right of the people in case of employment, right to
food, right to property etc. Since air act does not only concern with air
alone, it deals with the housing department, urban development, agriculture,
road transports etc. hence we need a procedural law to harmonies these.
CHAPTER IV
THE EVOLUTION OF CLEAN AIR PROVISIONS
The evolution of the clean air
started earlier on in 1974 when the pollution control board was established
under the water act in India. This board then in 1981 after the establishment
of air act took the functioning of identifying the pollutants from industries
and such and took operational action against the same. There was no changes or
amendments made into the 50 year old air act. The aim of the act is to preserve
the quality of air and control air pollution in India. The air act did the job
well when it was established since only that much was necessary earlier on. But
currently not so, as reported by State of global air 2020, global air pollution
assessment was made in which India being in top ten which prove that they are
yet to make any improvements.
4.1 THE AIR ACT 1981
But the air act 1981 is not
explicitly a toothless act, as it does have various important features that
could be adopted into the new clean air act. Some of the powers are, the act
established the central pollution control board and the state pollution control
board. The act provides powers to the boards to conduct search the industries.
The board is also vested with the power to seize the operations of the
industries, to order a factory to stop operating or cut its electricity and
water connections. No industry or power plant that are likely to cause
emissions can be set up without the permission of the pollution control board.
The industries are required to install the pollution control mechanisms and
must display the levels of the pollutant emissions in the notice. It gives
power to the pollution control board to declare a particular region or a city
as the “air pollution area” and put forth restrictions to prevent further pollutions
autonomously. The right to clean air was not recognized by India until 1991 in
the vehicular pollution case.
MC Mehta v. Union Of India [9]
Held: environmental protection is the
responsibility of the state according to the article 48A and article 51A. The
right to healthy environment is the basic human right and includes the right to
clean air.
The court did recognize earlier on
the rights to healthy environment and air pollution being the violation of
article 21 of the constitution of India. But in this case the court
specifically held the right to clean air. India still needs to recognize this
right as under article 21 and not just as the responsibility and duty of the
state alone. Through the case the Supreme Court ordered to introduce compressed
natural gas into the vehicles than fuels. And the Environmental Pollution
control (Prevention and Control) Authority [EPCA] was introduced.
4.2 SWATCH BARAT
In October 4, 2014, Prime Minister
Modi launched a cleanliness drive “swatch barat mission” also called the clean
India mission. It aimed to achieve clean India by the year 2019. It covered
4041 towns. The entire camping was supported by many environmental activists,
students, social workers, civil societies and even celebrities. They conducted
awareness campaigns about environmental development, cleaning streets and
roads, teaching healthy sanitation practices, household sanitation, constructing
sanitary latrines for the poor, latrine development in villages and awareness.[10]
4.3 ODD EVEN SCHEME AND GRADED
RESPONSE PLAN
By 2016, the major air pollution
caused socioeconomic, health damage in Delhi. It caused severe smog. Many
students and young children suffered from the lack of oxygen. In 2016, odd even
scheme was introduced by which, the vehicles with registered number plate of
odd number were allowed to transport on one day and the vehicles with even
registered number in plate were allowed to transport on other day. The plan was
to significantly reduce the air pollutants emitted from the vehicles. But it
still did not succeed in controlling the smog in winters.
Hence by 2017, a graded response
action plan was introduced in the northern regions like in Haryana, Delhi, and
Rajasthan. The action plan will be implemented based upon the level of
pollution in the region. If the pollutant is of poor or moderate level then ban
of fire crackers, garbage burning and mechanisms to control pollution emitted from
power plants etc. will be imposed. As the level increases the mechanism to
control grows stronger by imposing odd even scheme, control of diesel, stoppage
of using coal etc. But if it ranged to an extreme level i.e. the emergency or
severe level of pollution then the state orders to shut down power plants, shut
down schools, colleges, ban on construction activities, stopping entry to the
cities except for essential commodities. This was effective but the main
drawback was the lack of source identification that causes these smog effects
in the northern region.
4.4 NATIONAL CLEAN AIR PROGRAM
National clean air program was
introduced in 2019 by ministry of environment, forest and climate change
[MoEFCC]. This was launched to reduce the particulate matter (PM2.5) by 20-30%
by the year 2024. The action plan is established in 122 cities. The aim of this
action plan is to improve air quality and public health. And to identify the
cost effective measures to decrease the emissions from various sources causing
pollution in the mentioned cities. The central pollution control board and the
state pollution control board have the authority to monitor the pollution in
these cities by effectively seeing the air quality index. Their main function
is to assess the sources that causes the pollution. To manage the source and
preserve the quality of air. They maintain the information about the emissions
from the industries that are approved by the pollution control board. A
technical assessment cell was introduced. A report will be made to the national
green tribunal after the tenure which is on 2024.
The action plan provides power to the
pollution control boards to create a framework that would help us in
maintaining the international relationship and cooperation in order to preserve
the quality of air and control pollution.
Specifically for the unattainable
cities, the national green tribunal introduced the air quality monitoring
committee. The members of the committee were the directors of transport, urban
development, environment, agriculture and the pollution control board.[11]
They restrict or put forth some
conditions in the area of transportation, eradicate road dust, abolishing waste
and solid burning, this is one of the difficult aspects they have to tackle
because of the superstitious believes of people of the country as they compare
the fire with god of their religion. The NCAP promotes clean cooking. NCAP promotes the use of natural gases.
Strict industrial standards on emissions are maintained. NCAP increases the monitoring
capacity.
A study on Tamil Nadu Air Pollution
and Health Effects [TAPHE][12]
was conducted to identify the association between the particulate matters
exposure and the human health. This was conducted in two rural and urban areas.
Study was based upon one pregnant women, a healthy adult and child. To estimate
the exposure on illness, the particulate matter concentrations, lack of indoor
ventilations. The blood samples were recorded by which they estimated the
reaction of exposure to pollutants for long term and large scale
concentrations. They concluded the study that continuing the exposure to air
pollution on the rural and urban area of society causes impact on health and
mental issues. They requested for a national project that would be transparent and
accessible to the people.
4.5 ISSUES THAT PROVISIONS IN OUR
LEGAL SYSTEM FAILED TO ADDRESS
The lack of sources of pollution in
the air act 1981, many are not covered. For example in Kanpur which is the most
polluted city in India, the main cause of pollution is dust particles mixed
with air causing a storm in sand and various health issues. The act mainly
focuses on the emissions from the factories, power plants, emissions dispersed
from vehicles etc.
There is no new way of measuring air
pollution. No innovation is amended into the 50 year old act and not even in
the current practice. We do use internet emission monitoring system which
measures the real time pollutant levels emitted from the industries but even if
it reaches a peak level of danger, by the time the pollution board reacts to
the cause or goes to the field, the problem has already happened. This is not
at all time efficient.
There is no speedy justice in the
cases even though provisions of the act clearly specify the punishments. In
this case it takes about 25 years to shut down the industry and still no
compensation is being awarded to the people who suffered from emissions from
industry. This may also be due to the fact that court is not accepting the real
time pollutant levels measured from the internet emission monitoring system as
a valid evidence.
Mahabir Coke Industry v. Pollution
Control Board Assam [13]
The Supreme Court ordered the closure
of the industry in the year 2013 and held that human beings must not survive by
breathing air and living in a thickly habituated places located near
industries. They must have a reasonable healthy life.
Ms Bhole Baba Grit Udhyog v.
Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board[14]
It was held that according to section
27 the boards needs to take samples of air or emissions from an outlet causing
the air pollution. And such sufficient data should exist in the outlet causing
the air pollution since it involves the matter of livelihood.
In 2019, national clean air program
was introduced and aimed to reduce the air pollution by 20-30 %. But this
program lacks legal mandate. The program concentrate only on few cities based
upon their severity of pollution and effect on socioeconomic level. It does not
do an effective control of pollution in the cities it concentrates on.
Example, tutucorin, Tamil nadu, has
many power plants, smelters and fertilizer units that contributes up to 2.5
level of pollutant in the city. But the national clean air program only
addresses 14% of the issue in the city. Hence only the major influential cities
are concentrated more.
There is no clear monitoring
mechanism and they do not report their assessments and the data on how much of
pollution is reduced in these last 2 years. The covid 19 has reduced the
pollution by 95% in just 74 days in major cities like Chennai, Kolkata, Delhi
which the NCAP failed to achieve so in this last 2 years. And once the lockdown
lifted, again the air quality index rates the pollution from AQI 102 to AQI
122.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
We have the right to healthy
environment and court has recognized our right to clean air in various cases
but there is no clear apprehension on the right. This right needs to recognized
as fundamental human right and be passed as a substantive and procedural law.
We often tend to neglect this which is why India has most amount of death from
the air pollution. The air pollution does not merely cause health hazard but
socioeconomic loses to the society. We need concrete clean air provisions
because of the defectiveness in our air act 1981. Even if we come up many
policy objectives to ensure public health it is not enough. Because most of the
policy did not create effective binding as it would if we enact a clean air
legislation.
SUGGESTIONS
CHAPTER I
To include more sources like
household emissions, ozone layers, greenhouse gases, climate change, dust, acid
deposition control mechanism etc., there must be strategic planning and
implementation of policies specifying a particular issue. Like the access to
natural gas instead of cheap fuel used in rural areas. Increasing health and
living conditions for poor people by increasing the status of energy access.
Hence must find the alternative energy sources and raise awareness of the same
to the people.
CHAPTER II
Instead of fuel based vehicles, we
can use electric mobility for public and private transports. The US clean air
act 1970 proves the best example that the economy and the clean air act can go
together harmoniously. Proper vehicle emission standards to be included in the
new clean air act rather than the motor vehicles act1988.
CHAPTER III
Health based air quality index must
be maintained along with the current air quality index. Provisions regarding
the standard of quality of air to be established and followed. The adequate
quality of air must be determined based on scientific data and socio economic
data. This must be reported to the district or even lower level authorities in
regular intervals. And they must in turn report to the pollution control board.
This way we can identify and make solution for the issues quickly.
The air pollution is not a single
issue hence we need joint sittings with responsible agencies under the clean
air act for housing, urban development, agriculture, transports etc. and they
must monitor, plan and implement the policies and reports to be generated.
The pollution board must be vested
with the power to shut down an industry immediately if the real time air
quality index reads toxic or hazardous. And to declare the public health emergency
in that particular area and to vacate the premises.
CHAPTER IV
To adopt innovative methods from
other countries like fossil fuel generators, coal fired facilities, building
coalition and institution infrastructure to enable emission mitigation, the
Haiku partial equilibrium electricity simulation model used in US and many more
cost efficient models. By using the best policy instrument we will be able be
to reduce the cost significantly. It is the opportunity for the economists in
India to help the nation with their strategic planning and develop programs to
reduce cost of implementing these innovative models.
Penalties needs to be stricter and
compensations pay must have strong reinforcement. To ensure environmental
justice under the act. MoEFCC can mandate the preparation and maintenance of
the databases regarding the pollutions occurred in the cities so that any
future policy implemented they would not need to start from the ground level.
If the strategic planning to control pollution on a big city then need to go
with zone level operations.
Finally the aim the clean air act
must be to priorities human health and not only to preserve quality of air and
control air pollution.
REFRENCES
1. Harendra K. Sharma, Banwari Dandotiya
& Nimisha Jadon (2017) Exposure of Air Pollution and Its Health Effects in
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29:4, 305-315, DOI: 10.1080/10406026.2017.1390357
2. Mamta Suthar, G.K. Singh & R.P.
Saini (2017) Effects of air pollution for estimating global solar radiation in
India, International Journal of Sustainable Energy, 36:1, 20-27, DOI:
10.1080/14786451.2014.979348
3. National Clean Air Programme (NCAP)
for Indian cities: Review and outlook of clean air action plans Tanushree
Ganguly a , Kurinji L. Selvaraj a , Sarath K. Guttikunda b,c, a Council on
Energy, Environment and Water, New Delhi, India b Urban Emissions, New Delhi,
India c Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, USA
4. Airing ‘clean air’ in Clean India
Mission T. Banerjee & M. Kumar &
R.K. Mall & R.S. Singh Institute of Environment and Sustainable
Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India 2 Department of
Chemical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU),
Varanasi, India
5. PETER BIRKS & GRANT MCLEOD,
JUSTINIAN’S INSTITUTES, 55 (1987)
6. Luis Rodriguez-Rivera, Is the Human
Right to Environment Recognized Under International Law? It Depends on the
Source, 12 DENV. J. INT’L L&POL’Y 16 (2001)
7. Balakrishnan K, Sambandam S,
Ramaswamy P, et al. Establishing integrated rural– urban cohorts to assess air
pollution-related health effects in pregnant women, children and adults in
Southern India: an overview of objectives, design and methods in the Tamil Nadu
Air Pollution and Health Effects (TAPHE) study. BMJ Open 2015;5:e008090.
doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015- 008090
[1] Airing ‘clean air’ in Clean India
Mission T. Banerjee & M. Kumar &
R.K. Mall & R.S. Singh Institute of Environment and Sustainable
Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India 2 Department of
Chemical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU),
Varanasi, India
[2] ARTICLE Conceptual Problems of the Right to Breathe
Clean Air by Sava Jankovic Department of Research and Science, Institute of
Science and Culture, Oslo, Norway
[3] Harendra K. Sharma, Banwari
Dandotiya & Nimisha Jadon (2017) Exposure
of Air Pollution and Its Health Effects in Traffic
Police Persons of Gwalior City, India, Environmental
Claims Journal, 29:4, 305-315, DOI:
10.1080/10406026.2017.1390357
[4] 1991 AIR 1902, 1991 SCR (3) 102
[5] AIR 1987 AP 171
[6] Mamta Suthar, G.K. Singh &
R.P. Saini (2017) Effects of air pollution for
estimating global solar radiation in India,
International Journal of Sustainable Energy, 36:1, 20-27,
DOI: 10.1080/14786451.2014.979348
[7] 4PETER BIRKS & GRANT MCLEOD,
JUSTINIAN’S INSTITUTES, 55 (1987)
[8] Luis Rodriguez-Rivera, Is the
Human Right to Environment Recognized Under International Law? It Depends on
the Source, 12 DENV. J. INT’L L&POL’Y 16 (2001).
[9] 1991 SCR (1) 866
[10] Airing ‘clean air’ in Clean India
Mission T. Banerjee & M. Kumar &
R.K. Mall & R.S. Singh Institute of Environment and Sustainable
Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India 2 Department of
Chemical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU),
Varanasi, India
[11] National Clean Air Programme
(NCAP) for Indian cities: Review and outlook of clean air action plans
Tanushree Ganguly a , Kurinji L. Selvaraj a , Sarath K. Guttikunda b,c, a
Council on Energy, Environment and Water, New Delhi, India b Urban Emissions,
New Delhi, India c Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute,
Reno, USA
[12] Balakrishnan K, Sambandam S,
Ramaswamy P, et al. Establishing integrated rural– urban cohorts to assess air
pollution-related health effects in pregnant women, children and adults in Southern
India: an overview of objectives, design and methods in the Tamil Nadu Air
Pollution and Health Effects (TAPHE) study. BMJ Open 2015;5:e008090.
doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015- 008090
[13] AIR 1998 Gau 10
[14] S.B. Civil Writ Petition
No.2593/2010
Article Information
WHY WE NEED THE CLEAN AIR ACT IN INDIA?
Authors: K. AASHIKA
- Journal IJLRA
- ISSN 2582-6433
- Published 2024/04/01
- Issue 7
About Journal
International Journal for Legal Research and Analysis
- Abbreviation IJLRA
- ISSN 2582-6433
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