INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

CYBERCRIME AND CYBERSECURITY AS CHALLENGES BY: SHALINI PRIYA

Authors : SHALINI PRIYA

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Year : Feb-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

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CASE COMMENT: ARUNACHALA GOUNDER (DEAD) BY LRS VS PONNUSAMY (2022) 11 SCC 520 BY - SHAILJA SINGH

Authors : SHAILJA SINGH

Registration ID : 1068678 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA6878

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CORPORATE LIABILITY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HARM: A STUDY BY - POOJA N HATYAL

Authors : POOJA N HATYAL

Registration ID : 1068677 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA6877

Year : Feb-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

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LEGAL PERCEPTION ON ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION IN HUMAN BEINGS WITH REFERENCE TO INDIA BY - HARIPRIYA BHARADWAJ

Authors : HARIPRIYA BHARADWAJ

Registration ID : 1068676 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA6876

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MENTAL HEALTH AND HUMAN RIGHTS: A LEGAL PERSPECTIVE ON CHALLENGES AND PROTECTIONS BY - KISHORE CHANDURU KR

Authors : KISHORE CHANDURU KR

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MARITAL RAPE LAW IN INDIA BY - AARATTRIKA CHANDA

Authors : AARATTRIKA CHANDA

Registration ID : 1068674Published Paper ID: IJLRA6874

Year : Feb-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

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CONSTITUTIONAL PERSPECTIVES ON RIGHT TO HEALTH IN INDIA BY: ADV. RUSHIL SHARMA

Authors : PUSHPITA MITRA

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IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHT LAWS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES - ACHIEVEMENTS AND SETBACKS. BY - LAKSHYA MALHOTRA & HEER DESAI

Authors : LAKSHYA MALHOTRA & HEER DESAI

Registration ID : 106871 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6871 & IJLRA6872

Year : Feb-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

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USE OF ONLINE PLATFORM FOR ILLEGAL SELLING AND GAMBLING BY - MS. ANANYA GOYAL & DR. JYOTI DHARM

Authors : MS. ANANYA GOYAL & DR. JYOTI DHARM

Registration ID : 106869 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6869 & IJLRA6870

Year : Feb-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

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Email Id : ananyaagrawalgoyal2008@gmail.com

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CONTRA PROFERENTEM: AN IN-DEPTH ANALYSIS OF IT’S HISTORICAL EVOLUTION, PRINCIPLES, AND IMPACT ON INDIAN CONTRACT LAW BY - GULNAR ARORA

Authors : GULNAR ARORA

Registration ID : 106868 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6868

Year : Feb-2024 | Volume : II | Issue : 7

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Doi Link : https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2024-42728243/CONTRA PROFERENTEM: AN IN-DEPTH ANALYSIS OF IT’S

International journal for legal research and analysis

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[1] 3^rd Year of 5 Year LL.B. Student, Faculty of Law, University of Lucknow, Lucknow.

[6] The Hindu Succession (Act no. 39 of 2005) s. 6.

[10] Edward Roer (tr), Hindu Law and Judicature from the Dharma-Sástra of Yájnavalkya (Kessinger Publishing 2010).

[11] J?m?tav?hana, Two Treatises on the Hindu Law of Inheritance (Hindoostanee Press 1810) 180.

[12] Katama Natchiar v. Srimut Rajah Mootoo Vijaya Raganadha Bodha Gooroo Sawmy Periya Odaya Tavern, (1863) 9 MIA 539.

[13] Sivagnana Tevar v. Periasami, ILR (1878) 1 Mad 312.

[17] Hindu Succession Act, 1956, s. 15. cl.1, sub, cl. a.

[22] Vineeta Sharma v. Rakesh Sharma, (2020) 9 SCC 1.

[23] Arunachala Gounder v. Ponnusamy, (2022) 11 SCC 520.

[24] The Hindu Succession Act, 1956, No. 30, Acts of Parliament, 1956 (India).

[27] Arunachala Gounder (dead) By Lrs v. Ponnusamy, 2022 SCC Online SC 72.

[1] M. Shaji & Ambika Kumari, An analysis of corporate criminal liability with reference to environmental outlook, vol 20 issue 05, xIlkogretim Online - Elementary Education Online, (2021).

[2] Anirudh Singh Malik, Corporate Liability for Environmental harm in India, Vol. 6 Issue 4, International Journal of Law Management & Humanities, (2023).

[7] Satish C. Shastri, The polluter pays principle and the supreme court of India, Vol. 42, No. 1, Journal of the Indian Law Institute, 108, 109-110, (2000).

[1] With effect from, 25th January, 2022, vide notification No. S.O. 291(E), dated 20th January, 2022, see Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part II, sec. 3(ii)

[2] https://www.cdc.gov/art/reports/2020/summary.html

[3] Section31-Rights of child born through assisted reproductive technology. — (1) The child born through assisted reproductive technology shall be deemed to be a biological child of the commissioning couple and the said child shall be entitled to all the rights and privileges available to a natural child only from the commissioning couple under any law for the time being in force.

(2) A donor shall relinquish all parental rights over the child or children which may be born from his or her gamete.

[1] http://docs.manupatra.in/NEWSLINE/ARTICLES/UPLOAD/8787A55C-D93F-4589-8A68-A9A032AFAF0E.PDF

[2] Krina Patel, The Gap in Marital Rape Law in India: Advocating for Criminalization and Social Change, 42 Fordham Int'l L.J. 1519 (2019).

[3] Sir Matthew Hale (1609 – 1676) in History of the Pleas of the Crown

[4] Krina Patel, The Gap in Marital Rape Law in India: Advocating for Criminalization and Social Change, 42 Fordham Int'l L.J. 1519 (2019)

[5] Justice J.S. Verma Committee, Report of Committee on Amendments to Criminal Law (January 23,2013)

[6] RAJYA SABHA DEBATES, Discussion on the Indian Penal Code (Amendment) Bill, 2015, 53, Session Number 237, December 4, 2015

[7] https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/data-stories/data-focus/marital-rape-most-married-women-are-sexually-abused-by-their-husbands-says-nfhs-data/article65409875.ece

[8] 2011 Census of India. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India/*

[9] The Times of India, “25% of helpline calls about marital rape”

[10] National Crime Records Bureau, 2016 report on Marriages in India

[11] Agnidipto Tarafder and Adrija Ghosh, ‘The Unconstitutionality of the Marital Rape Exemption in India’ (2020) 3(2) University of Oxford Human Rights Hub Journal 202, 204 accessed 19 May 2021

[12] Independent Thought v. Union of India 10 SCC 800, AIR 2017 SC 4904

[13] Raju Ahmed Laskar v. The State of Assam and Ors. LQ/GauHC/2023/187

[14] Shayara Bano vs Union of India 9 SCC 1 (n 82) [101] (Nairman J)

[15] In 1969, Justice Scarman recommended the abolition of this remedy

[16] T. Sareetha v. Venkata Subbaiah, AIR 1983 AP 356

[17] Justice J.S. Verma Committee, Report of Committee on Amendments to Criminal Law (January 23,2013)

[18] Criminal Law (Amendement) Act, No. 13 of 2013, PEN CODE 375, Exception 2; The Criminal Lw (Amendement) Act, No. 13 of 2013, PEN. CODE 376A

[20] LOK SABHA DEBATES, Question on Marital Rape, 2016, Question No. 2872, March 15, 2016

[22] Independent Thought v. Union of India 10 SCC 800, AIR 2017 SC 4904

[24] Law Commission of India, 172^nd Report on Review of Rape Laws (2000); Nigam, supra note 22, at 13

[25] Janani. G.S, Dr. S Pandiraj “MARITAL RAPE IN INDIA – NEED FOR CRIMINALIZATION” 120 International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, (2018)

[26] Independent Thought, 382 SCC at 22; Karnataka v. Krishnappa (2000) SCC (India)

[28] Queen Empress v. Haree Moahn Maiti, (1886) ILR 8 All 622

[29] Sakshi v. Union Of India Writ Petition (Criminal) No. 33 Of 1997

[30] Independent Thought v. Union of India 10 SCC 800, AIR 2017 SC 4904

[31] Nimeshnhai Bharatbhai Desai v. State of Gujrat 2018 SCC Online Guj 732, [104] 62

[32] Raju Ahmed Laskar v. The State of Assam and Ors. LQ/GauHC/2023/187

[34] Krina Patel, The Gap in Marital Rape Law in India: Advocating for Criminalization and Social Change, 42 Fordham Int'l L.J. 1519 (2019)

[35] Harvinder Kaur v. Harmander Singh AIR 1984 Delhi 66, ILR 1984 Delhi 546

[36] ‘The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act 2013’, No. 13 of 2013 (Amendment Act 2013)(2013)

State Through Reference vs Ram Signh & Ors. (2014) App. No. 6/2013

[1] "In order to fulfill our dharma, first start with the body."

[2] Article 38. State to secure a social order for the promotion of welfare of the people.—(1) The State shall strive to promote the welfare of the people by securing and protecting as effectively as it may a social order in which justice, social, economic and political, shall inform all the institutions of the national life. (2) The State shall, in particular, strive to minimise the inequalities in income, and endeavour to eliminate inequalities in status, facilities and opportunities, not only amongst individuals but also amongst groups of people residing in different areas or engaged in different vocations.

[3] A.K. Gopalan v. State of Madras, AIR 1950 SC 27.

[4] Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India AIR 1978 SC 597.

[5] K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India AIR 2017 SC 4161.

[6] Narendra Kumar v. State of Haryana JT (1994) 2 SC 94

[8] Chameli Singh v. State of U.P. (1996) 2 SCC 549

[9] M.H. Hoskot v. State of Maharashtra AIR 1978 SC 1548

[10] Sunil Batra (No.1) v. Delhi Administration AIR 1978 SC 1575

[11] It is well established that the right to life under Article 21 of the Constitution includes the right to lead a dignified and meaningful life and the right to health is an integral facet of this right. See Devika Biswas v. Union of India and others, (2016) 10 SCC 726

[13] We accept that the right to life provided for in Article 21 of the Constitution must be given an expansive meaning. The right to life, we acknowledge, encompasses several rights but for the time being we are concerned with three important constitutional rights, each one of them W.P(Civil) No.193 of 2016 Page 22 being basic and fundamental. These rights articulated by the petitioner are the right to live with dignity, the right to shelter and the right to health. The State is obligated to ensure that these fundamental rights are not only protected but are enforced and made available to all citizens. Ashwini Kumar v. Union of India AIR 2018 SC (SUPP) 254.

[14] This right to live with human dignity enshrined in Article 21 derives its life breath from the Directive Principles of State Policy and particularly clauses (e) and (f) of Article 39 and Articles 41 and 42 and at the least, therefore, it must include protection of the health and strength of the workers, men and women, and of the tender age of children against abuse, opportunities and facilities for children to develop in a healthy manner and in conditions of freedom and dignity, educational facilities, just as humane condi- tions of work and maternity relief. Bandhua Mukti Morcha v. Union of India, [1984] 3 SCC 161

[17] Pt. Parmanand Katara v. Union of India AIR 1989 SC 2039

[18] The patient whether he be an innocent person or be a criminal liable to punishment under the laws of the society, it is the obligation of those who are in-charge of the health of the community to preserve life so that the inno- cent may be protected and the guilty may be punished. Social laws do not contemplate death by negligence to tantamount to legal punishment. Pt. Parmanand Katara v. Union of India AIR 1989 SC 2039.

[19] Vincent Panikurlangara v. Union Of India & Ors. 1987 AIR 990

[20] Paschim banga Khet Mazdoor Samity v. State of West Bengal 1996 (4) SCC 37

[21] Consumer Education Research Centre v. Union of India AIR 1995 SC 922.

[22] The Constitution envisages the establishment of a welfare state at the federal level as well as at the state level. In a welfare state the primary duty of the Government is to secure the welfare of the people. Providing adequate medical facilities for the people is an essential part of the obligations undertaken by the Government in a welfare state. The Government discharges this obligation by running hospitals and health centres which provide medical care to the person seeking to avail those facilities. Paschim Banga Khet Mazdoor Samity f Ors vs State Of West Bengal & Anr. 1996 SCC (4) 37, JT 1996 (6) 43.

[24] Government has constitutional obligation to provide the health facilities. If the Government servant has suffered an ailment which requires treatment at a specialised approved hospital and on reference whereat the Government servant had undergone such treatment therein, it is but the duty of the State to bear the expenditure incurred by the Government servant. State of Punjab v. Mohinder Singh Chawla AIR 1997 SUPREME COURT 1225

[25] It is now settled law that right to health is an integral to right to life. Government has constitutional obligation to provide the health facilities. State Of Punjab & Ors v. Mohinder Singh Chawla Etc. AIR 1997 SUPREME COURT 1225

[26] Ashwini Kumar v. Union of India AIR 2018 SC (SUPP) 2541

[1] Information Technology (Intermediaries Guidelines) Rules, 2011, Rule 3(2), (India).

[2] Information Technology (Intermediaries Guidelines) Rules, 2011, Rule 6, (India).

[3] Dr. Zaheer Ahmed v Union of India & Ors., Writ Petition no. 11711/2018, Delhi HC, 2019.

[5] Bombay Prevention of Gambling Act, 1887,§3 (4 of 1887) (India).

[6] M/s Gaussian networks Pvt. Ltd. v Monica Lakhanpal and State of NCT Delhi, C.R.P. 119/2012, Order dated 21.04.2016 (Delhi, April 21, 2016).

[7] All Kerala Online Lottery Dealers Associations v State of Kerala, [(2016) 2 SCC 161].

[1] Dr. O.N. Ravi, The Contractual Interpretation Rule- Contra Proferentem: It’s Relevance in Modern Law, 2, CMR Uni. J. Cont. Leg. Aff., 112, 113 (2022).

[3] Aparaijita Haripriya Mannava, The Legal Validity of Self-Prescribed Rules of Interpretation and Construction of Contracts, 5 Int. J. Law Man. & Hum., 859, 859-860 (2022).

[5] Vincet R. Martorana & Michael K. Zitelli, A Guide to Contract Interpretation, Reed Smith LLP, 1, 5 (2013).

[6] HEIN KOTZ, Contract Law TRANSLATED BY GILL MERTENS & TONY WEIR, CH.6 (Oxford, 2017).

[8] Peter Cserne, Policy Considerations in Contract Interpretation: The Contra Proferentem Rule from A Comparative Law and Economics Perspective, 5 Uni. Hull, 1, 114 (2007).

[10] David Horton, Flipping the Script: Contra Proferentem and Standard Form Contracts, 80, Uni. Col. Law Rev., 432, 473 (2009).

[11] SIR KIM LEWISON, The Interpretation of Contracts, 360 (South Asian Reprint 2016).

[13] See Article 1157 & 1158 of The French Code Civil, 1804; Article 1284 & 1286 of The Spanish Codigo Civil, 2016; Article 1367-1369 of The Italian Codice Civil, 1942; Article 4.4 & 4.5 of The UNIDROIT Principles.

[15] Characteristically, the rule was included in all the European codifications until the end of the 19^th century, but not in general contract law rules. These countries have codified the contra proferentem rule for standard form of contracts only. Later, mainly in accord with the European directive, every non-negotiated consumer contracts became subject to the rule too.

[19] Dr. REINHARD ZIMMERMANN, The Law of Obligations, Roman Foundations of the Civilian Tradition, 639-640 (Juta & Co. Ltd, 1992).

[22] Jonna McCunn, The Contra Proferentem Rule: Contract Law’s Great Survivor, 39(3), Oxf. J. Leg. Stud., 483, 505 (2019).

[25] Justice Binnie, Co-operators Life Insurance Co. v. Gibbens, (2009) 3 SCR 605.

[26] Houghton v. Trafalgar Insurance Co. Ltd., (1954) 1 QB 247.

[27] Terson Ltd. v. Stevenage Development Corporation, (1963) EWCA Civ J1023-3.

[28] Johnson v. Edgware & Railway Co., 55 E.R. 982.

[29] Savil Brothers Ltd. v. Bethell, (1902) 2 Ch 253.

[31] CDV Software Entertainment AG v. Gamecock Media Europe Ltd., (2009) EWHC 2965 (Ch).

[32] Cornish v. Accident Insurance Co., Civil Action No. 3:06CV-344-DW.

[34] J.W CARTER, Carter’s Breach of Contract, 48 (Hart Publishing, 2018).

[35] MP Ram Mohan & Anmol Jain, Exclusion Clauses Under the Indian Contract Law: A Need to Account for Unreasonableness,13 NUJS L. Rev., 1, 2 (2020).

[36] EDWIN PEEL, Treital on the Law of Contract, 7-15 (Sweet & Maxwell,2020).

[39] Section 91 through Section 97, Indian Evidence Act, 1872.

[40] Abhishek Akshantaka, Analyzing the Jurisdictional Arbitrage Potency of Indian Contract Law: With the Distinct Application of the Parol Evidence Rule of Contract Interpretation, 8, Asian Law Public Policy Rev., 137, 142-143 (2023).

[42] Halbury’s Laws of England (5^th ed, 2016) 60, para 105.

[43] United India Insurance Co. Ltd. v. M/S. Orient Treasures Pvt. Ltd., 2016 (3) SCC 49.

[44] M/S. I.P. & Investment Corpn. V. New India Assuance Co. Ltd., Civil Appeal No. 1130 of 2007.

[45] Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Ltd. v. Dewan Chand Ram Saran, AIR 2012 SC 2829.

[46] General Assurance Society Ltd. v. Chandmull Jain and Anr., 1966 SCR (3) 500.

[47] United India Insurance Co. Ltd. v. M/S. Pushpalaya Printers, AIR 2004 SC 1700.

[48] Namrata Singh & Ors. V. Director, General Civil Aviation, AIR 2017 (NOC) 692 (DEL.).

[49] Bank of India v. K. Mohandas, & Ors., Civil Appeal No. 1942 of 2009.

[50] Sushilben Indravadan Gandhi v. The New Indian Assurance Company, (2021) 7 SCC 151.

IJLRA	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals Volume 5 Issue 8 2022 Page 1-6
IEEE	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, 5(8)

CYBERCRIME AND CYBERSECURITY AS CHALLENGES BY: SHALINI PRIYA

CASE COMMENT: ARUNACHALA GOUNDER (DEAD) BY LRS VS PONNUSAMY (2022) 11 SCC 520 BY - SHAILJA SINGH

CORPORATE LIABILITY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HARM: A STUDY BY - POOJA N HATYAL

LEGAL PERCEPTION ON ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION IN HUMAN BEINGS WITH REFERENCE TO INDIA BY - HARIPRIYA BHARADWAJ

MENTAL HEALTH AND HUMAN RIGHTS: A LEGAL PERSPECTIVE ON CHALLENGES AND PROTECTIONS BY - KISHORE CHANDURU KR

MARITAL RAPE LAW IN INDIA BY - AARATTRIKA CHANDA

CONSTITUTIONAL PERSPECTIVES ON RIGHT TO HEALTH IN INDIA BY: ADV. RUSHIL SHARMA

IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHT LAWS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES - ACHIEVEMENTS AND SETBACKS. BY - LAKSHYA MALHOTRA & HEER DESAI

USE OF ONLINE PLATFORM FOR ILLEGAL SELLING AND GAMBLING BY - MS. ANANYA GOYAL & DR. JYOTI DHARM

CONTRA PROFERENTEM: AN IN-DEPTH ANALYSIS OF IT’S HISTORICAL EVOLUTION, PRINCIPLES, AND IMPACT ON INDIAN CONTRACT LAW BY - GULNAR ARORA

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