SCOPE OF INTOXICATION UNDER SECTION 85 AND 86 OF INDIAN PENAL CODE, 1860 BY - SHUBHANG IGNATIUS FRANCIS

Authors : SHUBHANG IGNATIUS FRANCIS

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ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE AND THE RIGHT TO MEDICAL TREATMENT FOR PRISONERS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ARTICLE 21 OF THE CONSTITUTION BY: SATYAM KUMAR

Authors: SATYAM KUMAR

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TARGETING WESTPHALIAN SOVEREIGNTY: THE USE OF ARMED DRONES IN NON-CONFLICT AREAS BY - Dr.S. Krishnan & Ms. Sonam Sharma

Authors : Dr.S. Krishnan & Ms. Sonam Sharma

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BEYOND THE SCREEN: THE LEGAL BATTLE AGAINST ONLINE HARASSMENT AND CYBERBULLYING BY- YASH SINGHAL

Authors : YASH SINGHAL

Registration ID : 106233 Published Paper ID: IJLRA6233

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FROM DATA TO VERDICT NAVIGATING AI.S GROWTH & BLEMISH IN THE LEGAL SYSTEM BY - FAHEEM KHAN

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EXPLORING THE INTERSECTION OF CRYPTOCURRENCY TECHNOLOGY & INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS: CHALLENGES, OPPORTUNITIES AND LEGAL IMPLICATIONS BY- MEKHLA CHAKRABORTY & ANUSHKA DHRUVE

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INTERNATIONAL FINANCE CORPORATION: AN INVESTOR FACING TROUBLE IN CONTEMPORARY TIMES BY - ARYAN CHOWDHRY & ANMOL KAUR SANDHU

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BYTE WARS AND PRIVACY FRONTIERS: UNVEILING CYBER LAWS IN INDIA AND THE EUROPEAN UNION BY - YASH SINGHAL

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TECHNIQUES IN FACIAL RECONSTRUCTION: A FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE BY: ISHAAN DEEPAK JOSHI

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GUARDIANS OF JUSTICE? EVALUATING THE INDIAN POLICE SYSTEM, IDENTIFYING CHALLENGES, AND PROPOSING REFORMS BY - SAURABH SHUKLA

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International journal for legal research and analysis

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[1] Attorney General Northern Ireland v Gallagher [1963] AC 349

[2] Bapu Gajraj Singh vs State Of Rajasthan on 4 June, 2007

[3] Surendra Mishra vs State Of Jharkhand on 6 January, 2011,

[7] Ramanand Ramnath vs The State Of Madhya Pradesh on 10 April, 1996,

[10] 2 Soolkal & Francis Mansingh v The State (Trinidad And Tobago) [1999] UKPC 37

[11] R v Sheehan and Moore [1975] 60 Cr App R 308

[12] Venkappa Kannappa Chowdari vs State Of Karnataka on 29 June, 1995,

[13] Basdev vs The State Of Pepsu on 17 April, 1956

[15] Bablu @ Mubarik Hussain Ã ... vs State Of Rajasthan Ã Respondent on 12 December, 2006,

[1] Akshay. n.d. "PRISONER’S RIGHT TO HEALTH CARE DURING PANDEMIC." JLRJS.

[2] Bhullar, N. (2018). Prison Health in India: A Review. Indian Journal of Public Health, 62(2), 124-131.

[3] D, Ashna. 2020. "Do prisoners in India have a right to health?" blogs.lse.

[6] International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

[14] Mukherjee, S. (2016). A Prison's Promise: Is Healthcare the Silver Lining? Economic and Political Weekly, 51(28), 49-54.

[15] n.d. "National Anti Crime Human Right Council Of India." www.nachrcoi.co.in. https://www.nachrcoi.co.in/our-services/prisoners-right/index.php.

[17] Bhageria, Aastha. 2022. "HEALTHCARE PROVISIONS FOR PRISONERS IN INDIA." Jus Corpos Law Journal 10. https://www.juscorpus.com/healthcare-provisions-for-prisoners-in-india/#_ftn1.

[18] Panduri, Jagadiswari. 2021. "PRISONER’S RIGHT TO HEALTHCARE – THE JAIL HEALTHCARE ISSUE." Know Law

[20] Tripathi, Dr. Rahul. 2017. "Protection of Human Rights of Prisoners under Indian ." International Journal of Management and Social Sciences Research (IJMSSR) 40.

[30] International covenant on civil and Political rights, 1996

[1] Sven Lindqvist, A History of Bombing (The New Press, 2003); quoted in Frede?ric? Megret,? “From ‘Savages’ to ‘Unlawful Combatants’: A Postcolonial Look at International Humanitarian Law’s ‘Other,’” in International Law and Its “Others,” ed. Anne Orford (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006).

1 [2] Speech by George P. Schultz at the Park Avenue Synagogue in Manhattan in 1984, quoted in Markus Gunneflo, Targeted Killing: A Legal and Political History (Cambridge University Press, 2016).

[3] Peter L Bergen and Daniel Rothenberg, Drone Wars: Transforming Conflict, Law, and Policy (Cambridge University Press, 2014), 130. See also http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/2402479.stm

[4] For two opposing views on leadership decapitation see Bryan C Price, “Targeting Top Terrorists: How Leadership Decapitation Contributes to Counterterrorism,” International Security 36, no. 4 (2012): 9–46. and Jenna Jordan, “Attacking the Leader, Missing the Mark,” International Security 38, no. 4 (2014): 7–38, doi:10.1162/ISEC_a_00157.

[5] From now on also referred to with the acronym COIN

[6] From now on also referred to with the acronym IHL

[7] From now on also referred to with the acronym IHRL

[8] Stephen D Krasner, Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy (Princeton University Press, 1999).

[9] In particular Art. 2 (United Nations, “Charter of the United Nations,” 1945, http://www.unwebsite.com/charter.

[10] For instance, law enforcement operations in nations have to respect International Human Rights Law. See for instance International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), “The Use of Force in Law Enforcement Operations,” 2015, https://www.icrc.org/en/document/use-force-law-enforcement-operations

[11] The United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs (UNODA), “Study on Armed Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Prepared on the Recommendation of the Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters” (New York, NY, 2015), 27, https://unoda-web.s3-accelerate.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/assets/publications/more/drones-study/drones-study.pdf.

[12] Ben Emmerson, “Special Rapporteur on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms While Countering Terrorism, Ben Emmerson” (2013), para. 60, https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N13/478/77/PDF/N1347877.pdf?OpenElement.

[13] Or in more recent years for suspected members of the so-called ‘Islamic State’.

[14] For applying IHRL on targeting in non-belligerent states see for instance Nils Melzer, “Human Rights Implications of the Usage of Drones and Unmanned Robots in Warfare,” 2013, 99, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/etudes/join/2013/410220/EXPO-DROI_ET(2013)410220_EN.pdf. quoted in Jelena Pejic, “Extraterritorial Targeting by Means of Armed Drones: Some Legal Implications,” International Review of the Red Cross 96, no. 893 (2014): 31.

[15] Declaration Renouncing the Use, in Time of War, of Explosive Projectiles Under 400 Grammes Weight quoted in The United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs (UNODA), “Study on Armed Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Prepared on the Recommendation of the Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters,” para. 25.

[16] See for instance Kenneth Anderson, “Targeted Killing in U.S. Counterterrorism Strategy and Law,” 2009, https://www.brookings.edu/research/targeted-killing-in-u-s-counterterrorism-strategy-and-law/.

[17] Eric Holder, “Attorney General Eric Holder Speaks at Northwestern University School of Law,” 2012, https://www.justice.gov/opa/speech/attorney-general-eric-holder-speaks-northwestern-university-school-law.

[18] Philip Alston, “Report of the Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions. Study on Targeted Killings,” 2010, http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/14session/A.HRC.14.24.Add6.pdf.

[19] Pejic, “Extraterritorial Targeting by Means of Armed Drones: Some Legal Implications,” 36. As Pejic points out, this concept is also rebuked by the European Union which stresses a ‘criminal justice approach’ to the fight against terrorism.

[20] Markus Gunneflo, Targeted Killing: A Legal and Political History (Cambridge University Press, 2016).

[21] Gunneflo, Targeted Killing: A Legal and Political History, 1.

[23] Jens Bartelson, “Double Binds: Sovereignty and the Just War Tradition,” Sovereignty in Fragments: The Past, Present and Future of a Contested Concept, 2010. quoted in Gunneflo, Targeted Killing: A Legal and Political History, 7.

[24] Roberto Esposito, Immunitas: The Protection and Negation of Life (Zakiya Hanafi Tr.) (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2011); quoted in Gunneflo, Targeted Killing: A Legal and Political History, 7.

[26] The Iraq and Afghanistan wars as examples of this.

[27] The killing of Osama Bin-Laden for instance, Peter Baker, Helene Cooper, and Mark Mazzetti, “Bin Laden Is Dead, Obama Says,” The New York Times, May 1, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/02/world/asia/osama-bin-laden-is-killed.html.

[28] Frank Sauer and Niklas Schörnig, “Killer Drones: The ‘silver Bullet’of Democratic Warfare?,” Security Dialogue 43, no. 4 (2012): 363–80.

[29] Such as international law and the human rights regime.

[30] These tendencies have been highlighted in several instances by scholars of Private Military Security Companies (PMSCs), see for instance Eugenio Cusumano, “Policy Prospects for Regulating Private Military and Security Companies,” in War by Contract. Human Rights, Humanitarian Law and Private Contractors, ed. F. Francioni and N. Ronzitti (Oxford: Oxford University Press Oxford, 2012) and Peter W Singer, Corporate Warriors: The Rise of the Privatized Military Industry and Its Ramifications for International Security, Revised Ed (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2007).

[31] For instance, Plaw and Fricker have examined the strategic wisdom of the US Predator drone campaign. See Avery Plaw and Matthew S Fricker, “Tracking the Predators: Evaluating the US Drone Campaign in Pakistan,” International Studies Perspectives 13, no. 4 (2012): 344–65.

[32] Michael J Boyle, “The Costs and Consequences of Drone Warfare,” International Affairs 89, no. 1 (2013): 1–29, doi:10.1111/1468-2346.12002.

[33] Mark Pope, “Reporting beyond the Pale: UK News Discourse on Drones in Pakistan,” Critical Studies on Terrorism 10, no. 1 (2016), 1–24.

[35] International Legal Sovereignty, Westphalian Sovereignty, Domestic Sovereignty and Interdependence Sovereignty

[37] Max Byrne, “Consent and the Use of Force: An Examination of ‘intervention by Invitation’as a Basis for US Drone Strikes in Pakistan, Somalia and Yemen,” Journal on the Use of Force and International Law 3, no. 1 (2016): 97–125.

[40] Gregoire? Chamayou, Drone Theory, ed. Janet Lloyd (Londen?: Penguin Books, 2015).

[42] National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, “The 9/11 Commission Report,” 2004, 362, http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/report/911Report.pdf.

[43] Paul W Kahn, “Imagining Warfare,” European Journal of International Law 24, no. 1 (2013): 199–226.

[45] Megret,? “From ‘Savages’ to ‘Unlawful Combatants’: A Postcolonial Look at International Humanitarian Law’s ‘Other.’”

[46] Open Society Foundations, “After the Dead Are Counted: U.S. and Pakistani Responsibilities to Victims of Drone Strikes,” 2014, https://www.OPENSOCIETYFOUNDATIONS.org/sites/default/files/after-dead-are-counted-20141120.pdf.

[47] International Human Rights and Conflict Resolution Clinic (Stanford Law School) and Global Justice Clinic (NYU School of Law), “Living Under Drones: Death, Injury and Trauma to Civilians from US Drone Practices in Pakistan,” International Human Rights and Conflict Resolution Clinic at Stanford Law School and Global Justice Clinic at NYU School of Law, 2012, http://chrgj.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Living-Under-Drones.pdf.

[48] Mahmood Ahmad, “The Legality of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Outside the Combat Zone: A Case Study of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistan,” Defense & Security Analysis 30, no. 3 (2014): 245–53.

[49] Mahmood Ahmad, “The Use of Drones in Pakistan: An Inquiry into the Ethical and Legal Issues,” The Political Quarterly 85, no. 1 (2014): 65–74.

[50] Ahmad, “The Legality of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Outside the Combat Zone: A Case Study of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistan.”

[51] International Crisis Group, “Drones: Myths and Reality in Pakistan,” 2013, https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/drones-myths-and-reality-in-pakistan.pdf.

[52] Jeremy Moses, “Sovereignty as Irresponsibility? A Realist Critique of the Responsibility to Protect,” Review of International Studies 39, no. 1 (2013): 113–35.

[53] Moses, “Sovereignty as Irresponsibility? A Realist Critique of the Responsibility to Protect”, 119.

[54] Moses, “Sovereignty as Irresponsibility? A Realist Critique of the Responsibility to Protect.”

[56] Moses, “Sovereignty as Irresponsibility? A Realist Critique of the Responsibility to Protect,” 120.

[57] Carl Schmitt, Political Theology: Four Chapters on the Concept of Sovereignty (University of Chicago Press, 1985), 5.

[58] Moses, “Sovereignty as Irresponsibility? A Realist Critique of the Responsibility to Protect,” 123.

[61] Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, ed. J. C. A. Gaskin (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006). quoted in Moses, “Sovereignty as Irresponsibility? A Realist Critique of the Responsibility to Protect.”

[62] Jonathan Wolff, An Introduction to Political Philosophy, [2nd] rev. (Oxford etc.?: Oxford University Press, 2006).

[63] Bartelson, “Double Binds: Sovereignty and the Just War Tradition,” 83.

[64] Bartelson, “Double Binds: Sovereignty and the Just War Tradition.”

[65] Max Weber, From Max Weber?: Essays in Sociology, ed. Hans H 1908- 1908-1978 Gerth and C.Wright 1916-1962 Mills, [2nd] new (London?: Routledge, 1991), 78.

[68] Verena Erlenbusch, “Notes on Violence: Walter Benjamin’s Relevance for the Study of Terrorism,” Journal of Global Ethics 6, no. 2 (2010): 168.

[69] Anderson Malcolm, “Frontiers, Territory and State Formation in the Modern World,” Cambridge: Polity, 1996; quoted in Peter Andreas, “Redrawing the Line: Borders and Security in the Twenty-First Century,” International Security 28, no. (2003): 78.

[70] Andreas, “Redrawing the Line: Borders and Security in the Twenty-First Century,”

[71] Ibid. Andreas gives as a good example of this tendency the US and EU approach to border policing.

[72] Nick Vaughan-Williams, Border Politics: The Limits of Sovereign Power (Edinburgh University Press, 2009), 70.

[73] Carl Levy, “Refugees, Europe, Camps/state of Exception:‘into the Zone’, the European Union and Extraterritorial Processing of Migrants, Refugees, and Asylum-Seekers (Theories and Practice),” Refugee Survey Quarterly 29, no. 1 (2010): 92–119.

[75] W Hays Parks, “Memorandum of Law: Executive Order 12333 and Assassination,” Army Law, 1989, 4; quoted in Mark V Vlasic, “Assassination & Targeted Killing-A Historical and Post-Bin Laden Legal Analysis,” Geo. J. Int’l L. 43 (2011): 189.

[76] Vlasic referred to Grotius and Gentili as an example of this belief held amongst law scholars.

[77] Ward Thomas, “Norms and Security: The Case of International Assassination,” International Security 25, no. 1 (2000): 110.

[78] Thomas refers to the Swiss jurist Vattel and his idea of treachery as constituting an assassination. For more see Thomas, “Norms and Security: The Case of International Assassination.”

[81] Vlasic, “Assassination & Targeted Killing-A Historical and Post-Bin Laden Legal Analysis.”

[82] Gunneflo, Targeted Killing: A Legal and Political History.

[84] Both Vlasic and Banks, Raven-Hansen offer an informative legal analysis of the Executive Orders prohibiting assassinations. For more see Ibid.; and William C Banks and Peter Raven-Hansen, “Targeted Killing and Assassination: The US Legal Framework,” U. Rich. L. Rev. 37 (2002): 667.

[85] Thomas, “Norms and Security: The Case of International Assassination.”

[86] As Thomas remarks ‘The tentative killing of Pancho Villa by the US in 1916 was an example of a conventional response to stop an unconventional threat’

[87] Michael Foucault quoted in Gunneflo, Targeted Killing: A Legal and Political History.

[89] Brian M Jenkins, “International Terrorism: The Other World War” (DTIC Document, 1985); quoted in Gunneflo, Targeted Killing: A Legal and Political History.

[90] The directive remained largely classified until 2010. For more see Ibid.

[94] See for instance Claire Sterling “The terror network: the secret war of international terrorism.” (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1981.)

[95] Edward S. Herman and Frank Brodhead “The rise and fall of the Bulgarian connection.” (New York: Sheridan Square Publications, 1986.)

[96] Abraham D Sofaer, “The Sixth Annual Waldemar A. Solf Lecture in International Law: Terrorism, the Law, and the National Defense,” Mil. L. Rev. 126 (1989): 89. For a wider analysis of the speech and its implications see Gunneflo, Targeted Killing: A Legal and Political History, 131.

[97] Sofaer, “The Sixth Annual Waldemar A. Solf Lecture in International Law: Terrorism, the Law, and the National Defense,” 90.

[98] As we have seen, legal scholars have argued against this view of the assassination ban sustaining how it does not restrict the options available to the US administration, some of them argues that the ban muddles the water around the ban creating legal uncertainty. For more see Vlasic, “Assassination & Targeted Killing-A Historical and Post-Bin Laden Legal Analysis.”

[99] Particularly important in this context are the abovementioned speech by Sofaer, and the speech by George P. Schultz at the Park Avenue Synagogue in Manhattan in 1984. For more see Gunneflo, Targeted Killing: A Legal and Political History.

[100] Thomas, “Norms and Security: The Case of International Assassination.”

[101] Max Byrne, “Consent and the Use of Force: An Examination of ‘intervention by Invitation’as a Basis for US Drone Strikes in Pakistan, Somalia and Yemen,”

[102] Krasner, Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy.

[103] International Crisis Group, “Drones: Myths and Reality in Pakistan,”

[104] It is easy to think about a raid by special forces (the Bin-Laden’s raid a case in point), a limited ground invasion (first Gulf War) and other cases

[105] For instance, the raid which went wrong in Yemen at the beginning of the Trump’s presidency. For more see here: https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/01/world/middleeast/donald-trump-yemen-commando-raid-questions.html?_r=0

106 [106] The so-called ‘signature strikes’. The website “The Intercept” released a series of leaked documents detailing the bureaucracy behind drones strikes. For more see here: Jeremy Scahill, “The Assassination Complex,” The Intercept, October 15, 2015, https://theintercept.com/drone-papers/the-assassination-complex/.

[107] Patrick Porter, The Global Village Myth: Distance, War, and the Limits of Power (Georgetown University Press, 2015), 94; quoted in Gunneflo, Targeted Killing: A Legal and Political History, 120.

[108] For more see for instance the International Crisis Group, “Drones: Myths and Reality in Pakistan.”

[110] Audrey Macklin and Rainer Baubock, “The Return of Banishment: Do the New Denationalisation Policies Weaken Citizenship?,” Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies Research Paper No. RSCAS 14 (2015).

[113] Andreas, “Redrawing the Line: Borders and Security in the Twenty-First Century.”

[114] Megret,? “From ‘Savages’ to ‘Unlawful Combatants’: A Postcolonial Look at International Humanitarian Law’s ‘Other.’”

[115] Thomas, “Norms and Security: The Case of International Assassination.”

[116] Asymmetric warfare and technological innovation being the two briefly analysed in this manuscript.

[1] Geoffrey Nathan, Esq, "Cyberbullying Laws, Charges & Statute of Limitations," Federal Charges, October 1, 2023, available at: https://www.federalcharges.com/cyberbullying-laws-charges/

[2] "The Protection from Harassment Act 1997," Commons Library Research Briefing, October 2, 2023, available at: https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/sn06648/

[3] "Shaping Europe’s Digital Future," European Commission, October 4, 2023, available at: https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/web-accessibility

[4] "Internet Service Provider (ISP)," Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School, October 4, 2023, available at: https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/internet_service_provider_(isp)

[5] "Victims of Cyberbullying [What Europe Does for You]," European Parliamentary Research Service, October 6, 2023, available at: https://epthinktank.eu/2018/10/28/victims-of-cyberbullying-what-europe-does-for-you/

[1] Aryaman Gupta, Legal tech start-ups have raised $57 mn in funding since 2013, Business Standard (Dec. 22, 2022), https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/legal-tech-start-ups-raised-57-million-in-funding-since-2013-says-report-122122100918_1.html.

[2] Steve Lohr, A.I. Is Doing Legal Work. But It Won’t Replace Lawyers, Yet., The New York Times (Mar. 19, 2017), https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/19/technology/lawyers-artificial-intelligence.html.

[3] Kathryn D. Betts And Kyle R Jaep, The Dawn of Fully Automated Contract Drafting: Machine Learning Breathes New Life Into a Decades-Old Promise, 15 DUKE LAW & TECHNOLOGY REVIEW 9-12 (2017), https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1306&context=dltr

[4] Bernard Marr, The Future of Lawyers: Legal Tech, AI, Big Data And Online Courts, Forbes (Jan. 17, 2020), https://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2020/01/17/the-future-of-lawyers-legal-tech-ai-big-data-and-online-courts/?sh=69484622f8c4.

^{5 &} [6] Abhinav Singh, INNOVATIVE! Indian Supreme Court uses AI for the first time to transcribe proceedings, Wionews (Feb. 22, 2023), https://www.wionews.com/india-news/innovative-indian-supreme-court-uses-ai-for-the-first-time-to-transcribe-proceedings-564632.

[7] Jagpreet Singh Sandhu, In a first, Punjab and Haryana HC turns to ChatGPT for view on bail in murder case, The Indian Express (Mar. 28, 2023), https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/in-a-first-hc-turns-to-chatgpt-for-view-on-bail-in-murder-case-8522544/oceedings-564632.

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IJLRA	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals Volume 5 Issue 8 2022 Page 1-6
IEEE	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, 5(8)

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