Open Access Research Article
EXPLORING THE INTERSECTION OF CRYPTOCURRENCY TECHNOLOGY & INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS: CHALLENGES, OPPORTUNITIES AND LEGAL IMPLICATIONS
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Article Details
EXPLORING THE INTERSECTION OF
CRYPTOCURRENCY TECHNOLOGY & INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS: CHALLENGES,
OPPORTUNITIES AND LEGAL IMPLICATIONS
AUTHORED
BY- MEKHLA CHAKRABORTY
Phone
Number: 8583059907
Email Id:
mekhlachakraborty03@gmail.com
Name of
Institution: Amity University, Kolkata
CO-AUTHOR-
ANUSHKA DHRUVE
Phone
Number: 9007735358
Email Id:
anushkadhruve4@gmail.com
Name of Institution:
Amity University, Kolkata
Abstract:
Cryptocurrencies
and blockchain technology have ushered in a revolutionary era of decentralized
finance and digital assets, challenging conventional financial and legal
paradigms. This research delves into the intriguing intersection between
cryptocurrency and intellectual property rights, exploring the multifaceted
implications and challenges that arise in this nascent field. The research begins by dissecting the
foundational principles of blockchain technology, including smart contracts and
decentralized applications (DApps), which are at the core of this technological
transformation. It then navigates through the intricate web of intellectual
property rights, analyzing copyright, patent, and trademark issues concerning
cryptocurrencies and blockchain innovation. In doing so, it unravels the
complexities of protecting cryptocurrency source code, innovative DApps, and
proprietary algorithms in an increasingly competitive digital landscape. To
provide a global perspective, this study also explores various jurisdictional
responses to intellectual property issues in the cryptocurrency ecosystem. It
highlights the regulatory disparities in different regions and their potential
impact on the protection and commercialization of blockchain technology. Through
a comprehensive analysis of intellectual property rights in the context of
cryptocurrencies, this study aims to provide a nuanced understanding of the
challenges and opportunities facing creators, innovators, and blockchain
enthusiasts. It contributes to the ongoing discourse on intellectual property
rights within this transformative digital landscape and serves as a vital
resource for legal practitioners, policymakers, and scholars seeking to
navigate this complex terrain.
Keywords: Blockchain,
cryptocurrency, trademark, decentralized, Competition Commission of India,
intellectual property rights
INTRODUCTION
Decentralized Finance, or DeFi,
stands at the forefront of a financial revolution, challenging traditional
paradigms through the transformative power of blockchain technology. At its
core, DeFi seeks to create an open and inclusive financial ecosystem by
leveraging the principles of decentralization, transparency, and
programmability. One of the fundamental pillars of DeFi is blockchain
technology. Blockchain, a distributed and immutable ledger, serves as the
infrastructure that underpins the entire DeFi ecosystem. With smart contracts,
self-executing code on the blockchain, DeFi eliminates the need for intermediaries
in financial transactions. This not only reduces costs but also enhances the
efficiency and speed of various financial processes, such as lending,
borrowing, and trading.
Smart contracts enable automated and
trustless execution of agreements, ensuring that the terms of a financial
transaction are met without the necessity of a centralized authority. This not
only fosters transparency but also mitigates the risks associated with
traditional financial intermediaries. Participants in the DeFi space can engage
in financial activities without relinquishing control of their assets to third
parties. The concept of decentralization extends beyond eliminating
intermediaries. DeFi operates on a peer-to-peer network, enabling users to
interact directly without relying on a centralized authority. This peer-driven
model enhances financial inclusivity, providing access to financial services
for individuals who were previously underserved or excluded from traditional
banking systems. Lending and borrowing are prominent components of the DeFi
landscape. Through decentralized lending platforms, individuals can lend their
crypto assets and earn interest, while borrowers can access capital without the
need for a traditional credit check. This decentralized approach to lending
introduces a new level of financial freedom and inclusivity.
Decentralized exchanges (DEXs)
further exemplify the power of DeFi. These platforms facilitate trustless and
non-custodial trading of digital assets, allowing users to maintain control of
their funds throughout the trading process. The absence of a central authority
mitigates the risks of hacking or manipulation that centralized exchanges may
be susceptible to.
Tokenization, another key aspect of
DeFi, involves representing real-world assets on the blockchain. This process
enables fractional ownership and increased liquidity for a wide range of
assets, from real estate to art. By tokenizing assets, DeFi opens up new
investment opportunities and broadens the scope of what can be traded on
blockchain networks.
However, the rapid growth of DeFi has
not been without challenges. Security concerns, smart contract vulnerabilities,
and regulatory uncertainties pose potential risks to the stability and adoption
of decentralized finance. Striking a balance between fostering innovation and
addressing these challenges remains a crucial task for the sustained
development of the DeFi ecosystem. DeFi represents a paradigm shift in the
financial landscape, challenging the traditional notions of centralized
finance. Through the innovative use of blockchain technology, DeFi introduces a
new era of financial inclusivity, transparency, and efficiency. While
challenges persist, the potential for reshaping global finance and providing
accessible financial services to all remains a driving force behind the
continued evolution of decentralized finance.
CRYPTOCURRENCY AND BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY
Cryptocurrency, a groundbreaking
innovation rooted in cryptographic principles, has emerged as a transformative
force in the realm of digital finance. Beyond being a form of digital currency,
cryptocurrencies are underpinned by blockchain technology, a decentralized and
immutable ledger that has disrupted traditional financial systems and ushered
in a new era of financial possibilities.
At the heart of cryptocurrency lies
the concept of decentralization. Unlike traditional currencies that are
controlled by governments and central banks, cryptocurrencies operate on
decentralized networks of computers. This decentralized nature eliminates the
need for intermediaries, fostering a peer-to-peer system that empowers
individuals to have direct control over their financial transactions.
Blockchain, the technology that
powers cryptocurrencies, ensures transparency, security, and immutability.
Transactions on the blockchain are recorded in blocks that are linked and
secured through complex cryptographic algorithms. This not only prevents
tampering or fraud but also provides a transparent and auditable history of
transactions. The decentralized and trustless nature of blockchain has
implications far beyond currency, extending into various sectors such as supply
chain management, healthcare, and voting systems. Bitcoin, the first and most
well-known cryptocurrency, introduced the concept of a decentralized digital
currency. Conceived in the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis, Bitcoin
aimed to create a currency that operated independently of traditional banking
systems. Since then, thousands of alternative cryptocurrencies, commonly referred
to as altcoins, have been created, each with its unique features and use cases[1].
Smart contracts, a significant
innovation associated with cryptocurrencies like Ethereum, expand the utility
of blockchain technology. Smart contracts are self-executing contracts with the
terms of the agreement directly written into code. These contracts automate and
enforce the execution of agreements, eliminating the need for intermediaries
and reducing the potential for disputes. Cryptocurrencies have also introduced
the concept of tokenization; wherein real-world assets are represented as
digital tokens on the blockchain. This process enables fractional ownership and
facilitates the trading of assets that were traditionally illiquid. Real
estate, art, and even commodities can be tokenized, providing new avenues for
investment and liquidity.
Despite the remarkable potential of
cryptocurrencies, challenges persist. Price volatility, regulatory
uncertainties, and security concerns have led to debates about their long-term
viability and mainstream adoption. Governments and regulatory bodies grapple
with the task of creating frameworks that balance innovation and consumer
protection. Cryptocurrency stands as a revolutionary force, reshaping the
landscape of digital finance. Beyond serving as a medium of exchange,
cryptocurrencies, powered by blockchain technology, embody principles of
decentralization, transparency, and efficiency. As technology continues to
evolve, the impact of cryptocurrency on traditional finance and various
industries is likely to be profound, paving the way for a more decentralized
and inclusive global financial ecosystem.
Cryptocurrency leverages blockchain
technology to redefine the landscape of digital transactions. At its core, a
blockchain is a decentralized, distributed ledger that records transactions
across a network of computers. In the context of cryptocurrency, like Bitcoin
or Ethereum, this blockchain serves as a transparent and tamper-resistant
record of every transaction. Each transaction is bundled into a block, and
these blocks are linked in chronological order, forming an unbroken chain—the
blockchain. The decentralized nature of the blockchain ensures that no single
entity has control over the entire network, enhancing security and trust in the
system. Cryptocurrencies use cryptographic techniques to secure transactions
and control the creation of new units. For instance, Bitcoin relies on a
process called mining, where participants solve complex mathematical problems
to validate transactions and add new blocks to the chain. This decentralized
consensus mechanism prevents fraud and ensures the integrity of the entire
system. Moreover, blockchain technology introduces transparency. Anyone with
access to the blockchain can view the entire transaction history, promoting
accountability and reducing the risk of fraudulent activities. This
transparency is crucial for building trust in a system where users may not know
each other personally.
Smart contracts, a feature of some
blockchain platforms like Ethereum, further enhance the capabilities of
cryptocurrencies. Smart contracts are self-executing contracts with the terms
of the agreement directly written into code. They automatically enforce and
execute the terms when predefined conditions are met, eliminating the need for
intermediaries. The amalgamation of cryptocurrency and blockchain technology
has created a paradigm shift in how we perceive and conduct digital
transactions. The decentralized, transparent, and secure nature of blockchain provides
the foundation for cryptocurrencies to thrive, offering a new era of financial
possibilities and reshaping traditional notions of trust and control.
CRYPTOCURRENCY
AND IPR: BENEFITS AND VULNERABILITIES
Cryptocurrencies have the potential
to significantly enhance the Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) regime in
India, providing innovative solutions to longstanding challenges. The IPR
framework encompasses patents, trademarks, copyrights, and trade secrets, and
integrating cryptocurrencies can bring about positive transformations. One of
the key strengths of cryptocurrencies, particularly blockchain technology, lies
in its ability to establish transparent and immutable records. Applying this to
the IPR landscape, blockchain can be employed to create secure and unalterable
databases for patents, trademarks, and copyrights[2].
This decentralized ledger ensures a reliable and tamper-proof history of
intellectual property rights, reducing the risk of fraud or disputes.
Cryptocurrencies have the potential
to significantly enhance the Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) regime in
India, providing innovative solutions to longstanding challenges. The IPR
framework encompasses patents, trademarks, copyrights, and trade secrets, and
integrating cryptocurrencies can bring about positive transformations. One of
the key strengths of cryptocurrencies, particularly blockchain technology, lies
in its ability to establish transparent and immutable records. Applying this to
the IPR landscape, blockchain can be employed to create secure and unalterable
databases for patents, trademarks, and copyrights. This decentralized ledger
ensures a reliable and tamper-proof history of intellectual property rights,
reducing the risk of fraud or disputes. Smart contracts, self-executing contracts
with the terms of the agreement directly written into code, offer a
groundbreaking application within the IPR domain. These contracts can automate
various aspects of intellectual property management, from licensing agreements
to royalty distributions. This not only streamlines processes but also
minimizes the potential for errors and disputes, fostering a more efficient and
trustworthy system.
In the context of trademarks,
blockchain can revolutionize the registration and protection process. Trademark
details recorded on a blockchain provide immutable proof of ownership and a
timestamped history, crucial in case of disputes. This transparency can also
prevent the unauthorized use of trademarks and counterfeiting, bolstering the
protection of brands and fostering a more secure business environment. The
global nature of cryptocurrencies aligns with the international scope of
intellectual property. Blockchain can facilitate cross-border protection of IPR
by providing a standardized and easily accessible repository of rights. This
can simplify the process of verifying and enforcing intellectual property
rights on a global scale, making it more efficient for businesses operating
internationally.
Furthermore, the decentralized nature
of blockchain aligns with the democratizing ethos of intellectual property. By
reducing reliance on centralized authorities, cryptocurrencies empower
individual creators and innovators. This decentralized approach could encourage
more widespread participation in the intellectual property system, especially
benefiting smaller entities and individual artists. While the potential
benefits are evident, challenges such as the integration of these technologies
into existing legal frameworks and issues related to data privacy and security
need to be addressed. Regulatory clarity is essential to provide a supportive
environment for the adoption of crypto-driven solutions within the IPR regime.
The enhanced transparency, efficiency, and security offered by these
technologies can revolutionize how intellectual property rights are managed and
protected, ultimately fostering a more robust and equitable innovation
ecosystem in the country.
SHOULD CRYPTOCURRENCY BE TRADEMARKED?
Cryptocurrencies and the question of
whether they can be trademarked is a nuanced topic at the intersection of
technology, law, and intellectual property. Trademarks typically protect names,
logos, and symbols associated with goods or services to prevent consumer
confusion. In the realm of cryptocurrencies, the debate centers around the
distinctiveness of these digital assets. Many argue that cryptocurrencies, like
Bitcoin or Ethereum, are generic terms describing a type of digital currency
and, therefore, should not be trademarked. However, specific tokens or projects
within the crypto space often have unique names or logos that could qualify for
trademark protection. The process of trademarking a cryptocurrency involves
navigating the existing legal frameworks that may not have anticipated the
complexities of this emerging technology. Traditionally, trademarks are
associated with tangible goods or established services, and applying the same
principles to intangible, decentralized assets pose challenges.
In the USA, ‘cryptocurrency’ has been
mentioned under Trademark ID Manual in Class 9 (cryptocurrency hardware
wallets, hardware for cryptocurrency mining, etc.), Class 36 (financial
exchange, such as cryptocurrency payment processing, cryptocurrency trading
service, etc.) and Class 42 (online cryptocurrency wallet, etc.). The primary
question that emanates from the trademarking concerns of cryptocurrency is the
ambiguity regarding its nature, whether it qualifies as a good or service. In
the case of Alibaba Grp. Holding Ltd. Vs. Alibaba Coin Foundation[3],
the Federal District Court held that cryptocurrency could be trademarked
because it qualified as a good. An important consideration here is that
cryptocurrency could have a dual nature, while for purposes akin to that of
traditional currency it serves as a medium of exchange, for specific purposes
it acts as a good or service. Cryptocurrency names should also not be generic
as was held in the case of Telegram Messenger Inc. vs. Lantah LLC[4].
One key consideration is the
potential for consumer confusion. In a landscape where new cryptocurrencies and
blockchain projects continually emerge, trademarks become crucial for
establishing distinct identities. Trademarking can protect investors and users
from misleading or fraudulent schemes that may exploit the popularity of well-known
cryptocurrencies. Furthermore, the unique branding associated with
cryptocurrency can be an asset for the project. Trademarks can secure the
intellectual property rights of these brands, fostering innovation and
incentivizing development within the crypto space. However, there are
counterarguments. Some assert that the decentralized and open nature of
cryptocurrencies contradicts the idea of exclusive ownership through
trademarks. The ethos of many crypto projects revolves around community-driven
development and transparency, challenging the traditional notions of
intellectual property. As the crypto landscape evolves, legal systems are
adapting to accommodate these technological shifts. Authorities are developing
frameworks that balance the need for trademark protection with the
decentralized principles of cryptocurrencies. This evolution reflects a broader
trend in recognizing the legal implications of blockchain technology.
It is equally important to note that
due to lack of trademark protection, inadequate legal protection exists for the
owner of the cryptocurrency. Further, in recent years, words like ‘bitcoin’ and
‘blockchain’ have gained significant traction and are therefore misused to gain
quick popularity. Thus, extending trademark protection is essential in such
cases[5]. While
the question of whether cryptocurrencies can be trademarked doesn't have a
one-size-fits-all answer, it prompts a crucial exploration of the intersection
between technology and intellectual property law. Striking a balance that
protects consumers, encourages innovation, and respects the decentralized
nature of cryptocurrencies is essential for the continued growth and legitimacy
of this transformative industry.
CRYPTOCURRENCY AND THE EMERGENCE OF ANTI-COMPETITIVE
PRACTICES
The intersection of cryptocurrency
and Indian competition law marks a dynamic interplay between an evolving
digital financial landscape and regulatory frameworks designed to ensure fair
market practices. Cryptocurrencies, with their decentralized nature and
potential to disrupt traditional financial systems, pose unique challenges and
opportunities within the scope of competition law in India.
At the heart of competition law is
the promotion of fair competition, preventing monopolistic practices, and safeguarding
consumer interests. Cryptocurrencies, being a relatively nascent industry, have
yet to be comprehensively addressed by Indian competition regulators. However,
certain key aspects warrant consideration. One primary concern is the potential
emergence of monopolies or dominant players within the cryptocurrency space. As
the industry evolves, certain cryptocurrencies or platforms might gain
significant market share, raising questions about anti-competitive behavior.
Indian competition law authorities would need to monitor and intervene if
practices detrimental to fair competition arise, ensuring that new entrants
have equal opportunities to thrive. Another facet involves the decentralized
nature of many cryptocurrencies. Traditional competition laws are often
designed to address centralized entities, and adapting these frameworks to
decentralized systems presents a novel challenge. The absence of a single
controlling authority in many cryptocurrency networks could influence how
competition authorities approach issues related to market dominance. Fraud and
market manipulation within the cryptocurrency space also fall under the purview
of competition law. Ensuring that market participants engage in fair and
transparent practices aligns with the broader goals of competition regulation.
The regulatory landscape in India
regarding cryptocurrencies is evolving. While there is no specific competition
law addressing the crypto industry, general competition principles apply. The
Competition Commission of India (CCI) has the authority to investigate and
penalize anti-competitive practices, and its role in monitoring the
cryptocurrency space may intensify as the industry matures.
The Competition Act, 2002 defines
enterprise under section 2(h) of the Act as, “a person or department which is
engaged in any activity…..”. The inclusion of blockchain under the definition
of ‘enterprise’ is facilitated by the usage of ‘persons’ and ‘services’ in its
technology. the usage of blockchain includes persons and associations while
blockchain is considered as service, invariably. Section 3 of the Act defines
anti-competitive agreements. Blockchain functions as a consensus mechanism to
alter the status of the ledger. Thus, it comes under the ambit of agreements. Further, jurisdictional concerns arise due to
the anonymity associated with the usage of blockchain as participants may be
spread across jurisdictions making it difficult for authorities to demarcate
jurisdiction of complaints. The celebrated aspect of blockchain is that every
user has equal access to material information allowing for transparency of
transactions. However, such crucial information could also lead to the adoption
of anti-competitive practices. The CCI in its Compliance Manual[6]
decision ruled that disclosure of matters such as prices, conditions and
quantities of goods should be prohibited. In Builders Association of
India v. Cement Association of India and ors[7], the
Commission held that commercially sensitive information could result in the
formation of anti-competitive agreements.
Collaboration between regulatory bodies, including the Reserve Bank of
India (RBI) and the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), is crucial
for a comprehensive approach to regulating cryptocurrencies under competition
law. Clarity in defining the boundaries of jurisdiction and responsibilities of
each regulatory body is essential to avoid regulatory arbitrage and ensure
effective oversight. The integration of cryptocurrency into the fabric of
Indian competition law requires a delicate balance between fostering innovation
and safeguarding fair competition. As the crypto landscape continues to unfold,
regulatory bodies must remain agile, adapting traditional frameworks to suit
the unique characteristics of decentralized financial systems. A proactive and
collaborative approach is key to nurturing a competitive and vibrant
cryptocurrency ecosystem while mitigating potential risks to market integrity
and consumer protection.
A GLOBAL
REGULATORY LANDSCAPE OF CRYPTOCURRENCY
The emergence of cryptocurrencies has
ushered in a new era of financial innovation, transcending national borders and
challenging traditional regulatory frameworks. The regulatory response to
cryptocurrencies varies significantly from country to country, reflecting a
diverse range of perspectives, concerns, and approaches to this decentralized
phenomenon[8].
United States
In the United States, the regulatory
landscape for cryptocurrencies is evolving. Different regulatory bodies, such
as the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), the Commodity Futures Trading
Commission (CFTC), and the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), have asserted their
jurisdiction over various aspects of the crypto space. The U.S. approach
combines elements of consumer protection, securities regulation, and taxation.
China
China has taken a more restrictive
stance on cryptocurrencies. The country banned initial coin offerings (ICOs)
and cracked down on cryptocurrency exchanges, citing concerns about financial
stability and potential capital flight. However, China has been actively
exploring the development of its own central bank digital currency (CBDC),
reflecting a nuanced approach to digital currencies.
Japan
Japan has embraced cryptocurrencies
through a comprehensive regulatory framework. Recognizing Bitcoin as legal
tender, Japan has established licensing requirements for cryptocurrency
exchanges to ensure consumer protection and prevent money laundering. This
approach has positioned Japan as a crypto-friendly nation, fostering innovation
while maintaining regulatory oversight.
European Union
The European Union (EU) has seen a
harmonized yet diverse approach to cryptocurrency regulation. While the EU has
introduced the Fifth Anti-Money Laundering Directive (5AMLD) to regulate
crypto-related activities, individual member states have some flexibility in
implementation. Some countries, like Malta, have embraced cryptocurrencies as a
part of their economic strategy, while others have taken a more cautious
approach[9].
Switzerland
Switzerland has emerged as a global
hub for blockchain and cryptocurrency innovation. Known for its favorable
regulatory environment, Switzerland has attracted numerous cryptocurrencies and
blockchain startups. The Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority (FINMA)
provides clear guidelines, promoting a balance between fostering innovation and
ensuring investor protection.
The global landscape of
cryptocurrency regulations is complex and dynamic, reflecting the diverse
perspectives of nations grappling with the challenges and opportunities
presented by decentralized digital currencies. As technology continues to
evolve, finding a delicate balance between fostering innovation and addressing
regulatory concerns will be crucial for shaping the future of cryptocurrencies
on the global stage. Collaborative efforts and international dialogue may pave
the way for a more coherent and unified regulatory framework that accommodates
the unique characteristics of this rapidly evolving digital asset class.
CONCLUSION
The future of cryptocurrency in India
can be assessed through the following points:
Regulatory Clarity
The regulatory environment plays a
pivotal role in shaping the future of cryptocurrencies in India. If the
government provides clear and favorable regulations, it could pave the way for
increased adoption and integration of cryptocurrencies into the mainstream
financial system. Regulatory clarity would also offer a sense of security to
investors and businesses operating in the crypto space.
Blockchain Technology Integration
Beyond cryptocurrencies, there is a
growing recognition of the potential of blockchain technology in India. Various
sectors, including finance, supply chain, healthcare, and governance, could
benefit from the integration of blockchain. The positive development and
adoption of blockchain technology might positively influence the perception of
cryptocurrencies.
Youthful Population and Digital
Trends
India's youthful population, known
for its tech-savvy nature, may drive the adoption of cryptocurrencies. As
digital transactions become more prevalent, the convenience and borderless
nature of cryptocurrencies might align well with the preferences of the younger
generation.
Financial Inclusion
Cryptocurrencies have the potential
to address issues of financial inclusion in India. With a large unbanked and
underbanked population, decentralized financial systems built on blockchain
could provide a means for financial access and inclusion.
Global Trends and Collaborations
Observing global trends and collaborating
with other nations on regulatory approaches could influence India's stance on
cryptocurrencies. International dialogue and cooperation may lead to a more
consistent and globally interoperable regulatory framework.
Government Initiatives
Government initiatives, such as the
exploration of central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) or government-backed
digital currencies, could shape the landscape. The government's stance on its
own digital currency and its approach to regulating private cryptocurrencies
will be crucial factors.
Investor Education
Promoting awareness and education
about cryptocurrencies can contribute to a more informed and responsible user
base. This, in turn, may alleviate concerns and foster a more positive
environment for the growth of the crypto ecosystem.
It's important to note that
challenges, including security issues, potential misuse, and market volatility,
need to be addressed for cryptocurrencies to gain wider acceptance. The future
of crypto in India will likely be influenced by a delicate balance between
fostering innovation, ensuring consumer protection, and addressing regulatory
concerns. Keeping an eye on regulatory developments and how the crypto
community, businesses, and the government collaborate will provide insights
into the evolving landscape.
[1] Keene, C. (2018) ‘The Intersection
of Cryptocurrencu and Intellectual Property Law’, Ideate. klemchuk, 27
February. Available at:
https://www.klemchuk.com/ideate/cryptocurrency-and-intellectual-property-law
(Accessed: 21 October 2023).
[2] Boerman, B. and Ross, S. (2020)
‘Cryptocurrency and Trademarks: A Bit of a Challenge’, INTA. International
Trademark Association, 15 May. Available at:
https://www.inta.org/perspectives/features/cryptocurrency-and-trademarks-a-bit-of-a-challenge/
(Accessed: 22 October 2023).
[5] ‘Can Trademark Protection be
Extended to Cryptocurrency’ (2021) Kashishipr, 4 August. Available at:
https://www.kashishipr.com/blog/can-trademark-protection-be-extended-to-cryptocurrency/
(Accessed: 15 October 2023).
[6] Compliance Manual for Enterprises,
Competition Commission of India, (2017),
https://www.cci.gov.in/sites/default/files/manual_compliance/manual_booklet.pdf.
[8] White, K., Goel, A. and Waliczek,
S. (2022) ‘Cryptocurrency Regulation: Where are we now, and where are we
heading?’, The Digital Economy. World Economic Forum, 28 March. Available at:
https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/03/where-is-cryptocurrency-regulation-heading/
(Accessed: 25 October 2023).
[9] Ondato (2022) ‘What is the
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Article Information
EXPLORING THE INTERSECTION OF CRYPTOCURRENCY TECHNOLOGY & INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS: CHALLENGES, OPPORTUNITIES AND LEGAL IMPLICATIONS
Authors: MEKHLA CHAKRABORTY, ANUSHKA DHRUVE
- Journal IJLRA
- ISSN 2582-6433
- Published 2023/10/31
- Issue 7
About Journal
International Journal for Legal Research and Analysis
- Abbreviation IJLRA
- ISSN 2582-6433
- Access Open Access
- License CC 4.0
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