INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

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NON-FUNGIBLE TOKENS AND PROPERTY LAW: THE LEGAL CONUNDRUM IMPOSED BY THE CUTTING-EDGE PROPRIETARY PARADIGM BY: - TANMAY AVINASH DESHMUKH

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STRENGTHENING GOVERNANCE, TRANSPARENCY AND AUTONOMY OF` COOPERATIVE BANKS THROUGH LEGISLATIVE COMPETENCE BY - NITHYA SRI S

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DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN INDIA: A HIDDEN RELATIONSHIP WITH DEPRESSION, ANXIETY AND DILEMMA BY: AKANSHA SHRIVASTAVA

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‘ANALYSIS OF PNB SCAM AND ITS IMPACT ON CORPORATE GOVERNANCE. (WITH REGARDS TO THE CSR MODEL.)’ BY: SAMRIDDHI AGRAWAL

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HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION AND THE ROLE OF R2P IN INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS BY- JAI MULANI

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ANALYZING BAIL JURISPRUDENCE UNDER UAPA IN REFERENCE TO WATALI CASE AND POST-WATALI TRENDS BY – NEHA GUPTA

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CULTURAL RIGHTS: WHY IT IS IMPORTANT FOR WOMEN? BY - MANJARI VERMA & DALLENDRA SHEKHAR

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OPENING DOORWAYS TO PLACES OF WORSHIP: GENDER EQUALITY AND INDIAN JURISPRUDENCE BY - DR. AASTHA AGNIHOTRI

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[1] Reserve Bank of India, Report on trends and progress of Banking in India 2020-21 , 98-122 (2021)

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[7] The Securitisation And Reconstruction Of Financial Assets And enforcement Of Security Interest Act, 2002, Act No. 54 Of 2002

[8] The Securitization And Reconstruction Of Financial Assets And Enforcement Of Security Interest Act (SARFAESI) Act, 2002 (Act No. 54 of 2002), Section 2(1)(c)

[9] The Securitization And Reconstruction Of Financial Assets And Enforcement Of Security Interest Act (SARFAESI) Act, 2002 (Act No. 54 of 2002), Section 2(1)(c)

[10] LOK SABHA SECRETARIAT NEW DELHI, Joint_Committee_on_the_Multi-State_Co operative_Societies_(Amendment)_Bill_2022_1.pdf, March 2023

[11] Pandurang Ganpati Chaugale v. Vishwasrao Patil Murgud Sahakari Bank 2020] ibclaw.in 09 SC, CIVIL APPEAL NO. 5674 OF 2009

[12] Union of India and Anr. v. Delhi High Court Bar Association and Ors (2002) 4 SCC 275

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[1] Malcolm D. Evans, International Law, 505 (3^rded. 2010).

[4] Thibaut Jageneau, Faculteit Politieke En Sociale Wetenschappen, University Gent, .Interventionism and the Failing of R2P: Syria as a symbol of a Changing World Order, 21 (2017)

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[13] "Populations at Risk: Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect”, (Feb 12, 2021), www.globalr2p.org.

[14] "Yemen: Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect”, (Feb 15, 2021), www.globalr2p.org. ²¹ Moran, Rick; Horowitz, David, editor, "Libya and the Soros Doctrine". FrontPage Magazine.

[15] Ban Ki-moon, Implementing the Responsibility to Protect, p. 7-8

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[17] "R2P, R.I.P." New York Times. (8 November 2011)

[18] Seybolt, Taylor B. (2007). Humanitarian military intervention: the conditions for success and failure. New York, NY: Oxford University Press Inc. p. 2.

[19] "Responsibility to Protect: The 'Real' Debate on R2P – STWR – Share The World's Resources", (Feb 12, 2021), stwr.org.

[20] Spencer Zifcak, The Responsibility to Protect after Libya and Syria, 13(1) Melbourne Journal of International Law 59, 64 (2012).

[1] Black’s Law Dictionary 181 (3^rd ed. 1933).

[2] Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India, AIR 1978 SC 597.

[3] Gudikanti Narasimhulu v. Public Prosecutor, 1978 SCC (1) 240.

[5] National Investigation Agency v. Zahoor Ahmad Shah Watali, (2019) 5 SCC 1.

[6] Sanjay Chandra v. Central Bureau of Investigation, AIR 2012 SC 830.

[7] State of U.P. v. Amarmani Tripathi, (2005) 8 SCC 21.

[8] Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967, § 43D(6), No. 37, Acts of Parliament, 1967 (India).

[9] Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Act, 2008, No. 35, Acts of Parliament, 1967 (India).

[10] https://theleaflet.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/uncertain-justice-citizens-committee-report-on-north-east-delhi-violence-2020.pdf.

[11] Union of India v. K.A. Najeeb, (2021) 3 SCC 713.

[12] Shaoni Das, The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act and a long way to justice [May 7, 2022] https://theleaflet.in/unlawful-activities-prevention-act-and-a-long-way-to-justice/.

[13] Radhika, Evaluating the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Act, 2019 (2020) https://sprf.in/evaluating-theunlawful- activities-prevention-amendment-act-2019/.

[14] Otto Kirchheimer, Political Justice; The Use of Legal Procedure for Political Ends 26 The Modern Law Review, (Jul., 1963).

[15] Tanishk Gautam & Josheca Mukerji, Critical Analysis of Unlawful Activities Prvention Act, 1967, 26 Supremo Amicus [524] (2021).

[16] Anushka Singh, Criminalising Dissent – Consequences of UAPA (Sept 22, 2012) https://www.epw.in/journal/2012/38/commentary/criminalising-dissent.html.

[17] Niranjan Sahoo and Jibran Khan, UAPA and the growing crisis of judicial credibility in India (Nov 21, 2020) https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/uapa-growing-crisis-judicial-credibility-india/.

[18] Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967, § 43D(5), No. 37, Acts of Parliament, 1967 (India).

[19] Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967, § 44, No. 37, Acts of Parliament, 1967 (India).

[20] Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967, § 43D(5), No. 37, Acts of Parliament, 1967 (India).

[21]Annelise Riles, A New Agenda for the Cultural Study of Law: Taking on the Technicalities (2005) Cornell Law Faculty Publications http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/facpub/782.

[22] National Investigation Agency v. Zahoor Ahmad Shah Watali, (2019) 5 SCC 1.

[23] Panel Report - Jail is the Rule: Bail Jurisprudence under the UAPA (October 1, 2021) https://www.sociolegalreview.com/post/panel-report-jail-is-the-rule-bail-jurisprudence-under-the-uapa#viewer-ch5hf

[24] Zahoor Ahmad Shah Watali v. National Investigating Agency, 2018 SCC Online Del 185.

[25] Hitendra Vishnu Thakur v. State of Maharashtra, AIR 1994 SC 2623.

[26] Twaha Fasal v. Union of India, (2021) SCC OnLine SC 1000.

[27] Union of India v. K.A. Najeeb, (2021) 3 SCC 713.

[28] Hussainara Khatoon v. State of Bihar, AIR 1979 SC 1369.

[29] Gautam Bhatia, Supreme Court Judgment In Thwaha Fasal UAPA Case- A Flicker of Hope [November 2, 2021] https://www.livelaw.in/columns/supreme-court-thwaha-faisal-judgment-bail-in-uapa-cases-active-association-intention-bombay-hc-delhi-hc-184814?infinitescroll=1.

[30] Asif Iqbal Tanha v. State (NCT of Delhi), 2021 SCC Online Del 3253.

[32] Devangana Kalita v. State (NCT of Delhi), 2021 SCC Online Del 3255.

[1]Pew Research Centers, ‘Theories explaining gender differences in religion’ (22 March 2016)

[2]UN Human Rights Committee (HRC), CCPR General Comment No. 28: Article 3 (The Equality of Rights Between Men and Women), 29 March 2000, CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.10,) PARA5.

[3] Dianne Otto, ‘Women’s Rights’ in Daniel Moeckli, Sangeeta Shah and Sandesh Sivakumaran (eds), International Human RightsLaw (3^rd edn, Oxford University Press 2014) 310.

[4] Shri A.S. Narayana Deekshitulu vs State Of Andhra Pradesh , AIR 1976 SC 1765 para 85.

[10] Rev. Stainislaus vs State Of Madhya Pradesh & Ors, 1977 AIR 908 para 7.

[11] Nar Hari Sastri And Others vs Shri Badrinath Temple Committee, 1952 AIR 245para 17.

[15] Sarkin, Jeremy, and Mark Koenig. 'Ending Caste Discrimination in India: Human Rights and the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) Individuals and Groups from Discrimination at the Domestic and International Levels', The George Washington International Law Review, vol. 41/no. 3, (2010), pp. 541.

[19] Gautam Bhatia, “Equal Moral Membership: Naz Foundation and the Refashioning of Equality”(2017) 1(2) Indian Law Review 118. < https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2980862> accessed 27 July 2019.

[20] Shayara bano v Union of India,(2017)9 SCC 1 para 63.

[21] Article 17 reads as: “Abolition of Untouchability. “Untouchability” is abolished and its practice in any form is forbidden. The enforcement of any disability arising out of “Untouchability” shall be an offence punishable in accordance with law.”

[23] In the social hierarchy of a Hindu society, those placed at the bottom were considered impure and polluted. Due to this reason they were socially excluded and contact with them was forbidden.

[25] State of Kanataka v. Appa Balu Igale, AIR 1993 SC 1126 PARA 36.

[26] People’s Union for Democratic Rights v. Union of India, AIR 1982 SC1473 PARA 6.

[27] S.P. Mittal v. Union of India (1983) 1 SCC 51, para 80.

[28] J.N. Pandey, ‘Constitutional Law of India’ (51^st edn. Central Law Agency 2014)

[29] Saifuddin Saheb v. State of Bombay, AIR1962 SC 62.364.

[32] Satya Prasoon, ‘The Sabarimala case has the potential to be a Constitutional watershed’ (The Wire 7 November 2016) < https://thewire.in/law/sabrimala-temple-case-constitutional-watershed/amp/> accessed on 19 August 2019.

[33] Article 25 (b) of the Constitution of India.

[35] Though the Constitution explicitly mandates opening of Hindu places of worship to all, it is silent on opening of Muslim places of worship. It is pertinent to mention that this sets the judgment on a different footing from the others as in those judgments as Constitutional mandate and legislative mandates were used to open temples to women.

[36] Though the Supreme Court delivered it’s judgment in the case, it is now looking into the Review Petitions for which hearing has been concluded but judgment is yet to be delivered. Over 54 Review Petitions were filed under Article 137 of the Constitution and though the researcher is critical of the review the same falls beyond the scope of the research.

[37]S. Mahendran v. Travancore Devaswom Board, AIR 1993 Ker 42. < https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1915943/>

[38] Para 7.1“The right to move the Supreme Court under Article 32 for violation of Fundamental Rights, must be based on a pleading that the Petitioners’ personal rights to worship in this Temple have been violated.’

[39] Prakhar Singh and Pragya Roy, ‘Questioning the dissenting voice in Sabarimala’ (EPW Engage 5 November 2018) < https://www.epw.in/engage/article/questioning-dissenting-voice-sabarimala> accessed on 7 August 2019.

[42] To quote the Chief Justice, ‘“Let a Muslim woman come and challenge it.”

‘Shamani Joshi, ‘India’s Supreme Court Rejects Plea to Allow Muslim Women Entry Into Mosques’ (The Vice 9 July 2019) < https://www.vice.com/en_in/article/evywwm/indias-supreme-court-rejects-plea-to-allow-muslim-women-entry-into-mosques>

[44] Ronojoy Sen, ‘The Doctrine of Essential Practices: The Judges shape a Rational Hinduism’ in ‘Articles of faith: Religion, Secularism, and the Indian Supreme Court’ (Oxford University Press 2010).

[46] S.P. Gupta v. Union of India, AIR 1982 SC 149

[48] Raghav Pandey, ‘Dissecting the Triple Takaq judgment’ (Daily Pioneer 7 September 2017) < https://www.dailypioneer.com/2017/columnists/dissecting-the triple-talaq-judgmnent.html>

[50] Murali Krishan, ‘Question of Law: Essential Religious Practices Test a “problem with our jurisprudence”, DY Chandrachud J.’ (Bar and Bench 26 July 2019) <https://barandbench.com/question-of-law-essential-religious-practices-test-a-problem-in-our-jurisprudence-dy-chandrachud-j/> accessed on 7 August 2019.

[51] Elizabeth Seshadari, ‘The Sabarimala judgment; Reformative and disruptive’(The Hindu Centre for politics and public policy 5 October 2019).

[52] Binoo K John, ‘When the first women climb the 18 steps to the sanctum sanctorum, it will be a climb out of medievalism.’ (News 18 , 30 September 2018)

[53] Nigam Nuggehalli, ‘Pragmatism bows to Justice: In Sabarimala as in Brown v. Board of Education’ ( The Wire 6 Novemeber 2018) < https://thewire.in/rights/sabarimala-row-judicial-rulings-cannot-consider-pragmatism-or-community-interests> accessed online 1 August 2019.

[54] Sowmya Sivkumar, ‘Sabarimala: Deities will cannot trump the Constituiton on the Right to equality’ (The Wire 30 July 2018) < https://thewire.in/law/sabarimala-is-temple-entry-a-destination> accessed on 8 July 2019.

[55] Aneesha Mathur, ‘Sabarimala stand on women and untouchability not the same, Supreme Court told’ (India Today 6 February 2019).

[59] Amy Kazim, ‘India’s temple battle epitomises the struggle between faith and law’ (Financial Times 3 December 2018).

[60] Dianne Otto, ‘Women’s Rights’ in Daniel Moeckli, Sangeeta Shah and Sandesh Sivakumaran (eds), International Human RightsLaw (3^rd edn, Oxford University Press 2014) 310.

[61] Smita Prakash, ‘Triple talaq is a matter of gender equality, Sabarimala is tradition: Narendra Modi’ (The Hindu 1 January 2019) < https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/triple-talaq-is-a-matter-of-gender-equality-sabarimala-is-tradition-narendra-modi/article25881596.ece> accessed on 9 August 2019.

[62] A Member of Parliament from Kerala even introduced a private member bill titled ‘Sabarimala Sreedharma Sastha Temple (Special Provisions) Bill’ to revert back the status quo of the ban and safeguard the Sabarimala customs and rituals. Press trust of India, ‘UDF MP introduces bill to preserve Sabarimala rituals’(India Today 21 June 2019) < https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/udf-mp-introduces-bill-preserve-sabarimala-rituals-1553886-2019-06-21>

Special Correspondent, ‘Only a law to undo SC verdict will pacify the protesters’ (The Hindu 6 February 2019) < https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/only-a-law-to-undo-sc-verdict-on-sabarimala-will-pacify-protesters/article26187579.ece> accessed on 5 June 2019.

[63] Sati, slavery, devdasi, dowry, triple talaq, child marriage were all justified in the name of religion.

[66] Swami Venkatraman, ‘If Supreme Court has to intervene at Sabarimala, it must do so for all religions’ (The Print 4 February 2019) < https://theprint.in/opinion/if-supreme-court-has-to-intervene-at-sabarimala-it-must-do-so-for-all-religions/152330/> accessed on June 15 2019.

[67] The bans on the other two places though of course violative of women’s rights but they are also a lot more complex as compared to the situation in India. For example Greece has reservations to Treaties explicitly protecting the practices at Mount Athos which has a special status within Greece.

[68] Even now the dalits are forbidden entry to many temples and instances where disobedience is punshed with torture, beationgs and ven death are common.

MC Rajan, ‘80 years since Travancore's temple entry, Dalits forced to fight for right to pray’ ( The New Indian Express 6 September 2016) ,S Senthalir, ‘Dalit woman denied temple entry, incident goes viral on social media’( The Hindu 1 May 2018) < https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/dalit-woman-denied-temple-entry-incident-goes-viral-on-social-media/article23740714.ece> accessed on 1 JULY 2019.,

IJLRA	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals Volume 5 Issue 8 2022 Page 1-6
IEEE	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, 5(8)

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