INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

EVALUATING THE REVERSE ONUS CLAUSE AND REFORMATIVE ASPECT IN NDPS ACT,1985 BY - PRIYANKA. C

Authors: PRIYANKA. C

Registration ID: 107130 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA7130

Year: March-2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: cpriyanka1822001@gmail.com

Page No: 16 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/04.2024-41256986/EVALUATING THE REVERSE ONUS CLAUSE AND REFORMATIVE

WHY WE NEED THE CLEAN AIR ACT IN INDIA? BY - K. AASHIKA

Authors: K. AASHIKA

Registration ID: 107129 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA7129

Year: March-2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: aashikakadiravan@gmail.com

Page No: 19 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/04.2024-85256946/WHY WE NEED THE CLEAN AIR ACT IN INDIA

THE TRUTH ABOUT DISCRIMINATION AGAINST GENDER JUSTICE: A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS BY - TANISHA GUPTA & SAGAR SAINI

Authors: TANISHA GUPTA & SAGAR SAINI

Registration ID: 107128 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA7128 & IJLRA7139

Year: March-2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: tanishagupta6141@gmail.com & sagarsaini50574@gmail.com

Page No: 10 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/04.2024-88938427/THE TRUTH ABOUT DISCRIMINATION AGAINST GENDER JUST

SUPERHUMAN CAPABILITIES OF AI IN LAW- FUNDAMENTAL CHANGE TO WHITE-COLLAR ROLES IN INDIA BY - M. SNEHA GOUD

Authors: M. SNEHA GOUD

Registration ID: 107126 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA7126

Year: March-2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: snehamula@gmail.com

Page No: 14 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/01.2026-66468431/SUPERHUMAN CAPABILITIES OF AI IN LAW- FUNDAMENTAL

EMERGING THREATS AND LEGAL RESPONSES OF CYBER WARFARE BY - SIMAR KAUR CHAWLA

Authors: SIMAR KAUR CHAWLA

Registration ID: 107125 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA7125

Year: March-2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: simar6349@gmail.com

Page No: 14 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/04.2024-32143873/EMERGING THREATS AND LEGAL RESPONSES OF CYBER WARF

AN ANALYSIS OF SOFTWARE PROTECTION UNDER PATENT AND COPYRIGHT LAW IN INDIA BY - ASWATHI RADHAKRISHNAN

Authors: ASWATHI RADHAKRISHNAN

Registration ID: 107124 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA7124

Year: March-2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: aswathiradhakrishnan@law.christuniversity.in

Page No: 15 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link:

STUDY OF PARLIAMENTARY SOVEREIGNTY AND PRIVILEGES IN UNITED KINGDOM AND INDIA BY - SMITA R. NAIK

Authors: SMITA R. NAIK

Registration ID: 107123 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA7123

Year: March-2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: naiksmita63@gmail.com

Page No: 13 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link:

DRUG ABUSE CRISIS IN INDIA: A SOCIO-LEGAL STUDY BY - PARUL SHARMA

Authors: PARUL SHARMA

Registration ID: 107122 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA7122

Year: March-2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: simar6349@gmail.com

Page No: 25 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link:

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW AND PROTECTION OF INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS BY: NIKHITA CHAUDHRY

Authors: NIKHITA CHAUDHRY

Registration ID: 107121 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA7121

Year: March-2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: nikhitachaudhry@gmail.com

Page No: 15 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link:

RIGHT AGAINST DISCRIMINATION UNDER THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA- AN ANALYSIS BY - ABHISHEK KUMAR

Authors: ABHISHEK KUMAR

Registration ID: 107120 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA7120

Year: March-2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: dradvabhishek@gmail.com

Page No: 19 | No of times Downloads: 0065

Doi Link:

[3] Article 6(2): Everyone charged with a criminal offence shall have the right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty according to the law. The words are identical to that of ICCPR.

[4] Victor Tadros & Stephen Tierney, The Presumption of the innocence and the Human Rights Act, 2004

[5] Narendra Singh v. State of Maharashtra 2004 SCC (Cri) 699

[6] Noor Aga v. State of Punjab (2008) 16 SCC 417

[7] Constitution of India, Article 21: No person shall be deprived of their life except according to procedure established by law.

[8]Hussainara Khatoon v. Home Secretary, State of Bihar 1981 SC 928 (4)

[9] D. Rama Subba Reddy v. P.V.S. Rama Das 1970 Cr.L.J. 83

[12] Narendra Singh v state of MP (2004) 10 SCC 699

[13] Binoy Kumar Mishra v State of Jharkhand (2017) 13 SCC 636

[14] Van der Meer v. The Queen (1988) 82 A.L.R. 10, 31

[15] Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms,1982 Art 11(d)

[16] Every accused person has a right to a fair trial, which includes the right to be presumed innocent, to remail silent, and not to testify during proceedings.

[21] Coffin v. United States 156 U.S at page 455

[22] Woolmington v. Director of Public Prosecutions (1935) UKHL 1

[23]Bryon M. Sheldrick, “Shifting Burdens and required Inferences: The Constitutionality of Reverse Onus Clauses,” Univ. Toronto Fac. L. Rev (1986) 44(2) at pages 181-182

[24]Law Commission on India, “47^th Report- The Trial and Punishment of Social and Economic Offences”

[26] Subs, by Act 9 of 2001, s.25, for sec. 54 (w.e.f. 2-10-2001)

[29] Inder Sain vs. the State of Punjab (1973) AIR 2309

[32] Immunity from prosecution to addicts volunteering for treatment

[33] Power of Government to establish centres for identification, treatment, etc., of addicts and for supply of Narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances.

[34] Ronald Dworkin, LAW’S EMPIRE 218 – 219, 225-254 (1986)

[1] Airing ‘clean air’ in Clean India Mission T. Banerjee & M. Kumar & R.K. Mall & R.S. Singh Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India 2 Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, India

[2] ARTICLE Conceptual Problems of the Right to Breathe Clean Air by Sava Jankovic Department of Research and Science, Institute of Science and Culture, Oslo, Norway

[3] Harendra K. Sharma, Banwari Dandotiya & Nimisha Jadon (2017) Exposure

of Air Pollution and Its Health Effects in Traffic Police Persons of Gwalior City, India, Environmental

Claims Journal, 29:4, 305-315, DOI: 10.1080/10406026.2017.1390357

[6] Mamta Suthar, G.K. Singh & R.P. Saini (2017) Effects of air pollution for

estimating global solar radiation in India, International Journal of Sustainable Energy, 36:1, 20-27,

DOI: 10.1080/14786451.2014.979348

[7] 4PETER BIRKS & GRANT MCLEOD, JUSTINIAN’S INSTITUTES, 55 (1987)

[8] Luis Rodriguez-Rivera, Is the Human Right to Environment Recognized Under International Law? It Depends on the Source, 12 DENV. J. INT’L L&POL’Y 16 (2001).

[10] Airing ‘clean air’ in Clean India Mission T. Banerjee & M. Kumar & R.K. Mall & R.S. Singh Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India 2 Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, India

[11] National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) for Indian cities: Review and outlook of clean air action plans Tanushree Ganguly a , Kurinji L. Selvaraj a , Sarath K. Guttikunda b,c, a Council on Energy, Environment and Water, New Delhi, India b Urban Emissions, New Delhi, India c Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, USA

[12] Balakrishnan K, Sambandam S, Ramaswamy P, et al. Establishing integrated rural– urban cohorts to assess air pollution-related health effects in pregnant women, children and adults in Southern India: an overview of objectives, design and methods in the Tamil Nadu Air Pollution and Health Effects (TAPHE) study. BMJ Open 2015;5:e008090. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015- 008090

*Ms. Simar Kaur Chawla, Student BBA LLB 3^rdyear, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University) New Law College, Pune.

[1] What is Cyberwarfare, TechTarget, (https://www.techtarget.com, last visited-20/1/24,2:00PM)

[2] What is Cyber Warfare/Types, Examples and Mitigation, imperva, (https://www.imperva.com, last visited-21/1/2024,12:35PM)

[3] A Brief History of Cyberwarfare, Gra quantam, (https://graquantum.com/a-brief-history-of-cyberwarfare/, last visited-24/1/2024,1:20PM)

[4] Imperva, (https://www.imperva.com,lastvisited,23/1/2024,1:30PM)

[5] Kratikal Blog, (https://kratikal.com/blog/5-biggest-cyber-attacks-in-india/,lastvisited,24/1/2024,1:35PM)

[6]Dhanya Airen, Cyber Warfare And its Impact Legal Service India, (https://www.legalserviceindia.com,last visited-24/1/24,2:10PM)

[9] Advanced persistent threat (APT), imperva, (https://www.imperva.com, last visted-25/1/24,4:30PM)

[10] Section 43 of Information Technology Amendment Act, 2008, No.10 of 2009(India)

[11] Section 66C of Information Technology Amendment Act, 2008, No.10 of 2009(India)

[12] Section 65 of Information Technology Amendment Act, 2008, No.10 of 2009(India)

[3]https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/intellectual_property#:~:text=Overview,monopoly%20in%20the%20protected%20property

[4] Richard Morgan and Kit Burden, Legal Protection of Software: A Handbook, Encyclopedia ofInformation Technology, Universal Law Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., First Indian Reprint, 2007

[5] https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1872-09.pdf

[6] Patent FAQ 2020, Office of Controller General of Patents, Designs and Trade marks, India available at https://ipindia.gov.in/writereaddata/Portal/Images/pdf/FinalFREQUENTLY ASKEDQUESTIONS_- PATENT.pdf

[7] Telefonktiebolaget LM Ericsson (Publ) v. Lava International Ltd CS(OS) No. 764/2015

[9] Shyam Lal Paharia And Anr. vs Gaya Prasad Gupta 'Rasal', AIR 1971 Allahabad 192

[10] University of London Press Ltd v. University Tutorial Press Ltd, 1916-2 Ch. D. 601

[11] https://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/27-trips.pdf

[1] Macreadie & Gardiner, (2010). Introduction to Parliamentary Privilege. 10.13140/ RG. 2.1.2674. 6723 available on JETIREW06099 JETIR www.jetir.org last seen on 1-3-2024

[2] Singh (2019) Parliamentary Privileges in India: Comparative study with UK, France, Australia & South Africa. JETIR, 6 (3), www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162) last seen on 1-3-2024

[5] Singh (2018). Comparative Analysis of Parliamentary Privileges in UK and India: An Overview Ind. J. of Law and Human Behavior. 4 (2) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/ijlhb.2454.7107.4218.7 last seen on 1-3-2024

[11] Amendment 9: Consolidated criminal practice direction: 2005 LJ, 2013–14, 1621

[12] House of Commons Committee of Privileges, Select committees and contempts: clarifying & strengthening powers to call for persons, papers and records (1st Report, 2021–22, HC 350)

[21] Kashyap S. C. (2006). Parliamentary Procedure, Univ. Law Pub. Co., 2nd edn

[23] http://www.thehindu.com/ opinion/op-e d/b r i n g- t h e - h o u s e - u p - t o - d a t e /article 19253239.ece 11.7.17 last seen on 2.3.24

[24] Jain M. P., Indian Constitutional Law, Lexis Nexis, 8^th edn

^{^[1]} Shikha Pokhriyal, A critical analysis of discrimination and various forms of discrimination - iPleaders (2021), https://blog.ipleaders.in/critical-analysis-discrimination-various-forms-discrimination/

^{^[2]} Aditi Singh, Right to Equality under the Indian Constitution, IPLEADERS ( September 13, 2022, 11:30 PM) blog.ipleaders.in

^{^[4]} Aristotle: The Nicomachean Ethics, H.Rackham (trans), Loeb Classical Library Harvard. UP; William Heinemann Ltd., (revised ed) 1934 pp 253,295,315

^{^[5]} Weeramantry C.G. An Invitation to the Law (Lawman (India) Pvt. Ltd. New Delihi 1988) p 121 ⁶ Ibid p 125

^{^[6]} Rousseau J.J. Discussion on Equality (New York: St. Martin's Press 1946) p 101

^{^[7]} Engels Frederick. Anti - Duhring (Peking: Foreign Languages Press. 1976) p 130 ⁹ Ibid

^{^[8]} Laski H J A Grammar of Politics (5th edn George Allen and Unwin Ltd., London. 1948) p 157

^{^[9]} Marx - Engels. Works Vol. 16 (Berlin Dietz Veriag. 1968) p 349

^{^[10]} Marx K. and Engles F. works (Works Dietz Verlag Berlin. 1968), Vol.16, 34

^{^[11]} Legislative.gov.in (2022), https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/COI_English.pdf (last visited Sep 13, 2022)

^{^[21]} Legislative.gov.in (2022), https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/COI_English.pdf (last visited Sep 14, 2022)

^{^[26]} Pyper, D., 2022. A Short Introduction to Equality Law [online] Available at:

<https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-9448/>

IJLRA	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals Volume 5 Issue 8 2022 Page 1-6
IEEE	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, 5(8)

EVALUATING THE REVERSE ONUS CLAUSE AND REFORMATIVE ASPECT IN NDPS ACT,1985 BY - PRIYANKA. C

WHY WE NEED THE CLEAN AIR ACT IN INDIA? BY - K. AASHIKA

THE TRUTH ABOUT DISCRIMINATION AGAINST GENDER JUSTICE: A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS BY - TANISHA GUPTA & SAGAR SAINI

SUPERHUMAN CAPABILITIES OF AI IN LAW- FUNDAMENTAL CHANGE TO WHITE-COLLAR ROLES IN INDIA BY - M. SNEHA GOUD

EMERGING THREATS AND LEGAL RESPONSES OF CYBER WARFARE BY - SIMAR KAUR CHAWLA

AN ANALYSIS OF SOFTWARE PROTECTION UNDER PATENT AND COPYRIGHT LAW IN INDIA BY - ASWATHI RADHAKRISHNAN

STUDY OF PARLIAMENTARY SOVEREIGNTY AND PRIVILEGES IN UNITED KINGDOM AND INDIA BY - SMITA R. NAIK

DRUG ABUSE CRISIS IN INDIA: A SOCIO-LEGAL STUDY BY - PARUL SHARMA

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW AND PROTECTION OF INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS BY: NIKHITA CHAUDHRY

RIGHT AGAINST DISCRIMINATION UNDER THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA- AN ANALYSIS BY - ABHISHEK KUMAR

LAW JOURNAL

IMPORTANT LINKS

ETHICS & POLICY

EVALUATING THE REVERSE ONUS CLAUSE AND REFORMATIVE ASPECT IN NDPS ACT,1985 BY - PRIYANKA. C

WHY WE NEED THE CLEAN AIR ACT IN INDIA? BY - K. AASHIKA

THE TRUTH ABOUT DISCRIMINATION AGAINST GENDER JUSTICE: A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS BY - TANISHA GUPTA & SAGAR SAINI

SUPERHUMAN CAPABILITIES OF AI IN LAW- FUNDAMENTAL CHANGE TO WHITE-COLLAR ROLES IN INDIA BY - M. SNEHA GOUD

EMERGING THREATS AND LEGAL RESPONSES OF CYBER WARFARE BY - SIMAR KAUR CHAWLA

AN ANALYSIS OF SOFTWARE PROTECTION UNDER PATENT AND COPYRIGHT LAW IN INDIA BY - ASWATHI RADHAKRISHNAN

STUDY OF PARLIAMENTARY SOVEREIGNTY AND PRIVILEGES IN UNITED KINGDOM AND INDIA BY - SMITA R. NAIK

DRUG ABUSE CRISIS IN INDIA: A SOCIO-LEGAL STUDY BY - PARUL SHARMA

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW AND PROTECTION OF INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS BY: NIKHITA CHAUDHRY

RIGHT AGAINST DISCRIMINATION UNDER THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA- AN ANALYSIS BY - ABHISHEK KUMAR

Citation

Citation

Citation

Citation

Citation

Citation

Citation

Citation

Citation

Citation

Citation 2