Open Access Research Article
SOCIAL STIGMA AND CULTURAL BARRIERS THAT MALE SURVIVORS OF SEXUAL ASSAULT FACE IN INDIAN SOCIETY WITH AN EMPIRICAL STUDY BY: - SUSHMITA DAS
Published Paper
Article Details
SOCIAL
STIGMA AND CULTURAL BARRIERS THAT MALE SURVIVORS OF SEXUAL ASSAULT FACE IN
INDIAN SOCIETY WITH AN EMPIRICAL STUDY
AUTHORED
BY: - SUSHMITA DAS
Phone:
8718066854
Student: -
9th semester B.A.LL. B
Christ
Academy Institute of Law, Bengaluru
Abstract
Sexual assault is any sexual act or
attempt to obtain a sexual act by violence or coercion, acts to traffic a
person or acts directed against a person's sexuality, regardless of the
relationship to the victim, and when we look in India, laws are made to only
protect women from sexual harassment or rape. There are no legislations or
statutes to protect men from the ruthless act of sexual harassment or rape.
Under Indian law, there is only Section 377 of The Indian Penal Code, 1860
which talks about 'sodomy'. All the other sections are meant for women. The key
thing to be noted is that for committing sexual violence, the perpetrator and
the victim can be of any gender, unlike what is mentioned in Section 354A to
354D and Section 375 of The Indian Penal Code, which states that only a man can
be the perpetrator. This paper would investigate the matter in dept with an
empirical study where survey was done to understand what others think for the
subject.
Keywords
Sexual assault, men, laws,
masculinity, false narrative, false case.
Introduction
According to Indian Penal Code 1860,
Section 375, where the term “raped” have been defined, which somehow is
discriminated, because as per Indian law only a woman can be raped not the
opposite, when looked deeply though there are countries who have laws for male
as well for specifically rape. But what is more interesting is to look is that
even they have limitation its own, the laws are not so strong as regarding any
female rape laws. The countries which do have law for male rape do follow
Neutral Law Policy in their country which also helps them to take benefit out
of it. Benefits of a Neutral Law Policy can only be fully realized when
accompanied by efforts to raise awareness, change societal attitudes, and
promote gender equality in all aspects of life.
Several countries have laws that
specifically address male victims of rape/sexual assault and provide legal
protection and support though they are not enough but they have addressed about
it, such as:
Ø United Kingdom: The Sexual Offences Act 2003 in the
UK recognizes that both men and women can be victims of rape, though still here
only men can be principal offenders (because of the requirement of penile
penetration of the victim by the perpetrator), women can be secondary offenders[1] as
the law defines rape as non-consensual penile penetration of the victim,
regardless of their gender.
Ø United States: In the United States, laws
regarding rape and sexual assault vary at the state level, many states have
specific provisions that include male victims and provide legal protections for
them but some does not take the cases as serious as other state.
Ø Canada: Canadian law recognizes that men
can be victims of rape, and the Criminal Code of Canada includes provisions for
male survivors of sexual assault.
Ø Australia: Australian law acknowledges male
victims of rape, and sexual assault laws apply to both men and women. Each
state and territory in Australia have its own legislation regarding sexual
offenses.
Ø Sweden: Swedish law recognizes that men can
be victims of rape, and the Swedish Penal Code includes provisions addressing
sexual offenses against men.
Section 354 A of IPC[2]
talks about sexual harassment and punishment for sexual harassment, even here
the section begins with ‘a man committing’
Statement
of the problem
Sexual abuse or violence can happen
to anyone no matter what their gender might be it is a common belief and
perception that separates male and female in terms of expression of their
feelings and it can be a matter of shame for men to disclose their suffering in
a men-dominated society, as it can be perceived as 'feminine behaviour'. The
problem is somewhere is the mindset of the individuals where majority is still
is in delusion and does not want to accept the fact.
Relevance
of the study
As per the statistics by National
Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), about 74% of rape cases under Section 376 of the
Indian Penal Code end up acquitting the accused[3],
here the applicant/petitioner usually are female/woman who files false cases
against the man whom with they were in relationship but because as they broke
off just to take revenge or to humiliate the man or his family or to
traumatized the guy as “how he can break up with her” Most of the case which
usually the court hears are almost are similar to these situation only, but the
most important part of all above is that how these same woman are not being
punished for their false cases they put forward they are usually are left with
warning. The laws which were to protect woman who suffers all the kind of
crimes are now misusing all the laws for their own benefit. Now the issue is
laws are nothing but became a joke to all the people who file false cases and
do win them accordingly. Consensual sex and rape are totally different and pole
apart terms which can be never be in same sense. There are many cases where
opposite happens, a woman is trying to harass a man but when is caught, she
puts the blame on the man, as it is easy to put the blame on them as no one
will believe them.
Objectives
of the Study
The paper objective is to bring
awareness among the society to understand the perspective from all the
sides of the parties just judging them from hearing one part is not done nor it
allows to give proper justice to anyone as there is a say “Let Hundred
Guilty Be Acquitted But One Innocent Should Not Be Convicted” but
it seems when it comes to punishing a man for such crimes law already had set
their mind that he definitely did it, though he might try to proof himself
innocent, in public eye he already became the culprit, though even law might
have acquitted him, with proper evidence where it has been proofed that he was
guilty of the act but society will still look down on them and make their
living in society tough, which even cause them to leave their native place,
their state or even country just to hide from these cruel society who already
had set their mind that they are guilty no matter what, which mostly lead them
to go in depression commit suicide because of the pressure of society.
It is also important to understand
that the world has changed in many perspective just as in cases of sexually
harassing/rape, the paper is not trying to change the mindset totally but it
needs to be developed that now world has changed and now a man can be also be
sexually harassed or can be raped [no definition has been provided anywhere as
it is believed that man can’t be raped because the definition provided under
section of IPC[4] doesn’t
fulfil the necessity. Also, to be noted that there is no definition or any kind
of reference given in favour of man when it comes to them, when they face the
same scenario as woman.
Hypothesis
This paper though will mainly focus
on perspective of male as the society and law believes that, blaming man,
putting allegation on man is easier, as law always favour woman over all over
cases, no matter how of good character, personality they have or how much they
have respect in society.
Research
questions
1) Why the definition under Section 375
IPC of India, has not been redefined till now and included male in it as well,
even after knowing the circumstances of the society.
2) Will sex education help the
generation to understand or it will make it worse.
3) Laws available for male and female in
India for rape or any other sexual abuses.
Research methodology
The research work has been done with
the help of empirical and doctrinal method which carries the survey done by
circulating google form and it also emphasises on legal structure, case
analysis and legal framework, the doctrinal information has been taken from different
legal articles and case laws which took place and same has been mentioned.
Why the definition under Section 375 IPC of India, has not
been redefined till now and included male in it as well, even after knowing the
circumstances of the society.
According to section 375 of IPC[5] as
read the sexual assault law, which was amended in 2013, widened the definition
of rape but it did not make any changes to include men or transgenders as
victims under the law, which somewhere is said to be is not needed now. But is
it really the reality. Plea to make rape law [Section 375 IPC] Gender Neutral:
SC refuses to interfere[6],
said the decision must be done by parliament, court cannot take decision its
own in this matter. But the biggest question is that if not now than when will
the laws will be amended and till when the male victims would need to suffer to
get justice. The biggest failure of our country is that we never let the gender
be in same position. We always make biased decision when it comes to male and
female roles before only male gender had the freedom to study to roam around
the world, they always had the back of their family for everything, but then
females were not treated right, they were just like mere slaves to just serve
all the male and also were degraded for every small things, and now females are
being put in priority but then males are being degraded, why can’t be both male
and female be in same level of status or can same level of priority in the
society why always some other gender has to have upper hand why can’t both or
any other can have equal respect and priority. Is it important to degrade other
gender to pull above the other cannot things be done by prioritising all the
gender and being bias in any way. Why is it important to always have competition
among genders in every field, every person works for himself/herself, not to
proof the other that they are any better. For once in the field of work or
education biasness can be tolerated but it is not possible to do the same in
the field of justice. Law is equal for every individual, similarly it is also
need to be understand that every individual rights need to be protected by the
law, and for the same reason fundamental rights have been implemented so that
there could be no discrimination on the basis race, sex, gender, caste or
colour everyone is equal before law, and every individual will be given
justice, without being bias in any form.
When investigate practicality of life
it seems that there is lot of gender biasness while making the laws as well,
which is made to protect them, but somewhere even it misses out some of the
essential ingredients. It is not wrong to say that woman is the most victims of
the most crimes but is it not necessary to investigate the matter where other
gender is also suffering the same kind of criminality were even, they are
equally victim as woman. Why woman pain is pain but no other gender, why woman
rights are rights but when it comes to other gender everyone becomes blind.
We all talk about woman empowerment,
we always encourage woman for every aspect of their life but when it comes to
man, we all are somehow started degrading them, in every aspect now it has
become new era to blame or accused man, just to satisfy the ego, hoe ironic is
that the things which were once done by male genders are now are being done by
female. But is it fine to do so just because they have the right to do so.
Whenever any woman beats up man in
open, no one asks the question what was the mistake of the man rather they all
start to beat him till either he become unconscious or die. There are many
cases where woman uses their rights in way beyond way, not caring how that can
affect the other party.
Example: Lucknow cab driver assaulted[7],
59 women booked for assaulting man in Kerala[8]
because of misunderstanding.
When look in dept we can come to
conclusion that even man are deprived from their fundamental rights give to
them by The Constitution of India[9],
Article -14: Equality before law and Article -21: Protection of life and
personal liberty.
Article 14, clearly states that how
every individual is equal before law no matter what race, gender, sex, colour,
or caste he/she belongs to, law does not see who is rich or poor, nor it
discriminate between anyone, law believes in equality, no matter what position
the person hold in the society, for law the most important thing is to provide
justice and to make sure that no innocent is being deprived of his/her right.
Article 21, also clearly states that
how law is liable to protect the life of an individual and his/her personal
liberty, it does not discriminate between the gender and similarly it should be
with the crime that happens in the society including sexual abuse where even
man/men are the victims.
Section 375 of IPC[10]
literally starts with ‘a man is said to commit “rape” if he’
The reasons why the redefinition of
Section 375 IPC[11] to
include male victims has not happened yet might be:
·
Legal
Process: Changing a legal definition, especially one as significant as the
definition of rape, is a very complex process, it will require to make
amendments in the Indian Penal Code, and this process involves legislative and
legal considerations. It can be time-consuming, and any changes must be
carefully crafted to withstand legal challenges, because if any words which can
be interpretated in wrong way will anger the common people and it will be
trouble for people in laws profession to handle the cases that would come for
the same.
·
Political
Consideration: The issue of changing the definition of rape, particularly to
include male victims, can be politically sensitive which can anger the public
in large, policymakers may be concerned about potential backlash or opposition
or public, and the issue is not a top priority for some politicians, till now
in present, even still in Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, does not include any
punishment for ‘unnatural sexual offences against men’ because men if rape does
not fall under the definition of rape as defined but rather falls under
unnatural sexual offence.
·
Societal
Attitude: Attitude towards male victims of sexual assault have evolved over
time, but there are still societal stigmas and stereotypes that can influence
policymaker for the same though everyone now understands the circumstance of
the situation but no one wants to accept it so that partiality and biasness
would continue in name of “there is no law which talk about it” and there would
be some people who may be hesitant to acknowledge or address male
victimization, as they will feel as their male/female ego has been hurt which
can slow down reform efforts.
·
Diversity
of Opinion: Reforming the definition of rape is a complex process, and there is
diverse opinion on what the new definition should entail, some argue for a
gender-neutral definition that covers all victims, regardless of gender, while
others may have reservations or differing views on how this should be done,
which again is delaying the whole process and making it more difficult for
others to live harmonious life.
It is not so very diverse topic which
can’t be discussed or be solved, there are many cases where even male is also
properly victim of rape but the irony is, it can’t be called as rape rather
unnatural sexual offence, though the same thing might be happening with the
male what is actually defined under the definition of section 375[12].
Two male friends raping an
18-year-old boy, who then died by committing suicide. The matter was reported
to the police, and the case was registered as ‘unnatural sex’[13].
There is lot difference between section 375 and section 377 under IPC[14],
1860. Section 377 of IPC clearly states that, “whoever voluntarily has
carnal intercourse against the order of nature with any man, woman, or animal,
shall be punished with 1[imprisonment for life], or with imprisonment of either
description for a term which may extend to ten years, and shall also be liable
to fine. Explanation. —Penetration is sufficient to constitute the carnal intercourse
necessary to the offence described in this section.” What is not
acceptable in this act is that how when a man goes through the same situation
as mentioned under section 375, they can only file case in the purview of
section 377 of IPC which talks about ‘unnatural offenses’ here the scope does
increase between the gender but again the question goes to section 375 as why
woman have very specific law and not the one where there is more scope of
gender to file cases.
“I am a survivor of child sexual abuse.
I was raped by a male relative for 11 long years from the age of seven to 18”[15]
“The consequences of rape for a woman
are far-reaching. She must battle social stigma, social mindset. While fixing
marriages, nobody asks a man if he is a virgin”[16].
But is it really that is easy for man as well do not even they had to grow
through other hardship and society stigma of being a “real man” or being
“enough masculine” to be called as man, they should not show their emotions nor
they should cry over any kind of things no matter what, as they are man and man
do not cry or there is another one a famous one though “mard ko kabhi dard
nahi hota: man, never get hurt.”
|
INDEX :1
|
The index 1 shown above shows variety
of colours which states that how much of different thoughts that people carry
on the gender-neutral laws.
The index 2 shows that how people
have acknowledged the fact that men can also be assaulted by woman, and the
percentage is higher than other.
|
INDEX: 2
|
|
INDEX: 3
|
It is important to understand that
there is specific definition of men which is being trendy in todays era where
it is judged by their looks, body, the way they walk or talk or behave, and if
they fulfil the criteria then only they are called Real men, and the
index 3 is an example for the same where 50% has agreed on it and others 50%
have different opinions.
|
INDEX: 4
|
It is not wrong to say that there is fake and toxic
masculinity in the society for man though the same is for woman, but
acknowledging for man its totally different and the same can be seen above
index 4.
As shown below in the index 5, here the percentage shows that
the victims of masculinity are men themselves, means its men only who are
making other men to go through the fake masculinity and how important it is.
|
INDEX: 5
|
|
INDEX: 6
|
The index 6 above shows that there is
acceptance that its society and its norms who is making people not let their
voice raise, because at the end the victim no matter what the gender is will be
questioned or judged.
Will sex education help the
generation to understand about sexual offence no matter what their gender is or
it will make it worse in India.
When we talk about sex education in
India, lots of opinion could be emerged from every individual family or parent
and discussing about sex education have been a subject of debate, and there are
varying views on this subject, minority believe that comprehensive sex
education can help address issues related to sexual offenses and promote a
healthier and safer approach to relationships and sexuality and other major
parts have concerns about the content, age-appropriateness, and cultural
aspects of sex education, leading to hesitancy or opposition.
|
INDEX: 7
|
The index shown above shows that
there is still people who are not been taught about the education where they
would know about sexual assault or consent, which must increase a little more
in percentage, to let other also being independent of choice as well to feel
protected.
“Real men” do not get raped but
reality is totally different what we see or wants to believe, yes, men get
raped too and most of them suffer in silence,[17]
whenever a woman is raped, nor just society accepts it but also give their
voice so that they can fight to get justice but when it comes to man you will
in rare cases would find their voice could be heard they are majorly being
deprived of their right as an individual of the country. When investigated the
statistic from 2015 to 2019, 13,184 cases were registered under POCSO[18],
and out of these, 2,213 cases were concerned with the sexual abuse of 2,250
boys[19].
In 2014, police in Muzaffarnagar, UP,
registered cases against three inmates of a government-run protection home, for
allegedly “sodomising” a fellow inmate, and a Madrasa teacher, for similar
sexual assault on a 12-year-old student in Shamli. A further slew of cases was
reported in 2017 in Mumbai, when a 13-year-old boy was raped in Powai and
another 16-year-old schoolboy was raped, blackmailed, and physically assaulted
by 15 other boys for a year, the shocking incident confirmed by a medical
examination.
12-year-old boy in ‘critical
condition’ following alleged gang-rape in New Delhi, the alleged assault was
carried out by three males – all minors known to the victim – including a
family relative[20].
India definitely somewhere lacks in
providing proper sex education to it’s growing youth, because they all are shy
to ask their parents or relatives, so they adhere to the information available
in internet or from their friends, but the question here how many of those
friends also have proper knowledge for the same, or how can they believe
everything available in internet.
A movie has been made on the same
topic in India, OMG 2, which deals with the same issue and is an eye opening
movie for parents as well as growing youth, where a devout father takes on a
dogmatic school - and his own moral convictions - after his son is expelled
from school for an embarrassing video that has gone viral- and
takes a heinous step- and then father decides to file complain against the
school as well himself for not providing proper knowledge on sex education.
Awareness and Understanding: Sex
education provides information about sexual health, relationships, and consent
and this knowledge can help individuals to make informed decisions and
understand the boundaries and implications of sexual activities which they will
enter into no matter what their age is, having awareness and understanding is
must so that no wrong can happen.
Empowerment: Sex education can
empower individuals to have a better understanding of their own bodies,
boundaries, and rights, and it will equip them with the tools to recognize and
report sexual offenses if happens with them, so they can raise their voice and
stop it immediately or can file case for the same.
Promoting Consent: Sex education
often includes discussions about consent, which is crucial to understand and to
prevent sexual offense, teaching individuals about the importance of
enthusiastic and ongoing consent can help reduce the incidence of sexual offenses,
in many ways good touch and bad touch which is taught to female should not be
limited to one gender, each child should know about good and bad touch.
Reducing Stigma: Sex education can
help reduce the stigma surrounding sexual issues and discussions, making it
easier for individuals to seek help and support, youth goes on researching
about their problems and not discussing it with their parents or doctor for
proper help because of shyness and embarrassment, and when they go through
their they find solutions which are not possible or make them fall in deeper
problem, which can anxiety, depression or hormone imbalance which can be very
bad for someone’s health
Gender Equality: Sex education can be
a platform to discuss gender equality and challenge stereotypes and harmful
attitudes that can contribute to sexual offenses, as many sexual offences took
place when they comment on someone’s sexuality or on their stamina, or on their
pleasuring issues, where they cannot finish what they have started.
Many of the so-called feminists’
activists who themselves are woman have advocated against the concept of gender
neutrality because according to them, the recognition of male-victimization
does not curtail the value of the feminist understanding of rape. The problem
is that people usually take the meaning of feminism so wrong that they do not
know that it means to bring men and women at the same pedestal, in very simple
words both sexes must co-exist. Thus, an express recognition of either of them
does not necessarily undermine the position of the other. We are not at all
forgetting about the female victims but at least they have number of laws to
support its just they need to have awareness about the same, but do the male
have the same choice?
As per the report of EEOC (Equal
Employment Opportunity Act)[21],
a total of nearly 6822 sexual harassment claims were filed with EEOC, out of
those 6822 claims, approximately 17.1 % of those cases were filled by men
claiming that they had been sexually harassed[22].
It is very much true that female rape
victims face a lot of social stigmas, but male victims also face a different
set of social stigmas, it is true that male domination has been a reality for
so many past hundreds year, therefore, if a man opens about his non-consensual
sexual experience with a woman, then he is weak. But even this is true that
they can also be raped, and if men can get raped by other men, then also such a
victim is mocked by society.
Laws are much more flexible from the
part of female or woman where they have no issue to bring or adopt or enact new
laws whenever however possible, it is not criticism at all rather it shows the
power that legislative hold, the power that governments hold, it shows that if
they want, they can bring laws. Some important acts bought by them for woman
are mentioned below:
·
Indian Penal Code (IPC)[23]:
Section 354: Assault or criminal force to woman with the intent to outrage her
modesty.
·
Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO)
Act[24]: This act is
gender-neutral and protects both girls and boys under the age of 18 from sexual
abuse.
·
Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention,
Prohibition, and Redressal) Act[25]: This act
addresses sexual harassment at the workplace with punishment.
·
Dowry Prohibition Act[26]:
This act while not specifically related to sexual abuse, this act addresses the
issue of dowry and harassment related to dowry.
·
Criminal Law (Amendment) Act[27]
(Nirbhaya Act): Enacted after the infamous Nirbhaya gang rape case, this act
introduced several amendments to existing laws to provide more stringent
punishment for sexual offenses.
·
Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act[28]: While not
exclusively focused on sexual abuse, it addresses various forms of violence and
abuse against women within the home, which can include sexual abuse.
·
The Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act[29]: This act
prohibits indecent representation of women through advertisements, books, magazines,
films, etc.
·
The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act[30]: This act
prohibits the solemnization of child marriages
·
The Immoral Traffic in Women and Girl Act[31] as amended in
1986: This act prohibits trafficking of persons for the purpose of
prostitution.
·
The Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act[32]: This act
provides termination of certain pregnancies by registered medical
practitioners.
·
Muslim Women (protection of rights on marriage) Bill[33]: This bill is
to outlaw Triple Talaq passed by the Supreme Court making it illegal.
·
Information Technology Act[34]:
This act makes certain offenses against women punishable.
Whereas as we investigate laws in
favour of men, we always must interpret the laws to male it looks like it can
also be interpreted in that way to defend the accused. Section 377 of IPC[35]
states about unnatural sex, where it is the only law available to men to defend
themselves, then they have, POSCO act[36],
but the issue with this is that it focuses on only children, and it is gender
neutral law.
The below mentioned cases are worth
reading once to know what is happening in the society as such now, that how
there are people who uses their rights as weapon to destroy someone’s life just
to get benefit out of it, and mainly its woman who does this act more often.
1. Woman fined Rs 10k for a false rape
case: On April 26, 2022, A woman from Prayagraj in Uttar Pradesh, who had
accused her husband of raping her before marriage, was fined Rs 10,000 by the
Allahabad High Court for registering a false FIR against her husband[37].
2. Indore teen tries to fool police in a
fake rape case: She was involved in a similar case earlier as well and got
compensation of Rs 2 lakh from the government, so it is very possible that she
has hatched a fake scheme to earn some more money[38].
3. Police had earlier stated that the
Delhi woman's claim was "false." She made up the story to seize
possession of property she was arguing over with the accused[39].
4. Younger daughter falsely accuses
father of rape: In 2017 in Ghaziabad, during the trial, the daughter admitted
that she had filed the complaint at the insistence of her uncle and that her
father was innocent. His maternal uncle has been sentenced to one month in jail
and a fine of Rs 50,000[40].
5. Woman fakes rape story to marry
boyfriend: On Dec 14, A 19-year-old woman, who filed a fake police complaint of
gang-raping allegedly for marrying her boyfriend, kept Nagpur Police on its
toes all day[41].
6. Indore Girl "Stabbed
Herself" Before Filing False Gang-Rape Case[42]:
A case will be filed under section 182/211 against the girl after man
investigation by the police revealed that these claims were false,” said
Police.
7. False allegation of rape causes
distress & humiliation to accused': Supreme Court acquits man after 23
years in rape case[43].
The irony is, mostly its woman or
female who always used their modesty as the weapon to gain benefit out of the
situation because till date I never heard that a man has accused a woman of
rape and he did that to gain financial gain as property or money from them but
opposite happens all the time, and many times they succeed also. Again, what is
difficult to digest is, the woman who files these false cases after destroying
someone’s reputation, modesty, they are only punished with fine and mere
2-month imprisonment[44].
When we investigate a case where,
Acting United States Attorney Bob Murray announced today that RACHAEL MYLA
STAGNER, of Lander, Wyoming, age 36 was sentenced in U.S. District Court by
Federal District Court Judge Alan B. Johnson. Johnson sentenced her to 21
months of imprisonment. Stagner was
indicted on September 16, 2020 and later pled guilty on January 4, 2021 for
making false accusations that she was sexually assaulted by a white male on the
Wind River Indian Reservation.
Conclusion
It can be concluded through this paper
that there is still scope and chance to understand the problem and to get a
proper solution for the same, and it should not be overlooked, the more it will
be overlooked the more issue will raise, so having solution is more important.
And that there is false narrative over masculinity and that social and cultural
norms are restricting from moving on from the past problems, it is important to
understand that the laws must develop according to the era and time and need of
the society, and sexual assault rape are one of the most important part of law
and it should make sure that no one being discriminated on the basis of sex.
[1] Siobhan Weare: Towards a case foe
legally recognising and labelling ‘forced- to-penetrate’ cases as rape at
CambridgeCore blog, 5 June 2019 Last update: 21/06/19 16:21
[2] 1860
[3] Tanya Trivedi, 74% of all rape
cases filed in India are fake, tfipost.com, 4 March 2022
[4] Section-375 Indian Penal Code,
1860
[5] Indian Penal Code,1860
[6] livelaw.in
[7] indianexpress.com
[8] The Hindu, January 07, 2023 07:29
pm | Updated 07:29 pm IST - Thrissur
[9] 1950
[11] 1860
[12] Indian Penal Code, 1860
[13] Sophiya Chaudhary, Men Are Raped
Too, But Apparently Not, According to Indian Rape Laws, womensweb.in, August
30, 2021.
[14] Indian Penal Code
[16] Subhojit Goswami, Reality Behind
Male Rape Cases in India, mapsofindia.com, May 15, 2021
[17] This story of a male rape survivor
will shock you, The Times of India, January 14, 2016, 10:50 AM IST Team Social
in Everything Social, India, TOI
[18] The Protection of Children from
Sexual Offences Act, 2012
[19] Susanti Sarkar, Dangerous silence
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Article Information
SOCIAL STIGMA AND CULTURAL BARRIERS THAT MALE SURVIVORS OF SEXUAL ASSAULT FACE IN INDIAN SOCIETY WITH AN EMPIRICAL STUDY BY: - SUSHMITA DAS
Authors: SUSHMITA DAS
- Journal IJLRA
- ISSN 2582-6433
- Published 2023/11/18
- Issue 7
About Journal
International Journal for Legal Research and Analysis
- Abbreviation IJLRA
- ISSN 2582-6433
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