ROLE OF CIVIL SOCIETY IN RELATION TO MEDIA BY - RISHITA RAJ
ROLE OF CIVIL SOCIETY IN
RELATION TO MEDIA
AUTHORED BY - RISHITA RAJ
School Of Law, Presidency University
Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
ABSTRACT
It is acceptable to state that mass
communication technologies and organisations mediate all civil societies, and
that these societies are mostly experienced as the results of such mediating.
Thus, when discussing civil society in regard to "the media," it is
important to consider not only infrastructure and liberal institutions, but
also how civil society is dispersed and changing as it is mediated within and
across national boundaries. As a result of this dispersion, a variety of forms
have emerged, and in analysing their distinctions, we are once again brought
back to the issue of how civil society is mediated.
In today's world, news media are
crucial. The manner that media is transmitted and consumed has changed
significantly during the last few decades. Innovative digital media tools have
exploded alongside the growth of news blogs and the social media takeover,
significantly changed the way media outlets work. Additionally, the advent of
digital media permitted anyone to start their own content company. Registration
as a media is no longer necessary for the purpose of creating and distributing
media material. Any kind of organisation, in fact civil society organisations
included, have the capacity and flexibility to do so.
In order to better understand how
civil society organisations (CSOs), which include community-based groups and
non-governmental organisations (NGOs), employ communications and multimedia in
their work, the current study will go deeper into the subject of research.
While its existence is still being studied, little is known about how civil
society employs multimedia specifically for peacebuilding initiatives in
post-conflict regions. The purpose of this study is to examine the
communication strategies used by CSOs in post-conflict cultures to advance
peacebuilding initiatives.
What civil society organisations
(CSOs) employ communications and multimedia for peacebuilding will be addressed
in this research. The term CSO will be used in this study to comprises all
non-profit and non-state organisations, including non-governmental and community-based
groups (NGOs).
KEYWORDS –
Peace building, Conflict, Civil Society organisations, Mass Media
HYPOTHESIS
Media can influence society or not in
terms of values, beliefs, attitude towards issues, product purchases, conflict,
and entertainment interests.
RESEARCH
QUESTIONS
·
How media is a checklist for conflict and relation
between media and peacebuilding?
·
What is the situation of media in Post conflict
society?
RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
This study is the doctrinal research.
TENTATIVE
CHAPTERISATION
·
Introduction
·
Mass Media and Civil Society
·
Role of Civil Society Organizations in peacebuilding
·
Role of Media in Post Conflict Society
·
Conclusion
LITERATURE
REVIEW
·
Davis, I., 2010, 'The Role of Civil Society and the Media',
in Building Integrity and Reducing Corruption in Defence: A Compendium of Best
Practices, ed. T. Tagarev, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed
Forces (DCAF), Geneva, pp261-280
The media and civil
society may play a significant monitoring role in the defence industry while
also increasing public support for more democratic and transparent government.
An environment that is supportive to civil society and the media must be
promoted. Initiatives should encourage continual communication between the government,
civil society (broadly defined), and the media in order to promote cooperation
and confidence. Civil society organisations (CSOs) can work to balance out the
authority of the state, fight authoritarianism, and make sure that special
interests aren't in charge of it. By exposing corruption, the media can serve
as a watchdog and aid in the promotion of good government and accountability by
disseminating timely, reliable, and impartial information that is interesting
to and relevant to the general public.
·
Ronald
N. Jacobs, Media, Culture and Civil Society, Pg -379A 393, 2016
The key message is that
we must advance past Jürgen Habermas and political philosophy. We require a
cultural sociology of civil society and the media. At its core, this cultural
sociology is an empirical study project that compares the stories and acts that
are presented to various concrete publics. It is committed to examining how
these narratives link with the many different identities that shape our civic
practises as well as comparing how various media organisations and media
formats tend to favour particular types of narratives and cultural
performances.
·
Mateja Rek, Researching Role of Civil Society and
Media in Curbing Corruption: A need for a more in-depth interdisciplinary
approach, 2015
The purpose of this
article is to discuss the interconnections between the ideas of corruption,
civil society, and the media as well as their relationships with one another.
It also offers a brief summary of the state of the field and probable future
directions. Along with the quantitative and qualitative empirical data
supporting each concept individually, a number of theoretical deductions and
insights have been greatly expanded. In order to develop a theoretical
framework for analysis of the impact of civil society and media systems in
combating corruption, it is also necessary to explore and reflect on the data
already available (and, where necessary, to produce new data). This analysis
should not only focus on one specific concept but also on how these systems
interact and operate in various cultural, social, and political contexts.
·
Dr.
Durgappa, Linkages between Media and Civil Society: An Analysis, Vol 3, 2017
In order to combat
corruption, civil society must monitor public services, condemn bribes, and
raise awareness among all economic and political actors. This essay aims to
provide light on the media's and civil society's role in India's transition
from one-party to multiparty democracy in terms of the country's economic,
social, political, and cultural spheres. The study details the unique
contributions made by the media to the politics of India's transition to
multiparty democracy while treating the media as a component of civil society.
·
Eden Cole, Kerstin Eppert and Katrin Kinzelbach (eds.), Public Oversight of the Security Sector. A
Handbook for Civil Society Organisations.(Bratislava: Valeur for UNDP, 2008)
Investigative journalism
and venues for information sharing and discussion on security matters that are
accessible to all stakeholders in the media can help the governance of security
institutions. Media organisations can assist in exposing flaws in management
and governance systems, transparency and accountability processes, and other
systems by looking into and reporting on abuses inside the security and
judicial institutions.
The monitoring operations
of civil society organisations on security institutions and the status of
public security can also be reflected in print and electronic media.
Investigative journalism can also contribute to preserving the independence of
the judiciary by serving as a watchdog against corruption and reporting on
instances of abuse of authority.
·
By
Admin, Role of Civil Societies and Media, May11,2022, Indian law
The function of civil
society is crucial in a democracy. A robust civil society may represent the
interests of the populace and the community while simultaneously serving as a
check on the overreach of the state. Organizations in the civil society are
more active in educating the public about politics and motivating people to get
involved in politics to protect their own interests. Through these initiatives,
governments can become more open, responsive to public requests, honest,
accountable, and accountable, which will increase public support for them and
boost their legitimacy.
·
By Peter Wanyande, The Media as a Civil Society and
its Role in Democratic Transition in Kenya
In this essay, they
looked at the part that Kenya's mass media has played in democratic efforts
there. We examined the role that the media is expected to play as the region's
nations move from one-party to multiparty democracies. The limitations that the
media must overcome or deal with in order to effectively participate in the
politics of democratic transition were also noted and discussed in the article.
Our claim is that the political climate and legal framework in Kenya, where the
media operates, are extremely challenging and do not bode well for them. The
media have made a substantial contribution to the mobilisation of the masses to
participate in politics despite, and sometimes because of, these limitations.
·
Dutta Shree Duwadi, Civil Society and Media: Give them
their due, The Himalayan, Jan3, 2019
By minimising its
constraints, the government must foster an atmosphere that supports the
operation of CSOs and the media. The civil society must actively participate in
public discussions about social security and corruption. In a democracy, civil
society has a crucial role to play. A robust civil society can represent the
needs of the populace and the neighbourhood and act as a check on the
government's abuse of power. The public's political participation and political
knowledge are typically promoted more actively by civil society organisations
in order to advance their own objectives. Through these initiatives,
governments can improve their accountability, integrity, transparency, and
responsiveness to citizen demands, which will increase public support for them
and boost their legitimacy.
INTRODUCTION
The media and civil society may play
a significant monitoring role in the defence industry while also increasing
public support for more democratic and transparent government. An environment
that is supportive to civil society and the media must be promoted. Initiatives
should encourage continual communication between the government, civil society
(broadly defined), and the media in order to promote cooperation and
confidence.
Civil society organisations (CSOs)
can work to balance out the authority of the state, fight authoritarianism, and
make sure that special interests aren't in charge of it. By exposing corruption,
the media can serve as a watchdog and aid in the promotion of good government
and accountability by disseminating timely, reliable, and impartial information
that is interesting to and relevant to the general public. Building an
integrity culture within security agencies is a vital task for civil society
and the media. However, in reality, they have only had a minor impact on
established democracies, particularly those that are members of the NATO
alliance, as well as weak and transitional governments. The following
situations highlight some major obstacles to media and civil society
engagement:
·
Brittle conditions - It is challenging for media and
civil society organisations to monitor and advocate for change inside the
defence industry as a result of the emergence of abusive security operations.
·
Transition Countries - Due to bureaucratic barriers to
NGOs' legal recognition, a lack of strong civil society, and low levels of
political freedom, the role of non-state actors is frequently constrained.
Civil society has also been constrained by anti-terrorism legislation and other
measures adopted in the wake of 9/11.
·
NATO nations - The rhetoric and implementation of
NATO's openness, transparency, and accountability policies diverge
significantly.
When these beneficial connections
between civil society and the government are weak or insufficient, efforts must
be made to strengthen them. By encouraging constant communication,
collaboration, and trust between the government, civil society, and the media,
it is crucial to encourage change in public views and practises. Instead than
just being "establishment-friendly" organisations, civil society
should be viewed broadly to include trade unions and women's organisations.
Governments should foster an
atmosphere that supports the efficient operation of CSOs and the media, for
instance by easing limitations.
The risk of corruption should be
vigorously addressed in public discussions by civil society organisations. CSOs
can aid in promoting harmony between the demand for investments in honesty,
openness, and accountability on the one hand, and the pursuit of effectiveness
and efficiency in the defence sector on the other.
CSOs should contribute to reframing
the discussion on boosting integrity and lowering the likelihood of corruption
in the defence industry. A novel policy framework that is applicable, grounded
in empirical data, and ethically sound must be developed.
In the interests of legitimacy and
public transparency, CSOs should support requests for increased transparency
and accountability within their own organisations. In addition, governments and
their agencies as well as NATO must increase accountability and openness.
MASS MEDIA
AND CIVIL SOCIETY
The Mass Media
The mass media are the technological
tools that allow for the communication and transmission of information to
millions of individuals all over the world. The media has a role in mass
communication. Delivering information, ideas, attitudes, entertainment, and
messages to a sizable, diverse audience through the use of media created for
that purpose is known as mass communication. The following major categories can
be applied to mass media:
·
Newspapers, magazines, journals, books, posters, and
other printed materials that are distributed to the general public are all
considered to be print media.
·
Radio, television, cinema, video, DVD, and any other
forms of electronic information distribution are included in the electronic
media, commonly referred to as the broadcast media.
·
The Internet, mobile devices, DVDs, and social media
that use the World Wide Web to reach millions of people are examples of new
media.
Newspapers, television, radio,
movies, and the internet all have a significant impact on civic society. By
giving citizens a forum for discussion and debate on issues of public
significance and for the formation of a reasoned consensus, the media serves as
a go-between for the State and Civil Society.
Public Sphere
The definition of the "Public
Sphere" is provided by Jurgen Habermas in his 1962 book, "The Structural
Transformation of the Public Sphere.[1]"
Today, it is believed that the media plays a significant role in the public
sphere by giving the civil society a forum for debating and expressing a
variety of viewpoints and, in doing so, influencing governmental choices. The
public sphere is the imagined boundary between the state and civil society.
According to Habermas, the media is
the most important institution in the public sphere because it encourages
citizens to engage in reasoned discourse. The media, a significant element of
the public sphere, is crucial in facilitating the presentation of many societal
points of view and working to influence legislation. Habermas coined the term
"public sphere" in 1989 to describe the discursive environment in
which people and groups can meet in order to openly discuss and pinpoint
societal issues and, in turn, have an impact on political decision-making.
The idea of a public sphere has been
discussed frequently in relation to the function of the media in political life.
The term "public sphere" generally refers to a hypothetical
"place" that offers a more or less independent and free forum for
public discourse. The right to assemble, associate, and express oneself are all
guaranteed, as is unfettered access to the area.
Public journalism
The majority of Indian journalism
today emerged through citizen journalism. The desire to express themselves and
participate actively in society drove the development of newspapers by the
freedom fighters.
As a result, there has always been a
desire among the citizenry to express itself and bring up issues. The
instruments that are accessible for this sort of expression have significantly
changed, largely because of technological improvements. In addition, television
is where the term "citizen journalism" originated. The use of citizen
journalists as news providers is growing. Every medium has embraced the idea of
citizen journalism, including newspapers, magazines, television, the internet,
and radio.
Thus, what began as letters to the editor
in newspapers evolved into a television programme before becoming a practise on
blogs.
Additionally, it is acceptable to say
that when citizens use the mainstream media to highlight issues, they are given
a stage and a forum to do so. However, there is no question that the interests
of the media organisation will prevail over those of the citizen journalists.
Therefore, no other medium—aside from
the Internet—offers citizens complete freedom of expression.
Public journalism will be encouraged
to increase levels of citizen engagement and participation as Internet and
technology use increases.
The Civil Society
According to Saberwal (2005), a civil
society is a social setting that should include the following characteristics:
The first characteristic of Civil
Society is that decisions and choices must be based on knowledge and reason;
the second characteristic is that its members must have open relationships with
one another, without discrimination based on caste, gender, or religion; and
the third characteristic is that the Civil Society space must be free from
coercive pressures when making decisions and choices. Together, the
aforementioned characteristics of civil society are interconnected and define a
social setting that is dedicated to (a) freedom of association so that
organisations with open memberships may pursue a variety of goals, (b) within a
setting of non-coercive reasoned deliberation, and (c) that is based on
knowledge of empirical reality, knowledge that is valid across cultural
boundaries.
Because the media is so important to
a democracy, it gives civil society the social space that meets all the
criteria listed above. According to Castells (2008)[2],
the link between the state and civil society is the cornerstone of democracy
because without a strong civil society that can organise and direct citizens to
disputes over various ideas and competing interests, the state tends to sever
ties with its constituents.
Denis McQuail describes the civil
society as free, democratic, no oppressive, and legal, with a well-developed
public sphere. The Public Sphere offers room for alternative social forms and
volunteerism between the government and private persons. An institution of the
public sphere, the mass media offers a stage for conversation and debate as
well as the dissemination of knowledge.
A civic society that fosters a
vibrant public sphere opposes a populist or authoritarian society. The civil
society emphasizes that the audience is engaged in freely expressing
themselves, and interacting with the state and its arms.
PEACE
BUILDING AND MEDIA IN CIVIL SOCIETY
The media can contribute to conflict
resolution and peacebuilding. Programs on media/communications and
peacebuilding have grown as a result of this realisation. Common interventions
include the training of journalists and the creation of pro-peace programme
content. But creating and executing such programmes, and even more so
evaluating them, present considerable problems. Even while some initiatives
have produced favourable outcomes (such as decreased election-related
violence), there isn't enough data to draw firm conclusions about the causal
relationships between actions and impact. This demonstrates the demand for
additional study.
The academic literature and grey
literature consulted for this review are mixed. The majority of the material
ignored gender and neglected to discuss people with impairments. Both mass
media (television, radio, newspapers) and social media (such as Facebook,
Twitter, and online blogs), which are used as sources or tools of news and
information today, are referred to as "media" in this report (Betz,
2018: 2). According to the definition of "peacebuilding," it is
"a process that facilitates the establishment of durable peace and
attempts to prevent the recurrence of violence by addressing the root causes
and effects of conflict through reconciliation, institution building, and
political as well as economic transformation." In this assessment,
peacebuilding is defined broadly to include both conflict prevention and
post-conflict peace restoration.
The media can contribute to peace in
a variety of ways, including by bridging gaps between individuals and groups,
enhancing governance, raising awareness of complex issues, identifying
potential conflicts early on, providing a forum for the expression of emotions,
and spurring action to advance peace.
Media monitoring, media
professionalisation programmes, peace journalism training, international
broadcasting, promotion of an enabling legal and regulatory environment, using
media to convey peacebuilding messages, citizen journalism initiatives, and
crowdsourcing initiatives to collect and share information are just a few
examples of the many different types of media/communication interventions for
peacebuilding that can be used. The setting, in particular the stage of the
"conflict cycle," will determine the type of intervention.
NGOs like Internews, Search for
Common Ground, and Intermedia, as well as international broadcasters like BBC
World Service and Voice of America, as well as tech-focused groups like
Frontline SMS and Ushahidi, are some of the key players in media/communication
and peacebuilding programming.
The implementation of such
interventions faces a number of obstacles, including the willingness and
interests of media owners, a dearth of readers and viewers for stories about
peace compared to those about violence and conflict, reluctance on the part of
journalist because they believe the media should be objective, a lack of
resources, legal and regulatory restrictions, and a lack of media outreach.
The evaluation of
media/communications initiatives for peacebuilding is particularly difficult
because the benefits are difficult to directly assess and the results are not
well defined; It can be challenging and dangerous to conduct research, and it
can be challenging to blame purely the media or communication interventions
when other factors were likely involved.
Responsible Reporting
·
Investigative reporting is a continuous process of
looking for answers. journalists from various media outlets
·
When covering a dispute, media outlets should follow
the guidelines below: Journalists should investigate all sides.
·
They shouldn't only reiterate the complaints of one
side.
·
Journalists should investigate the goals of the
opposing parties and the likelihood of retreat, compromise, or transcendence.
Journalists ought to explore these options in their writing.
·
With conflict analysis, media may more accurately
report on what diplomats and negotiators are trying to accomplish.
·
By using conflict analysis, journalists can more
accurately report on what diplomats and negotiators are trying to accomplish.
·
Journalists can find more information sources by using
conflict analysis. Journalism can contribute to its resolution by making the
public more aware about the Conflict that lies underneath the violence.
·
While covering a conflict, good journalism should
refrain from the following: Good journalism should not be defamatory. It does
not embellish or falsify the truth about individuals.
ROLE OF
MEDIA IN POST CONFLICT SOCIETY
A dependable news source promotes
educated citizen decision-making, which, when practised freely, aids in democratisation.
Here, the term "reliability" refers to journalism that is truthful,
unbiased, and ethical. Accuracy, impartiality, and responsibility in serving
the public interest are at least three of the fundamental concepts that set
Western news media information collecting and presentation apart from other
forms of information dissemination. These guidelines apply to all news and
information providers, including journalists, editors, directors, producers,
managers, camera operators, designers, and other individuals (freelancers).
The role of the media in a society
recovering from a conflict and its significance in the democratisation process
have been acknowledged by the world community. According to Ross (2010), the
technology-driven pervasiveness of the news media in the post-Cold War era, an
appreciation of the efficacy of media-based relief and development strategies
from the prior decade, and increased concern among the international community
that irresponsible media may fuel genocidal incidents like what happened in
Rwanda can all be used to explain this increase in attention. Aid for free and
independent media has therefore become a crucial component of aid and
development programmes of the majority of Western nations and international
development organisations.
Donors continue to focus their
emphasis on education programmes that develop and uphold these fundamental
journalistic standards, particularly through training initiatives. Similar to
this, the media takes part in covering and analysing disputes as well as the
methods used to manage and resolve them. According to Ross (2010), competent
media training has aided in the development of a variety of print and
broadcasting media (such as newspapers, television, and radio stations) as well
as the establishment of non-governmental organisations (NGOs) that support free
expression in many post-conflict nations. Aiding programmes with planned
outcomes, promoting media sources that have the opposite agenda, and
facilitating the establishment of a legal system, judicial system, and
regulatory framework that supports the media are all additional donor
activities related to the media[3].
However, specific post-conflict
circumstances like state-controlled ownership, a lack of the necessary tools,
and (self-) censorship have frequently impeded the growth of local
institutional capacity in the media. Where media diversity does exist, it has
proven to be a minefield of heavily political sites generating shaky news that
could undermine the already precarious democratic process. A more coordinated,
context-specific, and informed approach as well as an evaluation of the impact
of media programmes are therefore required for the formation of a
well-functioning media industry with the required institutional infrastructure.
In formerly controlled or violently
pressured cultures, the dissolution of Cold War structures and attitudes at the
end of the 1980s sparked positive developments for democratisation and an
increased interest in supporting the professionalisation and independence of
media[4].
Ross (2010) cites the following
factors as the causes of this increase in attention:
First, international organisations
and funders had shown tremendous success in the 1980s incorporating media-based
programmes, particularly radio programmes, into their strategies for both
short-term humanitarian development and relief from natural catastrophes.
Concerned agencies and civil society organisations had acknowledged the
usefulness of media for presenting responses and options to challenging
circumstances, whether it was using public and private radio for messages
guiding residents to relief centres or for extended programmes.
The end of the Cold War also
eliminated obstacles to the dissemination of local, national, and worldwide
news to previously excluded audiences. Agencies were encouraged by easier
access to many nations to consider establishing local media there as an
alternative to the traditionally dictatorial or strictly regulated media. In
the view that an independent, professional media is a crucial component of the
democratisation process, the goal was to promote the development of an
independent, professional media and an alternative, democratic philosophy.
Second, the media—especially the
electronic media—had attained a level of ubiquity propelled by technology that
allowed their messages to spread to even the most remote regions. Particularly,
radio receivers had become widely accessible and affordable. While the
dissemination of printed literature rose due to improved printing-distribution
technology and an increase in literacy, television had also thoroughly
permeated some communities.
Thirdly, in the 1990s, media
programmes gained more traction as a potential counterweight to the growing use
of media (especially electronic media) for the regrettable opposite aim of
weakening peace. Instances of hate radio and other propaganda that encouraged
and assisted in the planning of attempted genocides, such as those in Rwanda
and Bosnia-Herzegovina, to name just two, have sharply grown, drawing attention
to the destructive power of media and sparking the search for solutions. The
focus on the media as a tool for rapprochement and democratisation in societies
under stress from conflict has grown as new information about conflict resolution,
with a focus on influencing disputants' perspectives through controlled
communication, has become more intense. Due to this, non-governmental
organisations (NGOs), bilateral donors, and international organisations started
looking into prospects for media support programmes, also known as media help.
A significant media initiative was implemented by the UN during the Cambodian
transitional period (1992–1993) and in practically every subsequent UN
operation. NGOs with a focus on media interventions have formed, notably the
Media Institute of Southern Africa, the Baltic Media Centre in Europe, and the
US-based Search for Common Ground. The Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, the United
Kingdom, Switzerland, and the United States are among the donor nations that have
incorporated media support programmes into their international aid plans.[5]
The World Bank, UNESCO, and other
influential institutions made significant investments in media initiatives as
part of democratisation and human rights programmes.
CIVIL
SOCIETY AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION
Institutions of the civil society
play a vital part in conflict containment, prevention, and settlement. It is
important to talk in depth about this point.
Typically, the state has almost
complete control over what is finally prescribed and implemented, settling
disputes. But because the root causes of conflict keep growing and the state,
even in other circumstances, cannot always function effectively in this regard,
civil society institutions made a significant impact on the situation. Two
significant requests for public engagement are specifically introduced by the
very growth of the participatory democracy paradigm. The first is a demand for
a more equitable distribution of societal resources as well as for access to
the enabling rights and privileges that modern states are required to grant
citizens. The second assertion speaks directly to the need for participation in
societal governance. The social demands for human rights and the widespread
acceptance of decentralisation of democracies serve as excellent examples for
both of these ideas.
The outcome is an open invitation for
non-governmental organisations to play a bigger role. They assist in educating
these persons about their rights to these claims. This has the result of playing
an even larger role in conflict containment, avoidance, and resolution.
Examples of this kind of entitlement include public health and education.
Another example is maintaining the ecological equilibrium. As is generally
recognised by this point, these entitlements occasionally cause conflicts
between the populace and governments. However, in the end, the involvement of
voluntary non-governmental organisations also results in a settlement of claims
and counterclaims. This trend will be demonstrated by a few examples. The NGOs'
role in promoting minority rights, citing the rights enshrined in the Indian
Constitution and the UN Declaration of Human Rights, and applying pressure on
the government to do so go a long way in reducing the likelihood of future conflict
and, more importantly, in achieving just resolutions that will promote social
peace.
Similar to this, the concerned NGOs
serve the whistle-blower function and much more to assist prevent harm to the
greater public interest when massive irrigation and other development projects
cause large-scale disturbance to their natural environment.
In recent decades, the civil society
has grown as a powerful force in conflict settlement as a separate institution
from the state. This is partly because some segments of the society within
states believe that those latter are either not equipped to handle conflict or
are themselves pursuing socio-economic policies that either directly or
indirectly fuel conflict.
CONCLUSION
The significance of civil society and
the media as elements of the public realm and their function in decreasing
conflict were discussed in this unit. It is crucial that the media act as a
mediator to lessen conflict. The role and significance of the media in a
post-conflict society have been acknowledged by the world community. The media
supports the civil society's attempts to resolve conflicts. Media helps through
facilitating communication, educating, boosting self-esteem, eradicating
misconceptions, supplying emotional outlets, fostering group consensus,
fostering problem-solving, etc. The civil society institutions have become
significantly more involved in the process as conflict causes have grown and
the state has its own limitations. It aids in bringing attention to complaints,
fostering communication, fostering confidence, etc. Despite having a
significant impact, both the media and civil society are subject to criticism
from time to time for their biased or harmful roles.
[1] Davis, I., 2010, 'The
Role of Civil Society and the Media', in Building Integrity and Reducing
Corruption in Defence: A Compendium of Best Practices, ed. T. Tagarev, Geneva
Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), Geneva, pp261-280
[2] Mateja Rek, Researching Role of Civil Society and
Media in Curbing Corruption: A need for a more in-depth interdisciplinary
approach, 2015
[3] By Peter Wanyande, The Media as a Civil Society and
its Role in Democratic Transition in Kenya
[4] Eden Cole, Kerstin
Eppert and Katrin Kinzelbach (eds.), Public Oversight of the Security Sector. A
Handbook for Civil Society Organisations.(Bratislava: Valeur for UNDP, 2008)
[5] By Peter Wanyande, The Media as a Civil Society and
its Role in Democratic Transition in Kenya