Open Access Research Article
RESILIENCE IN FLUX: UNDERSTANDING THE INTERPLAY OF DISABILITY AND CLIMATE CHANGE DYNAMICS
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Article Details
RESILIENCE IN FLUX: UNDERSTANDING
THE INTERPLAY OF DISABILITY AND CLIMATE CHANGE DYNAMICS
AUTHORED BY - NABIL IQBAL
1.
Introduction
Climate
change is considered as one of the biggest threats for current and upcoming generations.[1] It
has affected the life of individuals through various ways, the most crucial
being threat to the enjoyment of rights that is considered as essential for
living.[2] Intergovernmental
Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) defines climate change as “a change in the
state of the climate that can be identified (e.g., by using statistical tests)
by changes in the mean and/or the variability of its properties, and that
persists for an extended period, typically decades or longer.”[3] Various
effects of climate change include – rise in sea level, draught, flood, heat waves
etc.[4] These
effects can be either slow-onset (such as - sea level rise)[5] or
sudden-onset (such as flash flood).[6]
The impact of climate change is seen
severely on marginalized groups such as women, children and disabled.[7]
This essay will focus on people belonging to the latter group i.e., disabled.
The community of disabled is considered as the largest minority group in the
world,[8]
which comprises of 15% of world’s population.[9]
Right from ancient period, they are facing stigmatization, discrimination, marginalization
and other inequalities. Now, the climate change has further increased their
vulnerability.[10] The
problem become more intense due to the fact that the effect of climate change
is seen more severely in poor countries.[11]
In view of the above-mentioned fact,
this paper discusses the effect of climate change on disabled people. To make
the essay coherent, the paper is divided into four parts. Part I discusses the
meaning of climate change and its impact on the society. Once the basic
understanding of climate change is acknowledged, the essay focuses on the
impact of climate change with respect to disabled people. This is discussed in
part II. This part is further sub-divided into two broad categories based on
the type of effects i.e., slow-onset and sudden-onset.
To understand the problem faced by
disabled in the former situation, the essay look into the country of Kiribati.
Kiribati is an island nation which is located in the Pacific Ocean[12]
and have a total population of 119,000.[13] This
country is considered as one of the most affected country due to climate change[14]
and it is believed that Kiribati will become completely inhabitable due to rise
in sea-level by 2050.[15]
While looking into the situation of Kiribati, the focus is made on how
slow-onset of climate change create challenges for disabled people. To
understand the second type of effect i.e., sudden-onset, the essay discusses how
sudden onset of climate change affects the basic life of disabled people.
Part III highlights the issue of
non-inclusion of disabled people in policies and decision making regarding
climate change. It further suggests the requirement of including disabled
people in such decision making process. And Part IV recognizes the need for a
human-rights based approach to solve the bias against disabled people during
climate change events.
2. Part I - Climate
Change & It’s Impact
2.1. Meaning:
‘Climate
Change’ is the most significant moral and political issue in the contemporary
times. But, it is often
used interchangeably with global warming. However, these two words are
completely different. ‘Climate Change’ as described by the United Nations is a
long term alteration in weather and temperature patterns.[16] Climate
change is often understood as a consequence of human activities which primarily
include burning of fossil fuels and deforestation.[17]
These human activities, especially
burning of fossil fuels leads to green house gas emissions (GHGs) which are
responsible for increased temperatures all over the planet. The temperature
pattern in the last decade proves that the average temperature of the planet
has increased about 1.1 degree Celsius.[18]
In fact, the last decade was the warmest ever recorded. Climate change has
induced a series of events that include extreme weather conditions such as
droughts, floods, rise in sea-level, melting of polar ice caps, etc. Floods,
drought, storms and other events are occurring more frequently and intensely
due to climate change. It has caused the weather patterns to be comparatively
unpredictable. When these weather patterns occur naturally, they are slow and
less damaging.[19]
However, the human-induced climate change is far reaching impacts not only for
human beings but for the whole planet.
2.2. Impact of Climate Change
Climate
Change is a fundamental topic for debate of the twenty-first century. Ecosystems
around the world are
getting affected. Climate change not only impact weather patterns but all the
things that we depend on. It affects our vegetation, transportation, housing,
health, etc.[20] The
impact of climate change is interrelated. For example, climate change affects
rainfall pattern which in turn affects the vegetation and thus food security
and health. Similarly, flood affects disease outbreak and damages crops and
infrastructure. Therefore, it touches every aspect of our life. It threatens
the whole world and has proved to be a threat to realization of wide range of
human rights.[21]
It is often argued that climate
change is ‘indiscriminate’, in the sense that it affects everyone equally.[22]
However, this does not hold true for everyone. Some countries and some sections of people are
more vulnerable to the effects of climate change. For instance, low lying
countries, specifically small island nations like Kiribati and Maldives are
most prone to get affected due to climate change.[23]
As a matter of fact, some regions in Kiribati have already become inhabitable
due to rising sea level which is a consequence of climate change. Similarly
socioeconomic factors also determine the impact climate change has on society.
A society with few resources and poor economy is bound to get adversely
affected due to climate change. The impact of climate change is seen severely
on marginalized groups such as women, children, old people etc.[24] In
the same way, people with disability are the ones who are most detrimentally
affected due to the affect of climate change. Therefore, it is important to
discuss about the impact of climate change on disabled people.
3. Part II - Impact of Climate Change on Disabled People
‘Disability’
includes conditions that confines ability of a person to do certain activities.[25]
There are various categories of disabilities, including disability related to
hearing, mobility, speech, vision, etc. It is not an unknown fact that people
with disability face significant challenges than non-disabled people. In
general, disabled people are treated unequally and face difficulties in the
normal sphere of life. Although, disabled people form about 15% of the world’s
population, they are ignored in the climate change discussions.[26] People
with disabilities would face increased hardships due to climate change. These
hardships would not only affect the quality of life but also basic human rights
of disabled people. It would affect right to life, right to adequate standard
of living, right to food, etc. amongst other human rights.
The key impact of climate change on
disabled people would mostly be on the quality of life. This could be
understood by the fact that, disabled people, generally, already face hardships
for access to safe drinking water and hygiene. It is estimated that during the
present century, water accessibility would be negatively affected due to
climate change.[27] IPCC
has also stated that it will affect both the quantity and quality of water.[28] In
such situations, the decreases water quality would result in disease outbreaks
and may also cause disability related issues. Further, it would also create
accessibility related issues to disabled people.
Climate change affects disabled
people in numerous ways. In certain situations like cyclones, storms, floods,
etc. it has immediate repercussions. In other conditions, like rise in
sea-level, its affect cannot be predicted imminently. The former case falls
into the category of sudden onset effects and the latter one in the slow-onset
effects of climate change.
3.1. Impact of Sudden Onset of Climate
Change on Disabled People
The world
has already witnessed the sudden onset events related to climate change. Sudden
onset
events mean the immediate and sudden
effects of climate change. It has been stated by the researchers that in the
wake of climate change, stronger hurricanes and storms are more prevalent in
warmer climates.[29] These prevalent
changes in the weather which gives rise to frequent events like hurricanes,
storms, flood, etc. could be generally understood as sudden onset events of
climate change.
As the events are sudden, people
usually do not get enough time to react and therefore, they suffer numerous
impacts. These impacts have disproportionate affect on vulnerable section like
disabled people. Disabled people face challenges in the daily sphere of their
lives. During emergency situations like storms, they face enhanced adversities.
Firstly, they may not have access to same information related to warnings of
sudden onset events due to their disability. This is particularly true for
people with hearing and vision impairment. Secondly, they may not have access
to same resources that the non-disabled people while preparing for coping up
with such emergency situations. Finally, they also face deprivations after the
events of sudden onset calamities.
3.1.1. Displacement&
Inability to Migrate
Displacement
is one of the most stressful impacts of sudden onset events. Sudden onset
events are unpredictable
but they cause loss and damage. Sometimes, they wreck havoc, lasting for days
or even more. It is estimated that about 80% of disabled people live in middle
income and low income nations, which are highly vulnerable to climate change.[30]Sudden
onset of climate change can cause displacement by means of enhanced incidence
of extreme weather events of droughts, floods, storms, etc. Disabled people are
at greater risk because of discrimination in protection and access to services.
They also face challenges in availing durable remedies to displacement. People
with mobility related issues are the ones who are specifically affected due to
their special condition. They are affected the most because they are not able
to access the facilities.
Disabled people are amongst the one
who are worst hit by displacement due to climate change because of their
special conditions. But, they are also the ones who face problems while trying
to migrate. Migration is sometimes the only solution when coping up with the
aftermaths of climate displacement. But, disabled people, in particular, people
with mobility issues face trouble migrating.
3.1.2. Livelihood
Sudden
onset events often displace a person, which also affects their livelihood. For
disabled people, getting
an employment is already difficult. But, after climate change disasters, they
are at mercy of social services. In such conditions, each facet of their lives
is affected. They do not have proper access to food and other resources. Given
these circumstances, going back to former way of life might be impossible for
them. A disaster due to climate change does not just affect the population, but
the economy of a place. When climate disaster such as storms and flood hits a
particular place, it also destroys the potential agriculture and other
resources. Such resources are often a source of livelihood for people. Given
the limited ability of disabled people, it is impossible for them to learn new
skills every now and then. When the original source of livelihood is destroyed,
they are left with no sources of income. Moreover, they cannot always switch
jobs. While, it is difficult for even non-disabled people to maintain the
source of their livelihood after sudden onset events of climate change, because
they need to migrate to other places.
But, there is ‘inequality’ factor
attached with people with disabilities.[31]
For example, in a place which is near to sea or ocean, most of the people
depend upon fishing or related occupations for sustaining their livelihood.
But, if a storm approaches and destroys the place, people would have to
relocate. Most of the people, who would relocate would need to learn new skills
to sustain their livelihood because it is not guaranteed that they would
relocate to a place which would be close to sea or ocean. In such
circumstances, disabled people would face additional challenges than
non-disabled. Primarily, relocation would not be so easy for them because their
respective special conditions or impairments. Secondly, even if they relocate,
they may not be able to get an employment similar to their former employment.
Learning new skills to gain different employment is often not easy for disabled
people,[32]
because of the bias they face.
Because of their physical conditions
and the brutality of the sudden onset of climate change, vulnerable people,
including disabled have to face challenging consequences. Though, these
consequences are faced by disabled and non-disabled person equally and they
have suffered. But the suffering of the non-disabled people, in more due their
special conditions. Getting access to services is also challenging for them,
because most of the times, they do not have proper information. There is a
stigma attached with disability[33]
and even in the times of disaster, this stigma persists.
3.2. Impact of Slow Onset of Climate Change on
Disabled People
Slow onset
events of climate change can be primarily understood through Cancun Agreement (COP16)[34].
It relates to the affects and the hazards linked with climate change. Cancun
Agreement specifically mentions rise in sea-level, desertification,
acidification of oceans, deforestation, melting of glaciers, land degradation,
increase in temperature, etc. Evidently, these events related to climate
change, like sea- level rise occur at a slow pace. Although, the damage caused
by the slow onset of climate change is not too different from the sudden onset
events. It also leads to displacement, and loss to livelihood. However, as
these events occur at a slow pace, people generally have some time to react and
cope up with its damage. Usually people migrate or relocate to safe locations
before the affects become destructive.
But, if we talk specifically about
vulnerable groups such as disabled people, the impact of slow onset is
different and they do not have many options (like relocation and migration) to
cope up with the situation. The case of Kiribati is perhaps the case on point
which could elucidate this situation and reveal the bias against disabled
people.
3.2.1. Kiribati:
An overview
The Republic of Kiribati, is an island country
situated in the central pacific ocean. It consists of 32 low-lying atolls, all
of which are about 2-3 meters above sea level.[35]
Due to its physical geography, it is facing the consequences of sea-level rise,
making it one of the most affected nations to climate change. According to
experts, the island might disappear in the upcoming future.[36]
Consequently the citizens of Kiribati are facing several human right violations
and are forced to migrate to other places. In such cases, the challenges to
disabled people are twin-fold. Firstly, the face various violations of human
rights and secondly, they also face hardships while trying to migrate to safe
locations.
3.2.1.1. Food security: People of Kiribati are mostly
dependent on Fishing and Agriculture.[37]
But, due to rise in sea-level, they face numerous repercussions. It directly
affects the agricultural production and leads to breakdown of food system.
Coastal flooding leads to salt deposition in the soil and harms the crops.[38]
This also disproportionately impacts the disabled people. They face the risk of
malnutrition and food insecurity.
3.2.1.2. Water accessibility: Coastal flooding affects the
groundwater system in the island country resulting in threat to access to safe
drinking water, hygiene, and sanitation. Tarawa, the capital of Kiribati, has
meager freshwater sources and it leads to scarcity of water. In such
situations, nearly 60% of the population relies on the government for water
supply.[39]
Coastal flooding and salt deposition affects the water quality. This may lead
to introduction of disease carrying microbes in the drinking water supplies. Often
people with cognitive disabilities, individuals who have hearing or vision loss
might not have access to information regarding treatment of contaminated water
(such as the information like boiling the water before drinking). This may
affect their health.
While, this
may prove to be a challenge for every citizen, but disabled people due to their
special conditions are
the one most affected to such issues. They face numerous barriers and
inequalities in water, hygiene, and sanitation access. Even the United Nations
accept that water crisis affects disabled people disproportionately.[40]
3.2.1.3. Health: heat waves, increase in average
temperature, changing weather patterns may induce health related issues for
people. This holds true for people of Kiribati, who are at risk to infectious,
vector borne diseases, dengue, diarrhea etc. due to water contamination and
changing weather patterns. In fact, the health of infants is getting
deteriorated due to such issues and is also causing impairments which may lead
to disability.[41]
The region has witnessed outbreak of many infectious
diseases. Usually disabled people are dependent on others (family members,
nurses, social services, health care services) for assistance and information.
While, in times of crisis, alerts for public assistance are generally issued,
but people with disabilities (such as those with hearing and vision related
problems) may not be able to get access to the information as non-disabled
people. Therefore, frequent outbreak of infectious diseases may further imperil
the daily activities of disabled people and in such cases even health and
social services might not prove to be useful.
In case of slow onset of climate change, impact may
not be clearly visible due to slow pace of events. But, disabled people are
always at the risk. This could be seen by the difficulties that they face in
their day to day lives. In times of distress, their difficulties increase
manifold and they have less mechanisms to cope up with the loss. So, although
the events proceed with a slow pace in case of slow onset of climate change,
they are continuous and create new challenges everyday for disabled people.
4. Part III - Inclusion of Person with Disabilities in
Policy-Making
Due to the unpredictable nature of climate change, it
is difficult to formulate policies that could provide complete relief to all
sections of the society. But, policies related to climate change would be
ineffective, if it does not protect the vulnerable, including the disabled
people. There is a stigma attached with disability and disabled people face
bias in almost every phase of their life, be it education, work, or other
places. However, the effects of climate change could cause serious
repercussions to disabled people and due to their impairment it is not always
possible for them to cope up with its detrimental effects. Nevertheless, there
is a lack of proper inclusion of disabled people in formulating relief policies
due to climate change.
4.1. Lack of
representation in policy and decision making
Although,
the preamble of Paris Agreement[42]
states the requirement of including disabled people as one of the groups most
affected due to affects of climate change, they have been left out from the
process of decision-making under the United Nations Framework for Climate
Change (UNFCC). Further, there are no policies on domestic level to include
them in the decision making process related to impacts of climate change. This
drawback of exclusion of disabled people from the decision making process have
serious consequences. Coupled with non-accessibility of information,
discrimination, and poverty, disabled people are often omitted in response
action and planning. It is clear that both sudden and slow onset of climate
change affect the livelihood, health, and well-being of disabled people
worldwide.
Further, there are additional
consequences to some section of disabled people (Such as old-age, women,
indigenous people) that suffer from intersecting aspects of discrimination.[43]
Apart from suffering the impacts of climate change disproportionately, disabled
people also suffer detrimentally from the responses to climate change. This
could be understood by the fact that, policies related to climate change (for
example: reducing carbon emissions bans on carbon intensive products, etc.) are
often formulated ignoring the needs and affects on disabled community. [44] Differential
costs of such policies and the pressure on disabled community is not
considered. These result in inequalities and creating social barriers for them.
Therefore, it is essential that policies are designed keeping in mind
vulnerable section of the society, especially disabled people, who have
differential needs.
4.2. Recognizing the
need to include disabled people in the process of policy & decision making
The disproportionate impact of climate change on
disabled people cannot be ignored. Only the people with disability are in the
best position to understand the impacts that it has on them. Therefore, they
are in a befitting position to suggest the proper solutions. For this reason,
it is vital that disabled people should have an adequate representation in the
policy and decision making process. They can advice on their vulnerabilities
and the mechanisms that could be adopted to reduce the negative impacts of the
disaster due to climate change. Critical factors such as the accessibility,
adaptive capacity of disabled people, play an important role in making policies
related to climate change. Disabled people are often among the ‘poorest of the
poor’ because of lack of education, equal employment opportunities, social
exclusion, and limited access to facilities. Therefore, the first step in
addressing this issue is the proper inclusion of disabled people in the policy
&decision making process.
4.3. Policy Suggestions
After the
first step is achieved, i.e., proper representation of disabled people in
decision-making process,
the next step is formulating proper policies to redress the impact of climate
change on people of disabled community.
The first solution should be improving accessibility to information.
This could be done by addressing the special needs of disabled people. Special
methods should be developed so that disabled people could gain information
related to climate change and emergency warnings in the vulnerable areas.
Further, the areas which are highly vulnerable to the risk of climate change
should have an emergency and development response team, which takes care of the
proper accessibility to information, especially for vulnerable sections of society.
Moreover, ‘Climate Funds’ should be
created to assist the people in most vulnerable and economically poor countries
who are at high risk of getting affected due to climate change. These funds
should especially address the need of ‘disabled people’. This is because mostly
disabled people are left out while implementing the policies. In addition,
special emphasis should be given to policies that address the relocation phase
following a climate disaster. It is equally important to address the affects of
climate change both before and after the disasters. Relocation centers which
have facilities for disabled people should be made mandatory so that no one is
left out while trying to cope up after the disaster. Finally, all the policies
related to climate change, be it at international, domestic, or regional level
should necessarily include provisions for disabled people to address their
special needs for mitigation and adaptation.
5. Part IV - A Rights Based Approach: Way Forward
In addition
to other solutions, a rights based approach appears as a promising answer to tackle
the challenges that
disabled people face due to affects of climate change. United Nations
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD)[45],
directs the state parties to fulfill their obligations and address the broad
range of human rights (civil, political, social, economic, and cultural rights)
held by disabled people.
NCRPD in article 4(3)[46]
also states that, state parties should ensure that disabled people are included
in the policy, legislation, and decision making process, specifically if it
concerns people with disabilities. Moreover, by way of article 11, also directs
the state parties to protect and ensure safety to disabled people in situations
of risk, such as at times of natural disasters, in situation where humanitarian
and emergency assistance are required.[47]
This obligation under the UNCRPD shows a way forward for people with
disabilities. These obligations also mean that states should take necessary
measures to include these obligations in their legal domestic framework.
Paris Agreement has already recognized
the need to protect the right of people with disabilities, while taking action
against climate change.[48]
The UN Human Rights Council, has also stressed the need to include
disability-inclusive, human rights based approach to address policies on
climate change. These efforts on the international front shows that human
rights based approach is the best solution to tackle the challenges that
disabled people face due to effects of climate change. However, mere inclusion
of these obligations in legal instruments is not sufficient. Considering the
effects of climate change, a speedy implementation of these legal obligations
is the only viable solution at present to protect the rights of disabled
people.
6. Conclusion
It is
evident that climate change is affecting the whole planet. It is anticipated
that it will affect vulnerable section of people, especially people with
disability more adversely than others. Climate change would not just affect
‘disabled people’ but it may give rise to ‘impairment’ and ‘disability’. Evidently,
the impact of climate change on disabled people is far more damaging than the
non-disabled people. Further, both sudden and slow onsets of climate change
have different impacts on the lives of disabled. On one side, the sudden impact
brings about displacement, loss of livelihood, and is unpredictable. In such
circumstances, it is almost impossible for disabled people to cope up with such
situations due to lack of proper accessibility to solutions and resources.
Whereas on the other side, slow onset of events related to climate change is
also damaging. However, in those circumstances, it is possible for disabled
people to seek out help. Although, the danger in slow onset is not imminent, it
is continuous and ongoing. The consequences are slow but they may be equally
damaging. It is apparent that irrespective of the pace (sudden or slow),
vulnerable section of the society, including the disabled people do not have same
access to information and the protection that is available to other, Even if
these services are accessible, majority of the times, it is not possible for
disabled people to take advantage of such services and resources due to their
conditions. It could be illustrated by an example. In a situation of hurricane,
although the warnings are issued by the state, it is not possible for disabled
people, especially those with hearing and visual impairment, to take benefit of
the information.
In such circumstances, where policies
related to effects of climate change are made without proper inclusion of
disabled people, they will continue to suffer gradually more. Therefore,
policies related to disaster and climate change should be made with involvement
of disabled people. Climate change is inevitable and it is real. It is
affecting the lives of everyone in some way or the other. But, in such
circumstances, policies should be developed according to the vulnerable section
of the society (disabled, old-age people, indigenous people, women, etc.).
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[18] Ibid.
[19] Supra note 4.
[20] Ibid.
[21] Supra note 2.
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[26] Ibid.
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[31] Geddes, G. (2016). Disability
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[32] Ibid.
[33] Ibid.
[34] Cancun Agreements. (n.d.).
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[36] Ibid.
[37] Ibid.
[38] AF (Kiribati) [2013] NZIPT 800413.
[39] Ibid.
[40] The water crisis has a “major
impact on human rights” expert says. (n.d.). Retrived 8 December, 2022, from, https://www.ohchr.org/en/stories/2021/03/water-crisis-has-major-impact-human-rights-expert-says.
[41] Ibid.
[42] UNFCC. Paris
Agreement. U.N. Doc.
FCCC/CP/2015/L.9/Rev/1 (December 12, 2015).
[43] Common Barriers to Participation
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[44] Ibid.
[45] UN General Assembly, Convention
on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities : resolution / adopted by the
General Assembly, 24 January 2007, A/RES/61/106.
[46] Ibid., art 4(3).
[47] Ibid., art 11.
[48] Supra note 42.
Article Information
RESILIENCE IN FLUX: UNDERSTANDING THE INTERPLAY OF DISABILITY AND CLIMATE CHANGE DYNAMICS
Authors: NABIL IQBAL
- Journal IJLRA
- ISSN 2582-6433
- Published 2024/02/10
- Issue 7
About Journal
International Journal for Legal Research and Analysis
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- ISSN 2582-6433
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