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RESEARCH PAPER TITLE: FROM INK TO IDENTITY: REWRITING THE NARRATIVE OF LGBTQ+ COMMUNITY IN INDIAN LITERATURE
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RESEARCH PAPER TITLE: FROM INK TO
IDENTITY: REWRITING THE NARRATIVE OF LGBTQ+ COMMUNITY IN INDIAN LITERATURE
AUTHORED BY - ASHPINDER KAUR
ABSTRACT
Human Rights are the inherent rights
given to all individuals without any discrimination. The UN Declaration of
Human Rights 1948 expressly declares that there should be no discrimination on
the basis of sex, nationality, ethnicity, language, religion, or any other
status. But in contemporary times, where individuals are fighting for their
political, economic, social, and cultural rights, the LGBTQ+ community is
deprived of its fundamental rights of being a human on the basis of sex. Many discussions claim their existence to be
unnatural, but the same can be found in Indian Literature. Indian Literature in
Sanskrit, Hindi, Urdu, and other regional languages celebrates same-sex love.
In the 1940s, Ismat Chugthai's short story ‘Lihaaf’ tried to make a bold move
by turning down all the preconceived notions as she wrote about a liaison
between two women. In Medieval India, Amir Khusrau’s love for Nizamuddin Auliya
is perfectly presented in his writings. Then there is a story of the
fascination of Shiva for Mohini (Vishnu’s changed form) mentioned in Bhagwat
Purana. The book “The Man who was a
Woman and Other Queer Tales from Hindu Lore “was written by Devdutt Patnaik, an
Indian mythology scholar. The autobiographical account of Suryakant Tripathi
Nirala titled ‘Kulli Bhatt’ entertains the bisexual character. The experience
of being a transwoman and the issues concerning transmen, which are mostly
ignored, was narrated by A. Revathi in the autobiography. Manju Kapoor’s ‘A Married Woman’ discusses
the quest of a woman for an extramarital affair with another woman. As it is
rightly quoted in Mahabharata, the lamp of history destroys the darkness of
ignorance. Thus, Indian Literature openly examines the existence of this
community, treats their sexual orientation as normal, and throws light on their
struggle for basic Human Rights.
Keywords:
Human Rights, UN Declaration of Human Rights 1948, Discrimination, LGBTQ+
community, Fundamental rights, Indian Literature.
Introduction:
The evolution of human rights is a
fascinating journey that spans centuries and reflects the collective efforts of
individuals, communities, and nations to recognize and protect the inherent
dignity and worth of every human being. While the concept of human rights has
deep historical roots, its modern form emerged in the aftermath of World War II
with the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)[1] by
the United Nations General Assembly. The
UDHR, a landmark document, proclaimed fundamental human rights that should be
universally protected, such as the right to life, liberty, and security of
person, freedom of thought, conscience, and religion, and the right to
education, among others. It represented a response to the atrocities committed
during the war and sought to establish a global commitment to safeguarding
human dignity. Since adopting the UDHR, human rights have evolved through
international conventions, regional agreements, and domestic legislation. The
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the
International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR),
adopted in 1966, further elaborated on the rights enshrined in the UDHR. These
covenants formed the foundation for the international human rights framework
and established legally binding obligations on states. Over time, additional
human rights instruments and treaties have been developed to address specific
issues, such as the rights of women, children, indigenous peoples, and
refugees. Regional human rights systems, like the European Convention on Human
Rights[2]
and the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights[3],
have also been crucial in promoting and protecting human rights within their
respective jurisdictions. The evolution of human rights has been challenging. Conflicting
interpretations, cultural relativism, and the struggle for enforcement and
accountability have presented ongoing obstacles. Nonetheless, there have been
significant advancements in recognizing and realizing human rights globally.
Human rights discourse has expanded to encompass issues such as environmental
rights, the rights of sexual and gender minorities, and the intersectionality
of multiple forms of discrimination. Furthermore, grassroots movements and
advocacy campaigns have been instrumental in driving progress. Civil rights
movements, women's rights movements, and social justice movements worldwide
have challenged oppressive systems, pushed for legal reforms, and raised
awareness about human rights violations. The evolution of human rights reflects
humanity's collective commitment to create a more just and equitable world.
The Link Between Human Rights and LGBTQ+ Rights:
The link between human rights and
LGBTQ+ rights is grounded in the principle of equality and non-discrimination.
Human rights are universal, inherent to all individuals, and are not dependent
on one's sexual orientation, gender identity, or expression. LGBTQ+ rights are
an integral part of human rights, as they focus on protecting the dignity,
equality, and freedom of LGBTQ+ individuals.
Human rights prohibit discrimination on various grounds, including
sexual orientation, gender identity, and expression. LGBTQ+ individuals have
the right to be free from discrimination in all areas of life, including
employment, education, housing, healthcare, and public services. Upholding the
principle of non-discrimination ensures equal treatment. LGBTQ+ individuals
have the same inherent rights to life, liberty, and security as any other
person. Protecting LGBTQ+ individuals from violence, harassment, and
persecution is essential to uphold their fundamental rights. Human rights recognize the right to privacy
and the right to form a family. LGBTQ+ individuals can express their sexual
orientation, gender identity, and relationships without fear of discrimination
or interference from the state or society.
It is essential to recognize that the struggle for LGBTQ+ rights is
ongoing in many parts of the world, as social stigma, discrimination, and legal
barriers persist. Human rights
frameworks provide a solid foundation to address these issues and ensure that
the rights and dignity of LGBTQ+ individuals are respected, protected, and
fulfilled.
Recent developments in LGBTQ+ Rights in India:
In recent years,
significant developments have occurred regarding the link between human rights
and the LGBTQ+ community in India. In the
case of Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India[4],
the Supreme Court of India in 2018 struck down Section 377[5]
of the IPC, effectively decriminalizing consensual same-sex relationships. This
ruling was a significant step towards recognizing the rights of LGBTQ+
individuals and upholding their right to privacy, dignity, and
non-discrimination.
The Supreme Court in
2014[6]
recognized transgender people as a "third gender" and affirmed their
right to self-identify their gender. This judgment acknowledged the
discrimination faced by the transgender community and called for affirmative
action to protect their rights in education, employment, and healthcare. The Transgender Persons (Protection of
Rights) Act, 2019 was enacted to safeguard the rights and welfare of
transgender individuals. The law prohibits discrimination against transgender
people in various areas, including employment, education, healthcare, and
access to public facilities. It also provides for establishing welfare boards
and mechanisms for addressing grievances.
In 2020, the Delhi High Court, in a case, [7]recognized
the right of same-sex couples to adopt children. The court held that denying
adoption rights to same-sex couples solely based on their sexual orientation
violated their fundamental rights and the child's best interests. The LGBTQ+
community and allies in India have actively raised awareness, advocated for
their rights, and challenged societal prejudices. Pride parades and events are
organized in various cities nationwide, creating spaces for visibility,
acceptance, and solidarity.
While progress has been
made, challenges persist. Discrimination, social stigma, and violence against
the LGBTQ+ community continue to be issues that need to be addressed. There is
a need for comprehensive legislation to protect LGBTQ+ individuals from all
forms of discrimination, including in areas like employment, housing, and
healthcare. The link between human rights and the LGBTQ+ community in India
exemplifies the ongoing struggle for equal rights and inclusivity. It
highlights the importance of legal reforms, social acceptance, and advocacy
efforts to ensure that every individual, regardless of their sexual orientation
or gender identity, enjoys the same rights and protections as others in
society.
The Link Between Human Rights and Indian Literature:
Indian literature has a rich
tradition that spans centuries and reflects various aspects of society,
including attitudes toward gender and sexuality. While LGBTQ+ rights as a
modern concept may not have been explicitly discussed in ancient Indian literature,
there are references and depictions of same-sex relationships that provide
glimpses into diverse sexualities and gender identities in Indian history. One
of the earliest mentions of same-sex relationships can be found in the
Mahabharata, an epic Sanskrit poem believed to have been composed between 400
BCE and 400 CE. In the Mahabharata, the character Shikhandi is portrayed as
transgender. Born as a female, Shikhandi identifies and lives as a man, playing
a crucial role in the epic's narrative. In more recent centuries, Indian
literature has addressed LGBTQ themes more explicitly. For instance, in the
20th century, works by authors such as Ismat Chughtai and Kamala Das touched on
lesbian experiences and desires. Ismat Chughtai's story "Lihaaf" (The
Quilt) and Kamala Das's autobiography "My Story" are notable
examples. However, it is essential to note that societal attitudes toward LGBTQ
individuals in India have varied, and the literature reflects this diversity.
While some works highlight inclusivity and acceptance, others may depict
discrimination and stigma. Overall, Indian literature, across various periods,
contains glimpses of LGBTQ identities and relationships. It provides insights
into the complexity and diversity of gender and sexual identities in Indian
history, even if the explicit concept of LGBTQ rights is not always addressed.
Instances from Indian Literature:
Shiva’s love for Mohini: Bhagwat Purana
In the Bhagavata Purana, one of the
fascinating stories revolves around the enchanting form of Lord Vishnu, known
as Mohini, and the profound fascination that Lord Shiva developed for her. This
captivating tale showcases the divine play and interplay between two prominent
deities of Hindu mythology[8].
The story begins when the demons and gods join forces to churn the cosmic ocean
in search of the nectar of immortality. Several celestial beings and treasures
emerge from the sea during the churning process. Among them is Mohini, the
mesmerizing female incarnation of Lord Vishnu. Mohini possesses unparalleled
beauty, grace, and charm. He falls deeply in love with her and desires her
presence. This intense fascination consumes him, causing him to lose awareness
of his surroundings and become absorbed in Mohini's enchanting presence.
However, Mohini is an avatar of Lord Vishnu, and her purpose is to fulfill a
specific role in the cosmic drama. Understanding Shiva's infatuation, Mohini
uses her charm and divine grace to entice and distract him, ensuring that the
gods' plan to distribute the nectar goes smoothly without any interruptions.
Lord Shiva, entranced by Mohini, offers himself entirely to her, disregarding
his usual composure and divine responsibilities. Their interactions symbolize
the eternal dance between the masculine and feminine energies in the universe.
Eventually, the purpose of Mohini's appearance is fulfilled, and she vanishes
from Lord Shiva's sight. Shiva realizes that her illusionary form momentarily
swayed him and regains his divine awareness. Although deeply affected by the
encounter, he returns to his role as the supreme ascetic and guardian of the universe.
The story of Shiva's fascination for Mohini serves as a reminder of the allure
and playfulness of divine beings. It illustrates that even the most powerful
deities are susceptible to the captivating charm of divine manifestations.
Moreover, the story conveys that the holy is beyond conventional gender roles
and can manifest in various forms, blurring the boundaries between masculine
and feminine energies. It highlights the complex relationships, dynamics, and
interplay between deities within the Hindu pantheon, inviting devotees to
contemplate the mysteries of the divine realm.
The story of Shiva's fascination for
Mohini from the Bhagavata Purana can be examined from an LGBTQ+ perspective,
exploring themes of gender fluidity and the blurring of binary identities. It
offers an opportunity to view divine manifestations and love beyond traditional
gender roles. The narrative challenges rigid gender binaries and demonstrates
the fluidity and expansiveness of divine expression. Shiva's attraction to
Mohini can be seen as an exploration of the diverse range of human desires and
orientations. It breaks away from the societal expectations of heterosexual
relationships, allowing for a more inclusive understanding of love and
attraction. The story also invites contemplation on the spectrum of gender
identities. The story encourages the celebration of all forms of love and
recognizes the divine presence within diverse gender identities and
orientations. It affirms the notion that love is a universal force that
transcends boundaries, norms, and expectations.
Amir Khusro's Love for Nizamuddin Auliya:
Amir Khusro, a renowned Sufi poet and
musician of the 13th century, is known for his deep love and devotion to his
spiritual master, Hazrat Nizamuddin Auliya. Their bond, often referred to as a
mystical love affair, is a testament to the profound spiritual connection and
the transformative power of love within the Sufi tradition.
Amir Khusro's love for Nizamuddin
Auliya is beautifully expressed through his poetry, ghazals, and qawwalis. He
composed numerous verses that immortalized their relationship, describing
Nizamuddin Auliya as the beloved, the guide, and the embodiment of divine love.
These poetic expressions served as a medium for Khusro to convey his deep
reverence, devotion, and longing for his spiritual master. Khusro's love for
Nizamuddin Auliya went beyond the realms of a teacher-disciple relationship. It
was a profound spiritual connection, where Khusro saw his master as the source
of divine love and guidance. The relationship between Khusro and Nizamuddin
Auliya was marked by intense emotions, with Khusro often expressing his longing
and yearning for his master's presence. Khusro's poetry reflects his emotional
vulnerability and the depth of his love, as he often described himself as a
moth drawn to the flame of Nizamuddin
Auliya's divine presence. Khusro's love for Nizamuddin Auliya extended beyond
the spiritual realm and encompassed genuine affection and companionship. He
would often engage in musical performances and qawwali sessions in the presence
of his master, using music as a medium to express his love and devotion. These
musical expressions became an integral part of their spiritual practice and
served as a means of connecting with the divine. Amir Khusro's poetic
expressions of love for Nizamuddin Auliya continue to resonate with audiences
today, inspiring generations of seekers and lovers of divine wisdom. Their love
account serves as a testament to the transformative power of love and the
profound connection between a spiritual master and a devoted disciple within
the Sufi tradition. It is crucial to approach historical relationships and
figures with sensitivity and respect for the context of their time. While Amir
Khusro's love and devotion for Nizamuddin Auliya is well-documented, it is
crucial to understand it within the cultural and religious framework of the
13th century rather than imposing modern LGBTQ+ perspectives onto their
relationship. In the context of Sufism, the love between a disciple and a
spiritual master is often described in metaphoric and symbolic terms. It is seen
as a transcendent love that surpasses human boundaries and focuses on the
seeker's connection with the divine. This spiritual love is not limited to
romantic or sexual aspects but encompasses a broader sense of devotion and
longing. That being said, it is worth acknowledging that Sufi poetry and
literature, including Khusro's works, often employ expressions of love and
longing that can resonate with diverse emotional experiences. These expressions
can be interpreted and appreciated by individuals from various perspectives,
including LGBTQ+ individuals, to connect with the themes of love, spirituality,
and personal transformation. It is essential to recognize and honor the
existence of LGBTQ+ individuals throughout history and within various cultural
and religious traditions. While there may not be explicit evidence of same-sex
relationships between Khusro and Nizamuddin Auliya, it is essential to
acknowledge and celebrate the diversity of human experiences and relationships,
including those within the LGBTQ+ community.
Ismat Chughtai’s short story ‘Lihaaf’:
This
short story was published in 1942 in an Urdu journal named Adab-i-Litaf. The
story dwells on the groundbreaking concept of love between same-sex and the
gender expectations from the characters[9].
Some scholars believe it to be a feminist work as it challenges the notions of
a society in which there is no freedom to express sexuality as one desires.
The
story revolves around the characters of ‘Begum Jan’(a wealthy woman) and her
oil massager ‘Rabbu’( a young maid). A newlywed girl of 9 years old, she was
married to a man who was triple in age than hers, unable to fulfill her marital
needs and trying to find the same outside the household. Attracted by Rubby,
the story dwells on the same-sex love between these two women; their love is
signified by the quilt (Lihaaf).
From
an LGBTQ+ lens, "Lihaaf" portrays same-sex desire and the
complexities of navigating such desires within a society that strictly adheres
to gender norms and expectations. Begum Jaan's unfulfilled desires and the
clandestine nature of her relationship with Rabbu reflect the struggles faced
by individuals whose sexuality does not conform to societal norms. The story
also touches upon the rigid gender roles imposed on women in a patriarchal
society. Begum Jaan is expected to fulfill her duties as a wife and maintain
her husband's reputation, but these societal expectations stifle her desires
and passions. Her attraction to Rabbu represents a rebellion against these
prescribed roles and the constraints imposed upon her.
Chughtai's
"Lihaaf" serves as a commentary on the limited options available to
women to express their sexuality and desires openly. The story suggests that in
a conservative society, alternative forms of intimacy and desire may find
expression in hidden or coded ways, offering a glimpse into the experiences of
individuals who identify as LGBTQ+.
Tahir Naqvi’s Remarks on Ismat Chughtai’s
‘The Quilt and Other Stories:
Originally the stories were written by Ismat Chughtai
but later on translated by author and renowned translator Tahir Naqvi. He
mentions that the world of Ismat is full of middle-class people who have
unfulfilled desires and who try to break the gender roles. The same-sex
inclinations of the Nawab's male and the Begum's female characters are
portrayed as predatory towards children. We see Begum taking advantage of the
maid, and the Nawab seems to exploit the young boys. Chughtai plays straight
into the stigmatizing notions of queer people as pedophiles and, in general,
dangerous individuals by portraying homosexual urges through the eyes of the
child as something to be terrified of.
One can question whether the author supports
the "goodness" of heterosexuality versus the "danger,
mystery" of homosexuality.
“Kulli
Bhatt” – An Autobiography of Suryakant
Tripathi Nirala:
“Kulli Bhatt" is an extraordinary
autobiography that explores an individual's life journey through the lens of
their LGBTQ+ identity. It offers a poignant and empowering account of
self-discovery, resilience, and triumphs in the face of societal expectations
and discrimination. This autobiography sheds light on individuals' unique
challenges and experiences navigating their gender and sexual identities. It celebrates
the journey of self-acceptance and embracing a queer identity. The
autobiography chronicles the protagonist's exploration and realization of their
authentic self, highlighting the complexities and triumphs of accepting one's
sexual orientation and gender identity. The autobiography challenges
heteronormative expectations and societal norms by sharing the protagonist's
experiences. It sheds light on the pressure to conform to traditional gender
roles and heterosexuality and the subsequent liberation of embracing one's queer
identity. It stands as a testament to the power of personal narratives in
promoting understanding, acceptance, and social change for the LGBTQ+ community.
“A
truth about me: A Hijra Life” by
A. Revathi:
"A Truth About Me: A Hijra Life" is
an autobiographical account written by A. Revathi, a transgender activist and
author. The book offers an intimate and powerful narrative that sheds light on
the experiences, struggles, and triumphs of Revathi's life as a Hijra (a
transgender woman) in India[10]. The book's main storyline follows Revathi's
personal journey, beginning with her childhood in a conservative village where
she grapples with her gender identity. Revathi candidly shares her experiences
of facing discrimination, rejection, and violence due to societal prejudices
against transgender individuals. She explores the challenges of growing up in a
society that often marginalizes and stigmatizes transgender people. As Revathi
grows older, the narrative delves into her initiation into the Hijra community,
a distinct social and cultural group in South Asia. She provides a rare glimpse
into the Hijra community's traditions, rituals, and customs, allowing readers
to understand their unique identities and struggles. The book also explores
Revathi's personal relationships, including her friendships, romantic
encounters, and the pursuit of love and acceptance. Through these experiences,
she examines the complexities of navigating relationships and intimacy as a
transgender woman in a society that often denies her humanity. While recounting
the hardships and discrimination faced by Hijras, Revathi also emphasizes the community's
resilience, strength, and unity. She highlights the support, sisterhood, and
collective activism that emerges as a response to societal marginalization.
Revathi's story is one of empowerment, as she actively advocates for the rights
and visibility of transgender individuals, fighting against social injustices
and working towards greater acceptance and equality. In "A Truth About Me:
A Hijra Life," Revathi challenges gender norms, exposes the realities of
transgender life in India and offers a powerful voice to a marginalized
community. The book serves as a call for empathy, understanding, and social
change, inviting readers to reevaluate their perceptions and to recognize and respect
the diverse gender identities and experiences of transgender individuals.
“A
Married Woman” by Manju Kapoor:
“A Married Woman" by Manju Kapoor is a
thought-provoking novel that delves into the complexities of love, desire, and
societal expectations in the context of a married woman's life. Set in
contemporary Delhi, the book follows the journey of Astha, a middle-class woman
who finds herself between her roles as a dutiful wife and a woman seeking
personal fulfillment.
The story begins with Astha, a young woman who
enters into an arranged marriage with Hemant, a successful businessman. Astha's
marriage initially seems ideal, with Hemant providing for her material needs
and her in-laws expecting her to conform to traditional gender roles. However,
as time passes, Astha becomes disillusioned and feels stifled by the
expectations placed upon her. Astha's life takes an unexpected turn when she
meets and befriends a talented and free-spirited artist named Pipeelika. Astha
finds herself drawn to Pipeelika in unforeseen ways as their friendship
deepens. Their connection transcends societal norms and traditional definitions
of love as they embark on a passionate and unconventional relationship. The
novel explores the internal conflicts Astha faces as she grapples with her
desires, societal expectations, and commitment to her husband and family.
Kapoor sensitively portrays the complexities of Astha's emotional journey,
highlighting her struggles and sacrifices in her pursuit of personal happiness.
“A Married Woman" also sheds light on India's social and political
landscape during the 1990s—the narrative touches upon issues such as religious
tensions, political upheaval, and gender inequality. Astha's journey becomes
intertwined with the larger sociopolitical context, reflecting individuals'
challenges in a rapidly changing society. Throughout the book, Kapoor
skillfully presents multiple perspectives, examining the impact of Astha's
choices on her relationships with her husband, family, and society. The novel
prompts readers to question societal norms and conventions, challenging the
rigid boundaries imposed upon women and their capacity for self-fulfillment. At
its core, "A Married Woman" is a story of self-discovery,
empowerment, and the complexities of navigating personal desires within the
constraints of societal expectations. Kapoor's vivid storytelling and nuanced
character development invite readers to reflect on themes of love, marriage,
sexuality, and personal freedom.
It is a compelling and evocative novel
exploring love and marriage's multifaceted nature. It delves into the
complexities of a woman's journey toward self-discovery, challenging societal
norms, and pursuing personal fulfillment in a society that often restricts and
limits women's choices.
“The
Man who was a Woman and Other Queer Tales from Hindu Lore” by Devdutt Patnaik:
Devdutt Patnaik's "The Man Who Was a
Woman and Other Queer Tales from Hindu Lore" is a collection of
captivating stories from Hindu mythology highlighting gender and sexual
diversity. Through these tales, Patnaik explores the presence of LGBTQ+ themes
and characters within Hindu mythology, providing a unique and inclusive
perspective. The book weaves together various narratives, drawing from ancient
Hindu texts such as the Vedas, Puranas, and the Mahabharata to shed light on
the fluidity of gender and sexual identities within Hindu lore. Patnaik's
storytelling skillfully reveals characters who challenge binary notions of
gender, blur the lines of sexual orientation, and embrace diverse expressions
of love and desire. One of the main stories in the collection is that of
Shikhandi, a character from the Mahabharata. Shikhandi is born female but later
transforms into a male through divine intervention. This tale not only
showcases the complexity of gender identity but also explores themes of
acceptance, self-discovery, and the pursuit of one's true nature.
Another tale featured in the book is that of
Ila, who undergoes a gender transformation from male to female and back again,
alternating between identities across different stages of their life. This
narrative challenges traditional notions of fixed gender identities,
emphasizing the fluidity and versatility of gender expressions[11].
Additionally, Patnaik explores the story of Aravan, the son of Arjuna, who
offers himself as a sacrificial bride to the goddess Kali. Aravan's sacrifice
symbolizes the celebration of non-binary and transgender identities within
Hindu mythology, highlighting the acceptance and acknowledgment of diverse
gender identities within the religious framework. It also touches upon the
divine manifestations of deities who defy traditional gender roles. For
instance, Ardhanarishvara, the half-male and half-female form of Lord Shiva,
represents the harmonious union of masculine and feminine energies, blurring
the boundaries between genders and highlighting their interconnectedness.
Through these narratives, Patnaik provides an LGBTQ+ perspective within the
rich tapestry of Hindu mythology. The book challenges conventional
interpretations and invites readers to embrace a more inclusive understanding
of gender and sexuality. It celebrates the existence and validity of diverse
gender identities, offering a platform for the LGBTQ+ community to find
resonance within ancient Hindu texts. In conclusion, "The Man who was a
Woman and Other Queer Tales from Hindu Lore" explores LGBTQ+ themes within
Hindu mythology. Devdutt Patnaik's collection of stories presents a fresh
perspective that unveils the presence of gender and sexual diversity in ancient
Hindu lore. By highlighting these tales, the book fosters inclusivity,
acceptance, and a deeper understanding of the fluidity of gender and sexual
identities within the Hindu tradition.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, Indian literature and LGBTQ
rights are interconnected through a complex tapestry of historical depictions
and cultural expressions. While explicit discussions of LGBTQ rights may be
limited in ancient texts, Indian literature has portrayed diverse sexualities,
non-binary identities, and same-sex relationships across different periods.
These literary works shed light on the existence and acceptance of various
gender and sexual identities in Indian society. By exploring these narratives,
we gain a deeper understanding of the multifaceted nature of human experiences
and the ongoing struggle for equality and acceptance. Indian literature is a
testament to the interconnectedness of LGBTQ rights with the rich tapestry of
Indian culture, challenging societal norms and paving the way for greater
inclusivity and understanding.
[3] Inter-American Convention on
Human Rights, 1950, Organization of American States.
[5] Section 377, IPC ,1860-
Unnatural offences:
Whoever voluntarily has carnal intercourse
against the order of nature with any man, woman or animal, shall be punished
with 1 [imprisonment for life], or with imprisonment of
either description for a term which may extend to ten years, and shall also be
liable to fine.
Explanation. —Penetration is sufficient to constitute
the carnal intercourse necessary to the offence described in this section.
[10] International Journal of Creative
Research Thoughts, 2021, Volume 9, Issue 11 November 2021, ISSN: 2320-2882.
[11] Pattanaik, Devdutt, The Man Who Was a Woman and Other Queer Tales from Hindu Lore.
New York: Harrington Park Press, 2002. Print.
Article Information
RESEARCH PAPER TITLE: FROM INK TO IDENTITY: REWRITING THE NARRATIVE OF LGBTQ+ COMMUNITY IN INDIAN LITERATURE
Authors: ASHPINDER KAUR
- Journal IJLRA
- ISSN 2582-6433
- Published 2024/02/10
- Issue 7
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International Journal for Legal Research and Analysis
- Abbreviation IJLRA
- ISSN 2582-6433
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