Open Access Research Article
GEOGRAPHIC INDICATIONS AND CULTURAL PROTECTION USING INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHSTS IN INDIA TO PROMOTE REGIONAL GROWTH – A STUDY
Published Paper
Article Details
AUTHORED BY - 1 SANJIB ROY,
LLM Student, ICFAI Law School, The ICFAI
University, Dehradun
CO-AUTHOR - 2 ASHISH KUMAR SINGHAL,
Associate Professor, The ICFAI University,
Dehradun
ABSTRACT
In December
1999, Parliament passed the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and
Protection) Act 1999. This Act seeks to provide for the registration and
protection of Geographical Indications relating to goods in India.
GIs in India have a lot of potential to support rural lives,
encourage economic growth, and protect traditional knowledge. The purpose of
this research study is to investigate the idea of GIs and how they may be used
to leverage intellectual property for regional development in India.
India is aware of how important GIs are to preserving its
rich cultural heritage and fostering regional growth. This law gives
manufacturers from particular regions the only authority to put the GI tag on
their products, enabling the registration and protection of GIs.
Because cultural heritage preservation promotes identity,
community cohesiveness, and socioeconomic progress, it is closely related to
regional development. GIs are essential to the preservation of culture since
they guarantee the genuineness and consistency of customs and goods. They
provide local communities attention and recognition, enabling them to preserve
and pass on their cultural knowledge and customs to upcoming generations.
To sum up, Geographical Indications (GIs) play a crucial role
in the intellectual property landscape by safeguarding and advancing local
goods and cultural assets. The Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration
and Protection) Act, 1999, which established the legal framework for GIs in
India, lays out the procedures for GI registration and protection. Producers
that register their products with the GI get the only authority to use the GI
tag, protecting the product's good name and origin.
KEY WORDS:
Geographical Indications, GI tag, Cultural Heritage, Traditional
Knowledge
INTRODUCTION
In many nations across the world, geographic indications
(GIs) have become an important instrument for safeguarding local goods and
maintaining cultural heritage. GIs in India have a lot of potential to support
rural lives, encourage economic growth, and protect traditional knowledge. The
purpose of this research study is to investigate the idea of GIs and how they
may be used to leverage intellectual property for regional development in
India.
GIs are described as indicators that designate a product as
being from a certain region and having attributes or features that are
primarily related to its place of origin. They act as priceless intellectual
property rights, preserving the standing, calibre, and uniqueness of local
goods. Legal defence against misappropriation and counterfeiting, which may be
harmful to regional economies and cultural heritage, is offered by GIs.
In
December 1999, Parliament passed the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration
and Protection) Act 1999. This Act seeks to provide for the registration and
protection of Geographical Indications relating to goods in India. This Act is administered
by the Controller General of Patents, Designs and Trade Marks, who is the
Registrar of Geographical Indications. The Geographical Indications Registry is
located at Chennai.
The
Registrar of Geographical Indication is divided into two parts. Part ‘A’
consists of particulars relating to registered Geographical indications and
Part ‘B’ consists of particulars of the registered authorized users. The registration process is similar to both
for registration of geographical indication and an authorized user.
India is aware of how important GIs are to preserving its
rich cultural heritage and fostering regional growth. In India, the
Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999 is
the main legislative framework governing GIs. This law gives manufacturers from
particular regions the only authority to put the GI tag on their products,
enabling the registration and protection of GIs.
Because cultural heritage preservation promotes identity,
community cohesiveness, and socioeconomic progress, it is closely related to
regional development. GIs are essential to the preservation of culture since
they guarantee the genuineness and consistency of customs and goods. They
provide local communities attention and recognition, enabling them to preserve
and pass on their cultural knowledge and customs to upcoming generations.
These collective intellectual property rights have the
ability to reshape society, as shown by successful case studies of GIs in
India. For example, the Darjeeling Tea GI has not only preserved the Himalayan
region's legacy but also made it easier for tea producers to reach markets,
command premium prices, and have stable incomes. Comparably, Banarasi Silk's GI
designation has protected the centuries-old weaving customs while also giving
weavers and other craftspeople access to the market.
Although GIs have many advantages, there are certain issues
that need to be resolved. Significant obstacles include problems like
counterfeiting, unlawful usage, and underprivileged groups' restricted access
to protection. In order to guarantee that GIs act as a catalyst for inclusive
and sustainable development, it is imperative to strike a balance between
commercialization and cultural integrity.
Before moving forward, some basic
information one should know about Geographical Indication:
What
is a Geographical Indication?
? It is an indication,
? It is used to identify agricultural, natural, or
manufactured goods originating in the said area,
? It originates from a definite territory in India,
? It should have a special quality or characteristics
unique to the geographical indication.
What
are the benefits of registration of Geographical Indications?
? It confers legal protection to Geographical
Indications in India,
? It prevents unauthorized use of a registered
Geographical Indication by others.
? It boosts exports of Indian Geographical indications
by providing legal Protection.
? It promotes economic Prosperity of Producers.
? It enables seeking legal protection in other WTO
member countries.
Who
can apply for the registration of a Geographical Indication?
Any
association of persons, producers, organization or authority established by or under
the law can apply. The applicant must
represent the interest of the producers. The application should be in writing
in the prescribed form. The application
should be addressed to the Registrar of Geographical Indications along with
prescribed fee.
Who
is the Registered Proprietor of a Geographical Indication?
Any
association of persons, producers, organisation or authority established by or under
the law can be a registered proprietor. There name should be entered in the Register
of Geographical Indications as registered proprietor for the Geographical Indication
applied for.
Who
is an authorized user?
A
producer of goods can apply for registration as an authorized user, with
respect to a registered Geographical Indication. He should apply in writing in
the prescribed form along with prescribed fee.
Who
is a producer in relation to a Geographical Indication?
A
producer is a person dealing with three categories of goods
? Agricultural Goods including the production,
processing, trading or dealing.
? Natural Goods including exploiting, trading or
dealing.
? Handicrafts or industrial goods including making,
manufacturing, trading or dealing.
Is
registration of a Geographical Indication compulsory?
While
registration of Geographical indication is not compulsory, it offers better
legal protection for action for infringement.
This research study attempts to offer insights on improving
the role of GIs in regional development by looking at the legislative
framework, case studies, possibilities, and difficulties. The results will add
to our understanding of inclusive growth, cultural preservation, and intellectual
property rights. It will educate communities, stakeholders, and policymakers on
how to use GIs to further regional development in India as a whole, economic
empowerment, and the preservation of cultural variety.
Geographical indicators, or GIs, are essential for preserving
and advancing local goods and cultural heritage. GIs are labels that designate
a product as coming from a certain region and having attributes or features
that come from that region. They act as important intellectual property rights
that support the maintenance of the reputation and uniqueness of local goods.
With the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual
Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement) offering a framework for their protection,
the idea of GIs is widely acknowledged on a global scale. GIs are regarded as a
type of intellectual property that should be safeguarded to avoid their
deceptive use or any unfair competition resulting from them, according to
Article 22.1 of the TRIPS Agreement.
In India, the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration
and Protection) Act, 1999 establishes the legal foundation for GIs. The
registration and protection processes for GIs in India are established under
this statute. It prevents unlawful usage and deception by giving manufacturers
from particular geographic areas the sole right to use the GI designation for
their products.
Applicants must show that their product has unique
attributes, traits, or a reputation that can be traced back to its place of
origin in order to be granted GI registration. Throughout the application
procedure, comprehensive details on the product, its place of origin, and proof
of its distinctive qualities must be submitted. After reviewing the
application, the Registrar of Geographical Indications issues the GI
registration if all requirements are met.
A GI is shielded from imitation and unlawful use after it has
been registered. It is against the law for any individual or organisation that
does not reside in the designated geographic region to use a registered GI. The
holders of GI rights may pursue legal remedies in the event of infringement,
including restraining orders, damages, and injunctions.
Provisions for the creation of GI producer groups and GI
certification bodies are also included in the GI legislative framework. These
organisations and groups are essential for defending the rights of farmers,
upholding standards of quality, and enhancing the prestige of the geographical
indication as a whole.
GIs benefit producers and regions in a number of ways. They
enhance the marketability and economic worth of items by giving them a unique
identity and recognition that comes from certain regions16. GIs have the
potential to further boost regional economies by fostering local businesses,
generating job opportunities, and drawing visitors drawn to the area's
distinctive features.
To sum up, Geographical Indications (GIs) play a crucial role
in the intellectual property landscape by safeguarding and advancing local goods
and cultural assets. The Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and
Protection) Act, 1999, which established the legal framework for GIs in India,
lays out the procedures for GI registration and protection. Producers that
register their products with the GI get the only authority to use the GI tag,
protecting the product's good name and origin.
CULTURAL HERITAGE AND
REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Cultural legacy fosters social cohesion, identity creation,
and economic growth, all of which are essential components of regional
development. It includes both material and immaterial facets of a community's
generationally transmitted traditions, conventions, knowledge, and practices.
For regional growth to be sustainable, cultural heritage must be acknowledged and
protected. Regional development can benefit from the preservation of cultural
assets through programs like geographical indicators (GIs). GIs aid in the
preservation of customs, traditions, and handicrafts[2] unique to a certain area. GIs support the cultural integrity of
communities by preserving the uniqueness and authenticity of regional goods.
Cultural heritage and regional development are intricately linked. Cultural
legacy draws tourists, brings in money, and opens up job possibilities in a
number of industries, including tourism, crafts, and food. Culturally rich
areas can have a distinct charm that draws tourists eager to experience the
customs and goods of the area.
Additionally, cultural heritage may inspire creativity and
invention, which promotes entrepreneurship and innovation[3]. New concepts, goods, and services can be built upon the traditional
knowledge and customs that are ingrained in cultural heritage. By using their
traditional abilities, local craftsmen and artisans may produce marketable
goods that will empower their community and provide sustainable means of
subsistence.
In addition, cultural legacy is essential for social
inclusion and community development. It promotes social cohesiveness and
resilience by fortifying the sense of identity, pride, and belonging among
community members. Cultural festivals, events, and community-based projects
that revolve on cultural heritage may help people in the community engage with
one another, work together, and take action as a group, which will benefit the
area as a whole.
Cultural heritage promotion and preservation, however,
encounter a number of obstacles. Traditional knowledge and customs are
frequently lost as a result of globalisation, rapid urbanization, and changing
lifestyles.
Threats to cultural heritage can also come from unsustainable
development methods, lack of understanding, poor infrastructure, and neglect.
Effective legislative frameworks, community participation, and education are
all necessary components of a holistic strategy to ensure the sustainable
protection and transfer of cultural heritage.
CASE STUDIES OF
SUCCESSFUL GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS IN INDIA
In India, traditional knowledge and customs have been
safeguarded and regional development has been greatly aided by the use of
geographic indicators (GIs). Numerous fruitful case studies demonstrate how GIs
have a revolutionary effect on regional economy and cultural heritage. The next
case studies highlight the benefits of GI registrations in various parts of
India.
?
Darjeeling Tea: [4]
Darjeeling Tea's GI status has played a significant role in maintaining the distinctive character and legacy of this premium tea, which is grown in the West Bengal area of Darjeeling. Only tea grown in this particular geographic region using conventional techniques is permitted to be marketed and sold as Darjeeling Tea thanks to the GI protection. The region's economy has benefited from Darjeeling Tea's establishment of a distinctive market niche and premium positioning as a result of this recognition.
Darjeeling Tea's GI status has played a significant role in maintaining the distinctive character and legacy of this premium tea, which is grown in the West Bengal area of Darjeeling. Only tea grown in this particular geographic region using conventional techniques is permitted to be marketed and sold as Darjeeling Tea thanks to the GI protection. The region's economy has benefited from Darjeeling Tea's establishment of a distinctive market niche and premium positioning as a result of this recognition.
?
Kanchipuram Silk Sarees: [5]
Kanchipuram Silk Sarees: Due to their GI status, Kanchipuram Silk Sarees, which are highly regarded for their excellent artistry and luscious silk, have attained international reputation. The Kanchipuram Silk Sarees' traditional weaving methods and patterns are safeguarded by the GI registration. In addition to preserving the community of weavers in Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu, this has improved their access to clients, raised their profile in the market, and expanded their economic prospects.
Kanchipuram Silk Sarees: Due to their GI status, Kanchipuram Silk Sarees, which are highly regarded for their excellent artistry and luscious silk, have attained international reputation. The Kanchipuram Silk Sarees' traditional weaving methods and patterns are safeguarded by the GI registration. In addition to preserving the community of weavers in Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu, this has improved their access to clients, raised their profile in the market, and expanded their economic prospects.
?
Alphonso Mangoes: [6]
Grown in the Konkan area of Maharashtra, Alphonso mangoes are protected by the Gujarat government due to their distinct qualities, which include their rich flavour, perfume, and texture. By preventing false labelling and unlawful use of the Alphonso Mango name, the GI registration has helped to guarantee that customers obtain authentic goods. The Alphonso Mangoes' brand identification has grown in both local and foreign markets, and the GI designation has supported farmers' earnings and the region's agricultural growth.
Grown in the Konkan area of Maharashtra, Alphonso mangoes are protected by the Gujarat government due to their distinct qualities, which include their rich flavour, perfume, and texture. By preventing false labelling and unlawful use of the Alphonso Mango name, the GI registration has helped to guarantee that customers obtain authentic goods. The Alphonso Mangoes' brand identification has grown in both local and foreign markets, and the GI designation has supported farmers' earnings and the region's agricultural growth.
?
Nagpur Orange:[7]
Nagpur Orange: Grown in Maharashtra's Vidarbha district, the Nagpur Orange is recognized as a GI fruit because of its unique flavour, sweetness, and juiciness. Nagpur Orange's GI certification has helped to safeguard it against fraud and promote it as a premium citrus fruit. The acknowledgement has increased consumer demand, aided in branding, and given farmers and dealers involved in the production of Nagpur oranges financial benefits.
Nagpur Orange: Grown in Maharashtra's Vidarbha district, the Nagpur Orange is recognized as a GI fruit because of its unique flavour, sweetness, and juiciness. Nagpur Orange's GI certification has helped to safeguard it against fraud and promote it as a premium citrus fruit. The acknowledgement has increased consumer demand, aided in branding, and given farmers and dealers involved in the production of Nagpur oranges financial benefits.
?
Banarasi Silk Sarees:[8]
Known for its stunning patterns, sophisticated weaving processes, and sumptuous silk fabric, Banarasi Silk Sarees are manufactured in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, and have earned GI acclaim. The Varanasi weavers and craftspeople have benefited from the GI designation, which has enhanced their standard of workmanship and created job prospects. Additionally, the acknowledgment has served as a deterrent to unfair competition and copying.
Known for its stunning patterns, sophisticated weaving processes, and sumptuous silk fabric, Banarasi Silk Sarees are manufactured in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, and have earned GI acclaim. The Varanasi weavers and craftspeople have benefited from the GI designation, which has enhanced their standard of workmanship and created job prospects. Additionally, the acknowledgment has served as a deterrent to unfair competition and copying.
?
Basmati Rice: [9]
To preserve its distinct flavour, fragrance, and grain qualities, basmati rice, which is farmed in particular locations of North India, has been granted the GI designation. The GI designation has contributed to the premium and internationally renowned status of Basmati rice. This has helped farmers and dealers involved in the production of Basmati rice, increased market competitiveness, and created potential for exports.
To preserve its distinct flavour, fragrance, and grain qualities, basmati rice, which is farmed in particular locations of North India, has been granted the GI designation. The GI designation has contributed to the premium and internationally renowned status of Basmati rice. This has helped farmers and dealers involved in the production of Basmati rice, increased market competitiveness, and created potential for exports.
CHALLENGES AND
OPPORTUNITIES IN GI PROTECTION AND CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
Geographical Indications (GIs) offer important chances to support
the advancement of culture, the expansion of the economy, and the maintenance
of customs and knowledge. However, there are several obstacles to the
establishment and effective preservation of GIs. A few of the difficulties and
possibilities relating to GI protection and cultural development are examined
in this section.
?
Misuse and Counterfeiting: [10]
The frequency of misusing and counterfeiting GI indications poses a serious threat to GI protection. False GI labelling on counterfeit goods has the potential to damage the good name and financial future of real GI goods. Counterfeiting requires strong legal frameworks, public awareness efforts, and strict enforcement methods.
The frequency of misusing and counterfeiting GI indications poses a serious threat to GI protection. False GI labelling on counterfeit goods has the potential to damage the good name and financial future of real GI goods. Counterfeiting requires strong legal frameworks, public awareness efforts, and strict enforcement methods.
?
Legislative Frameworks and
Enforcement:[11]
To ensure the effective protection of GIs, it is imperative to have strong legislative frameworks and enforcement procedures. The legal structure may be strengthened by establishing specialized authorities for GI administration, expediting the registration procedure, and harmonizing national legislation with international standards33. Effective enforcement also depends on increasing collaboration amongst many parties, including manufacturers, government agencies, and enforcement agents.
To ensure the effective protection of GIs, it is imperative to have strong legislative frameworks and enforcement procedures. The legal structure may be strengthened by establishing specialized authorities for GI administration, expediting the registration procedure, and harmonizing national legislation with international standards33. Effective enforcement also depends on increasing collaboration amongst many parties, including manufacturers, government agencies, and enforcement agents.
?
Building Capacity and Raising
Awareness: [12]
To fully reap the rewards of GI protection, it is imperative to raise awareness and strengthen the capacity of farmers, communities, and other stakeholders. Offering seminars, training courses, and technical support can enable manufacturers to comprehend and successfully apply GI laws. A greater understanding of the value of GIs by customers can encourage the use of genuine goods and boost regional economies.
To fully reap the rewards of GI protection, it is imperative to raise awareness and strengthen the capacity of farmers, communities, and other stakeholders. Offering seminars, training courses, and technical support can enable manufacturers to comprehend and successfully apply GI laws. A greater understanding of the value of GIs by customers can encourage the use of genuine goods and boost regional economies.
?
Sustainable Development: [13]
By encouraging eco-friendly behaviour, protecting biodiversity, and bolstering rural economies, GIs have the ability to help sustainable development. However, addressing issues like resource management, market volatility, and climate change is necessary to ensure the sustainable growth of GIs. The long-term viability of GI efforts may be improved and these difficulties can be addressed by incorporating sustainability concepts into GI manufacturing and marketing techniques.
By encouraging eco-friendly behaviour, protecting biodiversity, and bolstering rural economies, GIs have the ability to help sustainable development. However, addressing issues like resource management, market volatility, and climate change is necessary to ensure the sustainable growth of GIs. The long-term viability of GI efforts may be improved and these difficulties can be addressed by incorporating sustainability concepts into GI manufacturing and marketing techniques.
?
Globalization and Commercialization: [14]
Although globalization offers chances for GI goods to enter new markets and receive more attention, it also presents difficulties. The monetization of cultural heritage, the diluting of customs, and the loss of authenticity are possible outcomes of the commercialization of GIs. Maintaining the distinctive identity and worth of GI items requires striking a balance between consumer expectations and cultural integrity.
Although globalization offers chances for GI goods to enter new markets and receive more attention, it also presents difficulties. The monetization of cultural heritage, the diluting of customs, and the loss of authenticity are possible outcomes of the commercialization of GIs. Maintaining the distinctive identity and worth of GI items requires striking a balance between consumer expectations and cultural integrity.
The growth and promotion of GIs as well as the preservation
of cultural assets are made possible by addressing these issues. Through the
implementation of all-encompassing approaches that encompass legal
safeguarding, skill enhancement, eco-friendly methodologies, and global
cooperation, nations may effectively leverage the possibilities presented by
GIs to foster cultural advancement, economic expansion, and community
empowerment.
CONCLUSION
Geographical Indications (GIs) have become important
instruments for strengthening local communities, encouraging regional
development, and protecting cultural heritage. Geographical indicators (GIs)
have made it easier for the preservation of traditional knowledge and
practices, market access, and economic growth by identifying and safeguarding
distinctive goods linked to particular geographic areas.
This study has looked at a number of GIs and their function
in India's regional development.
It has covered the idea and the law surrounding GIs,
emphasizing the significance of precise definitions, expedited registration
processes, and strong enforcement tools. The importance of cultural heritage
and its role in regional development have also been discussed in the paper,
with a focus on the necessity of preserving and advancing indigenous customs.
REFERENCES:
1. 9 Das, K. (2018). Geographical
Indications and its Socio-economic Impact on Regional Development: A Study of
Darjeeling Tea. Asian Journal of Social Science Studies, 3(3), 45-57.
2. World Intellectual Property
Organization (WIPO). (2018). Intellectual Property and Traditional Knowledge:
Cultural Expression, Genetic Resources and Traditional Cultural Expressions.
3. UNESCO (United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization). (2013). Creative Economy Report 2013:
Widening Local Development Pathways.
4. Singhal, A., & Goyal, V. (2020).
Intellectual Property Rights in Geographical Indications: The Case of
Darjeeling Tea. Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 75(3), 425-444.
5. Sudha, M., & Srinivasan, R.
(2013). Geographic Indications and Its Impact on Rural Economy - A Case Study
of Kanchipuram Silk Sarees. Indian Journal of Regional Science, 45(1), 93-105.
6. Raje, P., & Barua, S. (2018).
Branding Agricultural Products: Role of Geographical Indications - A Case of
Alphonso Mango. Journal of Agricultural Development and Policy, 28(1), 40-62.
7. Bhale, U., Choudhary, N., &
Patil, D. (2018). Geographical Indication of Nagpur Orange: Branding and
Opportunities. Journal of Global Communication, 11(1), 66-74.
8. Singh, N., & Mandal, S. (2017).
Banarasi Silk Sarees: A Geographical Indication for Economic Development of
Varanasi. Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 72(3), 399-412
9. Sharma, S., & Patra, P. (2018).
Protecting Basmati Rice: An Intellectual Property Perspective. Indian Journal
of Agricultural Economics, 73(4), 565-582.
10. World Intellectual Property
Organization (WIPO). (2013). Geographical Indications: A Guide to the
International Framework for the Protection of Geographical Indications.
11. Chatterjee, S. (2017). Legal
Protection of Geographical Indications in India: An Appraisal. Journal of
Intellectual Property Rights, 22(4), 220-235.
12. Ali, A. (2015). The Economic Impact
of Geographical Indications: A Review of Literature. Journal of World
Intellectual Property, 18(3-4), 160-173.
13. 5 De Medeiros, D. G., & De
Carvalho, F. M. (2018). Geographic Indications: A Tool for Sustainable Rural
Development. Journal of Rural Studies, 57, 135-145.
14. Janssens, E., & Huysmans, M.
(2015). Territoriality and Globalization in European Geographical Indications
for Food and Agricultural Products. International Journal of Sociology of
Agriculture and Food, 22(3), 347-363.
[1] 9 Das, K. (2018). Geographical Indications and its Socio-economic Impact on Regional Development: A Study of Darjeeling Tea. Asian Journal of Social Science Studies, 3(3), 45-57.
[2] World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). (2018). Intellectual Property and Traditional Knowledge: Cultural Expression, Genetic Resources and Traditional Cultural Expressions. Retrieved from https://www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/indigenous/en/wipo_grtkf_ic_19/wipo_grtkf_ic_19_www_619850.pdf
[3] UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization). (2013). Creative Economy Report 2013: Widening Local Development Pathways. Retrieved from https://en.unesco.org/creative-economy/sites/creative-economy/files/creativeeconomy-report-2013.pdf 21 Hutter, M., & Richards, G
[4] Singhal, A., & Goyal, V. (2020). Intellectual Property Rights in Geographical Indications: The Case of Darjeeling Tea. Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 75(3), 425-444.
[5] Sudha, M., & Srinivasan, R. (2013). Geographic Indications and Its Impact on Rural Economy - A Case Study of Kanchipuram Silk Sarees. Indian Journal of Regional Science, 45(1), 93-105.
[6] Raje, P., & Barua, S. (2018). Branding Agricultural Products: Role of Geographical Indications - A Case of Alphonso Mango. Journal of Agricultural Development and Policy, 28(1), 40-62.
[7] Bhale, U., Choudhary, N., & Patil, D. (2018). Geographical Indication of Nagpur Orange: Branding and Opportunities. Journal of Global Communication, 11(1), 66-74.
[8] Singh, N., & Mandal, S. (2017). Banarasi Silk Sarees: A Geographical Indication for Economic Development of Varanasi. Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 72(3), 399-412
[9] Sharma, S., & Patra, P. (2018). Protecting Basmati Rice: An Intellectual Property Perspective. Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 73(4), 565-582.
[10] World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). (2013). Geographical Indications: A Guide to the International Framework for the Protection of Geographical Indications.
[11] Chatterjee, S. (2017). Legal Protection of Geographical Indications in India: An Appraisal. Journal of Intellectual Property Rights, 22(4), 220-235.
[12] Ali, A. (2015). The Economic Impact of Geographical Indications: A Review of Literature. Journal of World Intellectual Property, 18(3-4), 160-173.
[13] 5 De Medeiros, D. G., & De Carvalho, F. M. (2018). Geographic Indications: A Tool for Sustainable Rural Development. Journal of Rural Studies, 57, 135-145.
[14] Janssens, E., & Huysmans, M. (2015). Territoriality and Globalization in European Geographical Indications for Food and Agricultural Products. International Journal of Sociology of Agriculture and Food, 22(3), 347-363.
Article Information
GEOGRAPHIC INDICATIONS AND CULTURAL PROTECTION USING INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHSTS IN INDIA TO PROMOTE REGIONAL GROWTH – A STUDY
Authors: SANJIB ROY, ASHISH KUMAR SINGHAL
- Journal IJLRA
- ISSN 2582-6433
- Published 2024/04/27
- Issue 7
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International Journal for Legal Research and Analysis
- Abbreviation IJLRA
- ISSN 2582-6433
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