Open Access Research Article
FACTORS DRIVING GLOBAL MIGRATION PATTERNS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY
Published Paper
Article Details
Factors driving global migration
patterns: A comparative study
AUTHORED BY - ARYA MISHRA
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Serial no.
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Topic
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1
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Introduction
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2
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Research Objectives
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3
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Research Questions
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4
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Research Methodology
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5
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Identified Causes of International Migrations
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6
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Role of Demographic Factors in International Migrations
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7
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Theories of International Migration Policies and Impact on
Migration Patterns
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8
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International Migrations and Their Consequences
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Conclusion
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10
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Webliography
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction
Human migration refers to the
movement of people from one place to another, either temporarily or
permanently, with the aim of settling in a new location. Although migration is
commonly viewed as an individual pursuit to improve one's life, it has always been
primarily a collective endeavour that results from social, economic, and
political changes. In the current era of globalization, migration has become
increasingly politicized, and the substantial social, economic, and political
changes it brings about have significant impacts on both the origin and
destination countries. Consequently, it is crucial to have a more thorough
understanding of the reasons behind migration, including the factors that
motivate and drive people to migrate.[1]
International migration has become a
major global phenomenon, with millions of people moving from one country to
another each year. There are many reasons why people migrate, and scholars have
tried to understand the causes behind these movements. One key question that
arises in this context is whether people are pushed or pulled to migrate. This
research paper aims to explore this question and provide a comprehensive
analysis of the factors that lead people to migrate internationally.
International migration has become a
prominent feature of the modern world, with millions of people crossing borders
every year. The reasons for international migration are complex and
multifaceted, involving a range of factors such as economic, social, political,
and environmental conditions. Individuals relocate for various reasons such as
pursuing better employment prospects, seeking to reunite with family members,
or engaging in academic endeavours. In contrast, some people relocate to evade
conflict, persecution, terrorism, or infringement of human rights. Moreover,
there are those who migrate due to the unfavourable impacts of natural
calamities, climate changes, or other ecological factors. Understanding these
factors and their interactions is essential for policymakers, scholars, and
practitioners who aim to address the challenges and opportunities that come
with international migration.[2]
This research paper aims to achieve
four key objectives related to international migration. Firstly, it seeks to
identify the primary reasons that people migrate internationally, and how these
factors vary across different regions and cultures. Secondly, it aims to
explore the role of demographic factors such as age, gender, and family status
in international migration, and how they interact with other drivers and
constraints. Thirdly, the paper seeks to examine the theories of international
migration policies and their impact on migration patterns at both the national
and international level. Finally, it will discuss the consequences of
international migration for sending and receiving countries, in terms of
economic, social, cultural, and political impacts.
By addressing these objectives, the
paper will provide a comprehensive analysis of the complexities of
international migration. It will contribute to the existing literature on this
topic, shedding light on the diverse factors that drive migration, the role of
demographic factors in shaping migration patterns, the impact of migration
policies, and the consequences of migration for both sending and receiving
countries. The findings of this research can inform policy discussions and
actions related to international migration, helping policymakers to develop
more effective strategies for managing the movement of people across borders.
Research Objectives
·
To
identify the primary reasons that people migrate internationally, and the
variance in these factors across different regions and cultures.
·
To
study the role of demographic factors such as age, gender, and family status in
international migrations, and the interactions of these factors with other
drivers and constraints.
·
To
understand the theories of international migration policies and their impact on
migration patterns both at the national and international level.
·
To
discuss the consequences of international migration for sending and receiving
countries, in terms of economic, social, cultural, and political impacts.
Research Questions
1. What are the primary reasons that
people migrate internationally, and how do these factors vary across different
regions and cultures?
2. What role do demographic factors such
as age, gender, and family status play in international migration, and how do
these factors interact with other drivers and constraints?
3. How are theories impactful on
international migration policies, both at the national and international level,
and how do they shape and influence migration patterns?
4. What are the consequences of
international migration for sending and receiving countries, in terms of
economic, social, cultural, and political impacts?
Research Methodology
This work was written using a
doctrinal research method. The sources are mostly secondary, such as electronic
documents and judicial precedents from reputable sources blended with the
knowledge of the researcher as a student of sociology. The information used is
qualitative and comes in the form of well-known theory and critique. The
study's limitations are those aspects of the design or methodology that
impacted or influenced the application or interpretation of the researcher's
findings. The scope of this work has been limited to a certain extent due to
the paucity of time to perform a qualitative analysis.
Identified Causes of International Migrations
Migration refers to the relocation of
individuals from one place to another, which typically involves a permanent
change in residence. The reasons behind migration include both macro-level
factors such as regional disparities, as well as micro-level factors such as
limited employment opportunities leading to a lower standard of living.
Population change can be broken down into three components: mortality,
fertility, and migration. Two main types of migration include internal
migration, which refers to movement within a given country, and international
migration, which involves the movement of people from one country to another
for the purpose of employment, establishing residence, or improving living
standards.[3]
People move for various reasons that
can be grouped into five categories: economic, demographic, socio-cultural,
political, and miscellaneous factors.
1. Economic Factors: Among the categories mentioned
above, economic factors are considered the primary motivator for migration, as
many studies have shown. Low agricultural income, agricultural unemployment,
and underemployment in developing countries are among the push factors that
drive migrants towards areas with better job opportunities in developed countries.
As such, most migrants move in search of better economic opportunities. The
economic factors that motivate migration can be further classified into
"push factors" and "pull factors."[4]
Push factors are the
conditions that, for a variety of reasons, force a person to leave one place
and relocate to another. Low productivity, unemployment, underdevelopment,
unfavourable economic circumstances, a lack of opportunity for progress, the
depletion of natural resources, and natural disasters are a few typical push
factors. Rural regions need fewer workers thanks to the use of
capital-intensive production techniques in the agriculture industry and the
mechanisation of some tasks. Another significant reason for migration is the
lack of alternate sources of income in rural regions. On the other side, pull
factors are things that draw people to a specific location. Better facilities,
greater pay, more favourable working circumstances, and more appealing
amenities are a few of these.[5]
2. Socio-cultural Factors: Additionally, social and cultural
variables are significant in the migration process. Migration can occasionally
be a result of family disputes and the desire for independence, especially
among younger generations. The impact of television, effective network communication,
the cinema, urban-focused education, and the resulting shifts in attitudes and
values are all factors that encourage migration.[6]
3. Political Factors: Political issues might occasionally
promote or discourage migration from one region to another. Due to safety in
Myanmar, the majority of rural residents moved to metropolitan regions after
1948. As a result, the political backdrop, opinions, and personal perspectives
of the people affect migration.[7]
Also, the recent migrations after
Myanmar military coup
4. Miscellaneous Factors: The desire to pursue an education
that is only offered in metropolitan regions, as well as the presence of family
and friends in urban areas, are other reasons that contribute to migration.
Migration is also linked to close cultural ties, cultural variety, high
vitality, and individual views.[8]
Role of Demographic Factors in International Migrations
The modern work hierarchy has issues
with motivation and structural inflation, which are further complicated by the
dualism of market economies. This results in a constant need for workers who
are willing to endure harsh working conditions, low pay, little job security,
and limited opportunities for advancement. In the past, this demand was filled
in part by two groups who had social status and characteristics that made them
well-suited for these types of jobs: women and teenagers.[9]
In the past, women worked up to the
birth of their first child and perhaps even after the children had grown up.
Their major social identity was that of a sister, wife, or mother, and they
tried to make additional money for themselves or their families even though
they weren't the main providers. They accepted poor pay and unstable employment
because they considered their positions to be supplemental and transitory, and
because they did not threaten their primary social standing, which was centred
on their family responsibilities.[10]
Similarly, “historically, teenagers
have often entered and left the labour force frequently in order to earn
additional income, gain experience, and experiment with different types of
jobs. They do not see dead-end jobs as a concern because they anticipate
acquiring better jobs in the future, either after completing their education,
gaining experience, or settling into a stable lifestyle. Furthermore, teenagers
derive their social identities from their parents and family backgrounds, not
from their employment. They see their work primarily as a means to obtain
spending money, and the money and material possessions they acquire through their
jobs improve their standing among their peers. The job itself is simply a means
to an end.”[11]
For instance, during the last twenty
years, Europe experienced several important events such as the enlargement of
the European Union, the financial crisis, the refugee crisis, and Brexit. These
events have had significant impacts on the economy and society of Europe.
Firstly, there were changes in investment strategies, with a greater amount of
capital exported from developed countries and the development of manufacturing
industries in previously underdeveloped areas. Secondly, the microelectronics
revolution led to a decrease in manual labour required in industry. Thirdly,
the service sector expanded, with a higher demand for jobs requiring both high
and low qualifications. Fourthly, the informal sectors of developed economies
grew. Fifthly, there was a rise in labour flexibility, with an increase in
part-time work and employment instability. Lastly, the labour force became
increasingly differentiated along lines of gender, age, and ethnicity.[12]
Differential migration refers to
certain individuals or groups that are more likely to migrate than others due
to various factors such as age, gender, and social status. So, although
demographers have attempted to establish universal patterns in migration
differentials, only a few have consistently appeared in research conducted in
different countries and periods. These include the fact that young adults aged
20-34 are more likely to migrate than other age groups, selectivity is at a
minimum when the "push" factor is strong (such as famine or drought),
and that areas with economic growth and technological advancement tend to
attract better-educated individuals while areas that stagnate tend to lose
their skilled workers first.[13]
Theories of International Migration Policies and Impact on Migration
Patterns
The way a country manages immigration
significantly influences the migration trends, which in turn profoundly affect
the state's population, culture, economy, and politics. Many studies have been
conducted to examine the immigration policies of individual nations. However,
the theory of immigration policy is not clearly defined, and there is a lack of
discussion among different schools of thought on the matter. The phenomenon of
immigration significantly affects a state's population, culture, economy, and politics.
Additionally, immigration has become a key factor in maintaining or increasing
population levels in numerous Western nations. The management of immigration is
essential in shaping patterns of immigration, as there are numerous individuals
who wish to migrate to developed countries for various reasons, but there are
limited chances to do so. Therefore, immigration policies primarily determine
the extent of global migration.[14]
·
Neoclassical economics: Macro theory — As per this theory and its extensions,
international migration occurs due to geographical variations in the supply and
demand of labour, just like internal migration. Countries with a surplus of
labour compared to capital experience low equilibrium wages, while those with a
shortage of labour experience high market wages, which is visually represented
through the intersection of labour supply and demand curves. As represented in
reports, “this wage differential prompts workers from low-wage countries to
migrate to high-wage countries, leading to a decrease in labour supply and an
increase in wages in the capital-poor country. On the other hand, the
capital-rich country experiences an increase in labour supply and a decrease in
wages, resulting in an international wage differential that only considers the
costs of international movement, including pecuniary and psychological
factors.”[15]
·
Neoclassical economics: Micro theory — This theory suggests that people make the decision to
migrate based on a cost-benefit analysis that leads them to believe they will
receive a positive financial gain from moving. The concept of international
migration is seen as an investment in an individual's skills and abilities.
People move to places where they can be the most productive based on their
abilities, but they have to invest in certain things before they can earn
higher wages, such as travel costs, the costs of living while looking for work,
learning a new language and culture, adapting to a new labour market, and the
emotional toll of leaving old relationships and creating new ones.[16]
·
World Systems Theory — World systems theory proposes that migration is an inevitable
consequence of the upheavals and disturbances that occur during the course of
capitalist development. The theory suggests that as capitalism spreads outward
from its core regions, more and more of the world's population becomes
integrated into the global market economy. As a result, migration is generated
from peripheral regions where land, raw materials, and labour are influenced
and controlled by markets, and some of these migration flows move beyond
national borders.[17]
·
Migration Systems Theory — “World systems theory, network theory, institutional theory,
and the theory of cumulative causation all propose that migration patterns
develop a degree of stability and organization over time and space, leading to
the identification of consistent international migration systemsw. Such systems
are characterized by relatively high levels of exchange of people, capital, and
goods between specific countries and less intense exchanges with others.
Typically, an international migration system includes a central receiving
region, which can be a country or a group of countries, along with a set of
specific sending countries that are linked to it by unusually significant
immigration flows.”[18]
In conclusion, the causes and effects
of both internal and external migration are complex and diverse, with varying
theories and models attempting to explain them. Despite this, there is no
single, comprehensive theory of international migration, with different
theories often separated by disciplinary boundaries. The major fields involved
in migration research include demography, sociology, economics, geography, and
political science. “The primary distinction is between theories explaining the
initiation and consequences of international migration, which are often
referred to as 'classical migration research' in the literature, and those
explaining the continuation of migration. However, each theoretical framework
offers unique insights into the migration process.”[19]
International Migrations and Their Consequences
Recently, migration has been a topic
of significant political discussion. Although many people have positive
attitudes towards immigrants, there are also misunderstandings and worries.
Some individuals believe that migrants put a strain on economies. However, the
pandemic has resulted in a sudden halt to migration. While the effects of the
Great Lockdown are temporary, the pandemic may create a broader feeling of
reluctance and scepticism towards openness, leading to long-term consequences
on countries' willingness to accept immigrants. Reduced migration and high
unemployment in destination countries could adversely affect the countries of
origin, especially those that heavily depend on remittances from migrant
workers sent back home.[20]
In 2019, around 270 million people
worldwide were migrants, meaning they were not living in the country where they
were born. Since 1990, this number has climbed by 120 million. Despite this
rise, the percentage of migrants in the world's population has stayed constant
over the past 60 years at about 3%. It's interesting to note that while the
percentage of immigrants in emerging market and developing nations has stayed
around 2%, it has increased from 7% to 12% in advanced ones. However, a sizable
portion of international migration includes long-distance travel, notably from
emerging market and developing nations to established economies. Migrants
frequently remain in their local area.[21]
The impact of international migration
on economic growth can be both direct and indirect. When migration increases
the workforce, it is expected to result in growth in the GDP. However, the
impact on per capita GDP growth is less clear. Migration has a demographic
impact on receiving countries, not only by increasing the population size but
also by changing the age distribution. Migrants are typically concentrated in
the younger and economically active age groups compared to the native
population, which leads to a reduction in dependency ratios.[22]
Additionally, migrants bring with
them their own set of skills and abilities, which can add to the human capital
of the host country. Studies conducted in the United States demonstrate that
skilled immigrants play a significant role in stimulating research, innovation,
and technological advancements.[23]
The widely held belief that
immigrants have a significantly negative impact on the wages and employment
opportunities of native-born citizens is not supported by the available
literature. Economic theory is unclear, and various empirical studies conducted
in different settings have shown that the effect of immigration on the labour
market outcomes of native workers is minor. There is no evidence of substantial
reductions in native employment as a result of immigration. According to the
majority of studies conducted on the United States and other nations, native
earnings are only reduced by 1% for every 10% rise in the population's share of
immigrants. Increased immigration has not been proven to materially harm native
employees, even those who are most comparable to immigrant labour. Although the
upper limit on the wage impact of immigration is large enough to explain a
quarter of the increase in inequality in the United States in the 1980s, the
actual effect is likely much smaller.[24]
It is evident that immigration can be
advantageous for migrants, as long as their rights are safeguarded. It can also
have economic benefits for both the countries of origin and the host countries.
However, in the current economic and trading systems, the more affluent and
influential countries tend to benefit the most. Migration can also create
social and cultural challenges that require attention while planning future
services. While migration can bring people together culturally, it can also
lead to conflicts if negative stereotypes held by locals are not addressed. It
is crucial to provide accurate information about the local way of life to
newcomers and ensure opportunities for integration. Given the right economic
circumstances, migration is unavoidable, and efforts to stop it may lead to it
happening in an undocumented manner.[25]
Conclusion
Migration is a worldwide occurrence
that is triggered not only by economic factors, but also by social, political,
cultural, environmental, health, education, and transportation factors. It
often occurs because people are pushed away from areas with fewer opportunities
in terms of their socio-economic conditions, while at the same time being
pulled towards more developed areas with better prospects.[26]
Data on number of migrations have
traditionally been scarce. The researcher therefore feels that flexibility in
gathering information should be one key objective of the policy makers,
given the rapidly changing context in which migration occurs. Although
there is a lot of information about how migration is changing, conceptual
progress is still needed to understand those changes and make them
quantifiable. Scholars frequently lament the propensity to examine migration
from the outdated viewpoint popular throughout the first half of
this century, yet they find themselves continually drawn in by its
alluring simplicity. It is extremely difficult to separate the few whose
movement is considered significant according to mainly unexplained criteria
from the vast majority of people who cross international boundaries.[27]
Quantification appears to be
necessary given the notion that people's temporary presence in some nations is
having significant socioeconomic consequences. Yet, it has been difficult to
create statistical methods that can both identify temporariness and the
connection between repeated movements. The difficulty is in adjusting to the
era of communication, in which migration is yet another connection that is
bringing the world closer together.[28]
This research paper has examined the
multifaceted nature of international migration. By achieving the stated
research objectives, the study has contributed to a better understanding of the
primary drivers of international migration, demographic factors that influence
migration patterns, the role of policies in shaping migration patterns, and the
impact of migration on sending and receiving countries. The findings of this
research indicate that international migration is a complex and dynamic
process, influenced by a range of factors such as economic, social, political,
environmental, and cultural conditions. The demographic characteristics of
migrants, such as age, gender, and family status, also play a critical role in
shaping migration patterns and experiences. Furthermore, the research has
revealed the importance of international migration policies in determining the
magnitude and direction of migration flows. Migration policies at both national
and international levels can have significant consequences for the migrants
themselves and the sending and receiving countries. Lastly, this study has
highlighted the varied impacts of international migration on economic, social,
cultural, and political aspects of sending and receiving countries. While
international migration can contribute positively to economic growth and
cultural diversity, it can also result in social and political tensions,
leading to challenges such as xenophobia and discrimination.
Webliography
E-books
·
Corrado
Bonifazi, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN EUROPE, available at https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt46mv64.9
E-articles
·
Deniz
S. Sert & Tansu Ceyla Erenler, “Theories of Migration: Reasons for
Mobility”, ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE UN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS, 2020,
available at https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69625-6_8-1
·
“Migration”, available at
https://www.un.org/en/global-issues/migration#:~:text=Some%20people%20move%20in%20search,disasters%2C%20or%20other%20environmental%20factors
·
Kyaing
Thet, “Pull and Push Factors of Migration: A Case Study in the Urban Area of
Monywa Township, Myanmar”, available at
https://www.worldofstatistics.org/files/2014/03/Pull-and-Push-Factors-of-Migration-Thet.pdf
·
Kainth,
G.S., “Push and Pull Factors of Migration: A Case of Brick Kiln Industry of
Punjah State”, ASIA-PACIFIC JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES, 2009, pp. 82-116.
·
H.
Crow, “Factors Influencing Rural Migration Decisions in Scotland: An Analysis
of the Evidence”, SCOTTISH GOVERNMENT SOCIAL RESEARCH, 2010.
·
Douglas
S. Masse et al., “Theories of International Migration: A Review and Appraisal”,
POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT REVIEW, Vol. 19, No. 3, 1993, pp. 431-466, available
at http://www.jstor.org/stable/2938462?origin=JSTOR-pdf
·
Corrado
Bonifazi, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN EUROPE, available at
https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt46mv64.9
·
Dr.
Anwar-ul-Haq And Saif-ur-Rehman, “Socio-Economic and Psychological Factors in
Rural-Urban Migration: A Case Study in Migration Selectivity”, PAKISTAN
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL REVIEW, Vol. 13, No. 1, 1975, pp. 12-27, available at
https://www.jstor.org/stable/25824826
·
Eytan
Meyers, “Theories of International Immigration Policy-A Comparative Analysis”,
THE INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION REVIEW, Vol. 34, No. 4, 2000, pp. 1245-1282, available
at https://www.jstor.org/stable/2675981
·
“A
Brief Overview of Theories of International Migration”, available at
http://www.glopp.ch/C1/en/multimedia/C1_pdf1.pdf
·
Philipp
Engler et al., “Migration to Advanced Economies Can Raise Growth”, https://www.imf.org/en/Blogs/Articles/2020/06/19/blog-weo-chapter4-migration-to-advanced-economies-can-raise-growth
·
“Is
migration good for the economy?”, available at
https://www.oecd.org/migration/OECD%20Migration%20Policy%20Debates%20Numero%202.pdf
·
Rachel
M. Friedberg and Jennifer Hunt, “The Impact of Immigrants on Host Country
Wages, Employment and Growth”, available at
https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/abs/10.1257/jep.9.2.23
·
“The
Pros And Cons Of Migration”, available at https://www.embraceni.org/migration/the-pros-and-cons-of-migration/
·
Hania
Zlotnick, “Measuring International Migration: Theory and Practice”, THE
INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION REVIEW, Vol. 21, No. 4, 1987, pp. v-xii available at
https://www.jstor.org/stable/2546497
[1] Deniz S. Sert & Tansu Ceyla
Erenler, “Theories of Migration: Reasons for Mobility”, Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, 2020,
available at https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69625-6_8-1 (Visited April 3,
2023).
[2] “Migration”, available at
https://www.un.org/en/global-issues/migration#:~:text=Some%20people%20move%20in%20search,disasters%2C%20or%20other%20environmental%20factors
(Visited April 3, 2023).
[3] Kyaing Kyaing Thet, “Pull and
Push Factors of Migration: A Case Study in the Urban Area of Monywa Township,
Myanmar”, available at
https://www.worldofstatistics.org/files/2014/03/Pull-and-Push-Factors-of-Migration-Thet.pdf
(Visited April 3, 2023).
[4] Kainth, G.S., “Push and Pull
Factors of Migration: A Case of Brick Kiln Industry of Punjah State”, Asia-Pacific Journal of Social Sciences,
2009, pp. 82-116.
[5] Ibid.
[6] H. Crow, “Factors Influencing
Rural Migration Decisions in Scotland: An Analysis of the Evidence”, Scottish Government Social Research,
2010.
[7] Ibid.
[8] Ibid.
[9] Douglas S. Masse et al.,
“Theories of International Migration: A Review and Appraisal”, Population and Development Review, Vol.
19, No. 3, 1993, pp. 431-466, available at
http://www.jstor.org/stable/2938462?origin=JSTOR-pdf (Visited April 3, 2023).
[10] Ibid.
[11] Ibid.
[12] Corrado Bonifazi, International Migration in Europe,
available at https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt46mv64.9 (Visited April 3,
2023).
[13] Dr. Anwar-ul-Haq And
Saif-ur-Rehman, “Socio-Economic and Psychological Factors in Rural-Urban
Migration: A Case Study in Migration Selectivity”, Pakistan Economic and Social Review, Vol. 13, No. 1, 1975,
pp. 12-27, available at https://www.jstor.org/stable/25824826 (Visited April 3,
2023).
[14] Eytan Meyers, “Theories of
International Immigration Policy-A Comparative Analysis”, The International Migration Review,
Vol. 34, No. 4, 2000, pp. 1245-1282, available at
https://www.jstor.org/stable/2675981 (Visited April 3, 2023).
[16] Ibid.
[17] Ibid.
[19] “A Brief Overview of Theories
of International Migration”, available at
http://www.glopp.ch/C1/en/multimedia/C1_pdf1.pdf (Visited April 3, 2023).
[20] Philipp Engler et al.,
“Migration to Advanced Economies Can Raise Growth”,
https://www.imf.org/en/Blogs/Articles/2020/06/19/blog-weo-chapter4-migration-to-advanced-economies-can-raise-growth
(Visited April 3, 2023).
[22] “Is migration good for the
economy?”, available at https://www.oecd.org/migration/OECD%20Migration%20Policy%20Debates%20Numero%202.pdf
(Visited April 3, 2023).
[24] Rachel M. Friedberg and
Jennifer Hunt, “The Impact of Immigrants on Host Country Wages, Employment and
Growth”, available at https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/abs/10.1257/jep.9.2.23
(Visited April 3, 2023).
[25] “The Pros And Cons Of
Migration”, available at
https://www.embraceni.org/migration/the-pros-and-cons-of-migration/ (Visited
April 3, 2023).
[26] Supra, note 19.
[27] Hania
Zlotnick, “Measuring International Migration: Theory and Practice”, The International Migration Review,
Vol. 21, No. 4, 1987, pp. v-xii, available at
https://www.jstor.org/stable/2546497 (Visited April 3, 2023).
Article Information
FACTORS DRIVING GLOBAL MIGRATION PATTERNS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY
Authors: ARYA MISHRA
- Journal IJLRA
- ISSN 2582-6433
- Published 2023/05/15
- Volume 2
- Issue 7
About Journal
International Journal for Legal Research and Analysis
- Abbreviation IJLRA
- ISSN 2582-6433
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