Open Access Research Article
EXPANDING HORIZONS OF FINTECH: AN EVOLVING BLIGHT TO DATA PRIVACY
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Article Details
EXPANDING HORIZONS OF
FINTECH: AN EVOLVING BLIGHT TO DATA PRIVACY
AUTHORED BY - MR. ARKAJIT
DEBNATH[1]
Abstract
Technology's rise has highlighted its significance in
advancing humanity as a whole. Still, there are also some features of
technology that, if not managed, might lead to widespread mayhem among users.
One of those facets is the data privacy breach, which refers to the idea that
personal information should be shielded from unauthorized and ignorant access.
The inability of the individual to govern their own data is hindered by the
absence of privacy legislation. Individuals cannot be confident that their personal
information will be kept private and safe without robust legal protection. Due
to the lack of data privacy rules, people frequently have no idea who has
access to their data or how much it is being used, making it impossible to
determine if it is being handled responsibly and ethically. Such a pertinent
legal loophole has given rise to numerous opportunities for cybercrime,
including financial fraud, phishing, data breaches, and many others. It has
also given rise to online blackmail, which involves intimidating people with
the threat of disclosing their private information by using explicit images or
videos to coerce them into giving money, providing more compromising material,
or engaging in sexual acts. Through several stages of social engineering, the
criminals take advantage of the victim's vulnerabilities and set the way for
simple data extraction to perpetrate such an infraction. Without appropriate privacy regulations, people may be
the target of such heinous acts on a mass scale, especially in a nation with a
rich cultural heritage like India. According to the NCRB statistics, there have
been 17,406 documented incidents of financial cyber attacks under various
headings just in 2021, which has led to India's rapid rise as a hub of
cybercrime, particularly in the financial fraud sector. The numerous facets of
data privacy and new cybercrime scenarios will be covered in this paper, with
particular emphasis on financial frauds.
Keywords: Data Privacy, Data Protection, Financial
Frauds, Cyber Crimes
Introduction
FinTech, an abbreviation for financial technology, refers
to the emerging field that aims to revolutionize the delivery of financial
services through digital platforms. This innovative technology seeks to
automate and streamline the provision of financial services, thereby enhancing
efficiency and accessibility for users. By leveraging digital means, FinTech endeavors
to transform traditional financial processes and enable seamless transactions
in the digital era. Introduction Financial technology, known as fintech, has
emerged as a powerful tool for enhancing financial operations, processes, and
overall management for companies, business owners, and consumers. This is
achieved through utilizing specialized software and algorithms, which are
predominantly employed on computers and, more recently, on smart phones.
Fintech has revolutionized financial activities, providing individuals and organizations
with improved control and efficiency in their financial endeavors. This paper
explores the fundamental aspects of fintech and its role in facilitating
enhanced financial management.
The term "fintech" was first introduced in the
21st century to describe the technological advancements utilized in the
back-end operations of well-established financial institutions. In recent
times, a notable transition has occurred, wherein the focus has shifted towards
consumer-oriented services, leading to the emergence of a consumer-oriented
definition. Financial technology (fintech) has expanded significantly in recent
years, encompassing various sectors and industries. These sectors include
education, retail banking, fundraising and non-profit, and investment
management. This study aims to investigate the topic of interest, specifically
focusing on the number 4. Financial Technology, commonly called FinTech, is a
burgeoning industry encompassing businesses seeking to deliver financial
services through software and cutting-edge technology. The advent of globalization
has had a profound impact on the financial services industry, particularly in
terms of innovation and the adoption of modern technology. This has led to a
significant transformation in traditional financial services as they have
transitioned from conventional modes to digital platforms. The global FinTech
industry has experienced substantial growth in recent years, with over 12,000
start-ups emerging worldwide.[2]
In 2015 alone, the sector witnessed a massive influx of approximately USD 19
billion in funding. This substantial investment reflects the increasing
importance and potential of FinTech in the global market. This study aims to
examine the topic of interest and provide a comprehensive analysis. The
research in the field of Financial Technology (FinTech) encompasses a wide
range of areas within the banking industry and is instrumental in facilitating
the emergence of novel business models. One such area of focus is developing
and utilizing alternative forms of currency, commonly referred to as crypto
currencies. The financial services domain encompasses a wide range of
innovations, with technology playing a crucial role as the primary facilitator.
Fintech - Meaning,
Scope and Ambit
The abbreviation "FinTech" refers to the
emerging field of "financial technology," which refers to the new
technology that aims to automate the supply of financial services via digital
channels. At its heart, fintech refers to applying specialized computer
software and algorithmic processes to assist individuals, corporations, and
company owners better managing their financial activities, operations, and
lives. These applications can be found on personal computers and, increasingly,
mobile phones. When financial technology began to emerge in the 21st century,
the word "fintech" was initially used to refer to the technology used
in the back-end systems of established financial organisations. Since then,
there has been a shift towards more consumer-oriented services, and as a
result, there has been a shift towards a more consumer-oriented definition.
Today, education, retail banking, fundraising and non-profit organizations,
investment management, and other industries are included in the
"fintech" report, to name just a few examples.4 A company that aims
to achieve its goal of delivering financial services through the use of
software and contemporary technology is referred to as having a focus on
"Financial Technology," which is now more commonly known as the term
"FinTech." It has been observed that introducing innovation and
current technology into traditional financial services through digital mode was
brought about due to globalization’s introduction of these two factors. Within
the realm of financial technology in 2015, the world witnessed the launch of
over 12 thousand new businesses and a vast worldwide environment, totaling 19
billion US dollars. FinTech caters to new business models and spans a variety
of subfields within the realm of banking. These subfields include crypto
currencies, which are more recent forms of monetary exchange. It covers the
entire spectrum of new developments in the realm of financial services, with an
emphasis on the role of technology as the primary catalyst.
Fintech - An emerging
tool for economic transaction
When fintech was first introduced about ten years ago,
people would be perplexed and curious whether it existed. While it's currently
a buzzword that everyone uses, it is expanding dramatically as the way that
commerce is done online. Fintech is something other than brand-new just because
it's popular. Even though the word wasn't included in the Merriam-Webster
dictionary until 2018, the idea has been around for a while. ATMs, for
instance, and signature-verifying technologies that banks began using in the
1860s were formerly at the forefront of fintech innovation.7 Since there were
many new fintech start-ups, incubators, and investments from public and private
investors in 2015, it is the year with the most fintech advances in India. In
fact, the Oxford Dictionary now includes the term "Fintech" with the
definition "Computer programs and other technology used to support or
enable banking and financial services."[3]
In Wikipedia, "Fintech" is defined as "Financial technology, a
line of business based on employing software to provide financial services.
Start-ups that specialize in financial technology typically aim to upend
established economic systems and enterprises with low software dependence.[4]
The COVID epidemic served as a shot in the arm for the
nation's fintech industry, providing it with the vital momentum and growth
trajectory to increase its reach nationwide. While the value of UPI
transactions grew 105% from INR 2.02 lakh crore in December 2019 to INR 4.16
lakh Cr in December 2020, the volume increased by 70% year over year from 1.30
billion transactions in December 2019 to 2.2 billion in 2020. Investors moved
quickly to give their start-ups the money they needed to grow. Fintech topped
the list with $2.1 Bn in fundraising across 131 deal counts in 2020, out of
900+ start-up deals and $11.5 Bn in total funding raised. Fintech capital is
anticipated to increase to $2.7 Billion in 2021, per Inc42 Plus. The financing
portion alone is thought to be $819 million. The Flipkart founder Sachin
Bansal-owned Navi Technologies dominated the list of top fintech acquisitions
last year with a $398 Million investment from Bansal, Gaja Capital, and the
World Bank's investment arm IFC. Pine Labs came in second with $300 Million,
while PaySense's acquisition by PayU came in third with $185 Mn.9 According to
the Worldline India Digital Payments Report, the number and value of UPI
transactions increased by over 80% and 99%, respectively, in the second Quarter
of FY 21. India has not lagged behind either; now, it is one of the significant
FinTech markets worldwide, with the highest adoption rate of 87%. India has
experienced remarkable growth in FinTech and some of its international rivals,
particularly after post-Covid. By 2025, it is predicted that India's FinTech
industry will have grown from its current value of USD 50–60 billion to USD
150–160 billion. With roughly 2100+ FinTech start-ups, India ranks second only
to the United States regarding FinTech centers.
FinTech in India can be broadly categorized into seven
types based on the solutions they offer, according to which these categories of
FinTechs are:
1.
Digital
payments - Electronic payment
solutions covering both remittances and merchant payments; these also include enterprise
payments
2.
Alternative
lending -Technology-enabled solutions
for alternative credit scoring (for credit workflows) to provide loans to
underserved MSME* and retail consumers
3.
InsurTech
- Solutions using new technology to
expand the distribution of insurance products and re-imagine them according to
the unique requirements of different types of customers
4.
InvestmentTech
- Technology solutions for
significantly greater ease of investing and personal wealth management
5.
Robo advisor
- These include robo-advisory
solutions that use artificial intelligence technologies to automate investment
advice.
6.
RegTech
- Technology solutions for the
improved automation of regulatory compliance
7.
BankTech
-Any other technology solutions not
covered above but help banks and financial institutions meet the
ever-increasing and changing requirements of customers
Relation between
Phishing and Fintech Apps
Phishing is a crime which has originated from the core of
data privacy. Data privacy deals with the data of the person and the theft of
the particular data, whereas the crime of phishing is more oriented to the data
that has already been stolen, and phishing is the mode by which the data stolen
data has been used for incorporation.[5]
Fintech is facing various issues regarding cybercrimes, which hamper the free
flow of financial transactions over technological means. Phishing, being the
most affecting attack on Fintech, makes it a serious problem to deal
with.
In a comparative analysis between the pre-pandemic era
and the initial years of the pandemic, it has been reported that online fraud
attacks have witnessed a significant surge of 223%. The Fintech industry has
not remained impervious to cyber attacks, as reports indicate a considerable
wave of up to 70% in such incidents during 2021. The phenomenon of fraudsters
assuming the identity of high-ranking individuals within an industry and
engaging in social engineering fraud, thereby capitalizing on the vulnerability
of human trust, is widely acknowledged.
World Economic Forum
Global Risk Perception Survey 2019
The World Economic Forum Global Risk Perception Survey
2018-2019 conducted a comprehensive investigation by soliciting the opinions of
numerous participants. These respondents were explicitly asked to select three significant
trends they believed would be crucial in shaping global development over the
next decade. They were also requested to identify the underlying factors
contributing to the worldwide escalation of these trends. Consequently, the
chart presented above was created based on the findings of this survey.[6]
The present chart provides an overview of various risks and their
interdependencies. The given chart offers a clear indication of the
interconnectedness between different vulnerabilities. In the subsequent chart,
the focal point has been directed towards the interdependencies among various
risks, particularly cyber crimes. Under the findings of the World Economic
Forum Global Risk Perception Survey, it has been determined that multiple
threats, such as cyber-attacks, negative repercussions resulting from
technological advancements, data theft or fraud, and critical disruptions to
information infrastructure, are contingent upon a singular factor: the
escalation of cyber dependency. The attached chart provides compelling evidence
suggesting that individuals' increasing reliance on technology and the internet
has significantly contributed to the surge in cybercrimes and related offences.
Source:
World Economic Forum Global Risk Perception Survey 2019
Anti Phishing Working
Group Report 2022 4th Quarter
The Anti-Phishing Working Group (APWG) is a globally recognized
organization with its primary headquarters in the United States. It currently
operates branches in both the United States and the European Union. The primary
objective of the APWG is to combat cybercrime, explicitly focusing on identity
theft and phishing activities conducted through online platforms. The APWG aims
to eradicate these illicit practices from the digital landscape by employing various
strategies and initiatives. The institution under consideration is a specialized
entity established with the primary objective of addressing the escalating and
persistent phishing issue, which has experienced substantial and continuous
expansion in recent times.
This study aimed to analyze the phishing activity trends
as outlined in the APWG phishing activity trends report for the fourth Quarter
of 2022. Specifically, the report presented a comprehensive comparison of
phishing attacks observed during the period spanning from 2019 to the present.
By examining this data, the researchers aimed to gain insights into the
evolving nature of phishing attacks over the past few years. This paper
presents an analysis of the escalating global phishing landscape. The present
study examines the phenomenon of phishing crimes, with a specific focus on the
year 2022. The report reveals that this year witnessed an unprecedented surge
in phishing attacks, reaching 4.7 million incidents.[7]
Furthermore, a comprehensive analysis of historical data
indicates a consistent upward trend in the frequency of such attacks, with an
average annual growth rate of nearly 150%. These findings shed light on the
alarming escalation of phishing crimes and underscore the urgent need for effective
countermeasures to mitigate their detrimental impact. According to the
Anti-Phishing Working Group (APWG), 1,350,037 attacks were documented during
the fourth Quarter. This figure represents a slight increase compared to the
third Quarter, which saw 1,270,883 attacks.
In its report, the Anti-Phishing Working Group (APWG) analyzed
phishing attacks during the fourth Quarter of 2022. The report further categorized
the targeted industries that were affected by these attacks. According to
various reports, the banking industry has consistently encountered many
phishing attacks. This trend continued into the fourth Quarter of 2022, when
banks and financial sectors accounted for 27.7% of all phishing attacks. The
present study aims to analyze the trends in cyber attacks within the economic
sectors, explicitly focusing on comparing the third Quarter and subsequent
periods. In the third Quarter of 2022, it was observed that the percentage of
phishing attacks targeting the banking sector amounted to 23.2%. The observed
increase of 4.4% in phishing attacks during a single quarter is a noteworthy
indicator of the growing prevalence of this phenomenon. The accompanying pie
chart below illustrates the distribution of targeted industries during the
fourth Quarter of 2022. Notably, the financial sector, encompassing banking
institutions, emerges as the primary target of phishing attacks persistently
observed throughout 2022.
Source: Anti Phishing Working Group Report 2022 4th
Quarter
RESULTS OF DIGITAL
CHANGE IN THE BANKING INDUSTRY'S DRAWBACKS
1. High risk of reputational and financial
damages in the event of inadequate execution - Banking is one of the
few industries that carries this risk. Therefore, all digital transformation
efforts in this area need to be well thought out, modelled, and tested. The
primary objective in this case is to incorporate innovations as seamlessly and
safely as possible while avoiding any disturbance of the current flow of
business activities.[8]
Otherwise, flaws could develop that cause data breaches, the loss of sensitive
information, or the possibility of unauthorised access to bank accounts.
2. Strict hardware and human requirements - Digital
technologies demand highly qualified specialists to be implemented most
efficiently. Moreover, firms must switch out outdated systems with more
up-to-date ones as hardware and software age. Compared to many other
industries, banking has far higher criteria and stakes.
3. High prices - Banking wants the most
advanced technologies and top-tier professionals because of its high standards.
As a result, substantial expenses are incurred. High prices for superior
software, however, produce greater earnings and safety.
FINTECH IN THE BANKING
INDUSTRY
Even though big data and digital technologies have been
upending the financial services sector, a recent McKinsey report claims that
investors believe fintech start-ups will become a significant force in the
future and that the end has already begun. In the early years, banks had become
rather traditional due to the emergence of fintech businesses. However, banks
are now collaborating with fintech start-ups to modernize their current systems
and enable speedier operations to provide customers with a better experience.[9]
Similarly, FinTechs have facilitated cooperation between various financial
service providers, allowing them to supply goods and services through an open
architecture by utilizing data analytics.
Traditional and fintech banking
Fintech has altered and evolved over time to match the
client's needs, and in recent years, it has been much more widely recognized.
Interest in the fintech industry is at an all-time high due to rising security
concerns and customer expectations. Traditional banking has several fundamental
issues, such as location restrictions, a lack of 24-hour services, and complex
and time-consuming processes. The fintech sector can now efficiently address
these issues brought about by traditional banking sectors[10].
Fintech companies aim to shield users from unexpected costs by identifying
their needs. The banking industry dramatically benefits from fintech, whether
for money transfers, obtaining loans and insurance, or just setting up and
keeping a bank account. Most banking operations are being automated by
fintechs, which increases transaction speed, shows transparency, and ensures
security. 16 Banks are, among the various services they provide, primarily
money depositories—convenient locations to store and collect cash. With so many
ways to use the internet these days, banks and other financial organizations
are making it simpler than ever to access riches. These fintech examples from
businesses and services across the sector push banking into the digital era.
They range from entirely mobile banks and payments between friends to
AI-enhanced chat-bots and anti-money laundering software. The banking sector is
receiving technologies from fintech that will increase its efficiency. Banking
institutions are using chat-bots to improve the customer experience, Smartphone
apps are being used to give clients real-time access to their bank accounts,
and machine learning is being used to protect against fraud. 17 The fintech
landscape (for banking) can be roughly divided into three categories:
1.
Payments and
remittances: Emphasize cutting-edge
payment methods
2.
Process
improvement: Boost processes'
effectiveness to make them more quick-acting, low-cost, and labor-intensive.
3.
Customer
engagement: Increase customer
satisfaction and convenience to encourage self-consumption of banking services
rather than reliance on conventional transactional methods.
In 2016, 80% of the leadership responded to the CII-PwC
study, which found that fintech is or will be a strategic partner for banks[11].
75 per cent of those surveyed thought fintech might aid in creating insights by
utilizing analytics and big data and supplying new and enhanced solutions to
consumer wants. The involvement of banks with fintech firms that specialize in
consumer banking, payments, and remittances is greater than 75%. The rise of
fintech will likely supplant banks since it has access to the two Cs that
fintech start-ups desire—customers and money. On the other hand, Fintech
companies would benefit from financial institutions perceiving them less as
competitors and more as creative organizations that they can work with, learn
from, and even partner with. Such actions would herald a time when cooperation,
rather than competition, would foster the development of traditional and fintech
firms. Legacy banking organizations will become obsolete in the current
financial services ecosystem unless they take the digital transformation path,
which can introduce new customer targeting perspectives, ensure agile
operations, and allow reinvention at every stage, allowing these organizations
to stay on par with, if not ahead of, the competition.[12]
Both banks and fintech have advantages and disadvantages, and rather than
working separately and aiming for the same consumer segments, they will profit
from collaboration and leveraging their benefits to make up for one another's
disadvantages. Banks can quickly contact clients with substantial cash and
support while meeting their increasing demands. However, the most effective
customer service options can be found in the finance industry.[13]
Fintech: An ally or adversary of banks? Fintech businesses can pinpoint
multiple use cases for technology adoption and capture technological
disruptions and advances. They can produce a value proposition for clients that
are both enticing and economical. Banks, on the other hand, cannot concentrate
on such creative technology use, and as a result, they risk losing customers to
emerging fintech companies. Banks benefit from a broader customer base and a
history of sustained patronage. Additionally, they have a solid financial
foundation that enables them to invest in emerging trends and concepts outside
of fintech companies' purview. In summary, banks can increase client demand
while the fintech industry offers innovation and disruptive technologies.
Therefore, it is up to banks to try and incorporate these innovative thoughts
and fintech ideas into their banking model[14].
Thus, rather than working with fintech firms, banks will consume and
incorporate fintech ideas into their everyday operations. Issues Related to
Fintech
1.
Cyber security and
Data Protection
2.
Enforcement of Smart
Contracts
3.
Liability
concerns
4.
Unauthorized use of
biometrics - fingerprints
5.
KYC
Authentications
Important regulatory bodies in charge of regulating fintech
for the financial services sector
Indian Reserve Bank
This is India's central bank. It controls the currency,
foreign exchange regimes, payment and settlement systems, and banking and
financial institutions. The Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation,
a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Reserve Bank of India, also insures bank
deposits and provides credit facility guarantees[15].
It controls the operations of housing financing institutions through the
National Housing Bank, another wholly-owned subsidiary.
Indian Securities and Exchange Board
The securities market, which includes securities like
shares, scripts, bonds, debentures, commodities, mutual funds, and government
securities, is regulated by this body.
Indian Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board
This has regulatory control over information utilities,
insolvency professionals, and insolvency professional agencies. Corporate
insolvency resolutions, corporate liquidations, individual insolvency
resolutions, and individual bankruptcies are all regulated by this legislation.
Regulatory and Development Authority for Insurance
This governs, oversees, and advances the insurance
industry.
Authority for the Regulation and Development of Pension
Funds
To protect the interests of subscribers in pension funds
and associated matters, this promotes old age income security by establishing,
regulating, and developing pension funds.
Organization for Employees' Provident Funds
This aids the Central Board of Trustees in managing the Employees'
Deposit Linked Insurance Scheme, the Employees' Pension Scheme, and the
Employees' Provident Funds Scheme, all contributory provident funds for the
workforce employed in India's formal sector.
Indian Central Government
The government makes several policy decisions in the
financial sector, notably through the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of
Commerce and Industry, which are subsequently put into practice by the
appropriate sectoral regulators.
India's Unique Identification Authority
This governmental agency, created by the Aadhaar Act of
2016, oversees the administration and use of the Aadhaar number, which serves
as India's de facto national identification number. It is also in charge of the
framework guiding how participants in the FinTech industry use the Aadhaar
number. The UID number is frequently utilized for customer onboarding and KYC
verification.
Indian National Payments Corporation
An initiative of the Reserve Bank of India and the Indian
Banks' Association, this umbrella institution oversees India's retail payments
and settlement systems.
Conclusion:
Banking is being transformed by FinTech. An industry
survey predicts India's FinTech will reach $150 billion in five years. Over
2,000 FinTech companies, most founded in the last five years, have expanded
undeterred by the pandemic and produced at least eight Unicorns since January
2018. Realizing this potential possibility will require 20-25 billion dollars
in investments, giving the story an international feel. Leveraging FinTech, banks
are digitizing their whole operations. The FinTech revolution has made them
paperless, presenceless, and cashless. All banks are now fully automated. While
banks improved automation, FinTech helped reinvent how banking services were
offered to customers. 22 COVID-19 is a significant threat to the world economy
and financial markets. Like many countries, India is implementing a nationwide
lockdown, limiting population movement, closing public places and transport,
and encouraging the public to stay indoors, maintain social distancing, and
work from home to contain the coronavirus outbreak. Large and small firms
experience significant short-term activity declines due to economic upheaval.
The digital payments sector's short-term financial forecast is comparable to
economic growth, which is projected to be badly damaged. However, the
industry's steadiness and creativity will help restart the economy in the new
normal. The Indian fintech market was worth Rs 1,920 billion in 2019. It will
grow at a CAGR of 22% from 2020 to 2025 to Rs 6,207 billion. Over the past four
and a half years (2016–2020), India's fintech sector received $10 billion in
investments. we believe the fintech industry is well-positioned to generate
long-term partnerships despite COVID-19 and surpasses China.
The pandemic has made the financial system a digital hub
for the world. Covid-19 introduced open banking, which boosted fintech's involvement
in banking.[16]
Better regulation of financial services benefits clients and private and
governmental institutions. Personal and national banks like SBI introducing KYC
via video call is a positive move for fintech in the current situation. Fintech
can also boost the economy during and after pandemics. Technology and
innovation in banking created opportunities despite the country's problems.
Fintech makes it easy and fast for providers and tech-savvy receivers to obtain
banking services on their phones. Thus, FinTech benefits India's banking system
and economy. FinTech's greater use depends on policymakers and regulators.
Individuals must be cautious when using FinTech policies, and regulators and
governments must make strict laws to curb its misuse and give it wings to fly
by introducing FinTech rules and regulations.
[1] Research Scholar, ICFAI University
Tripura,
contact
no. 9774823990
email
id: arkajit.debnath077@gmail.com
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global data privacy standard. Florida
Law
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[3] Zagaris, B., & Mostaghimi, A. (2022). Cybercrime
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[4] Startup Talky. How UPI Payments
Impacted Fintech Industry. 18.05.2021.
https://startuptalky.com/upi-impact-fintech-industry/
[5] Finance Magnates. The Challenges
and Opportunities of Data Privacy in Fintech Ecosystem. 10.07.2023. 22:27.
https://www.financemagnates.com/fintech/data/the-challenges-and-opportunities-of-data-privacy-and-security-in-the-fintech-ecosystem/
[6] World Economic Forum, Global Risk
Report 2019
[7] APWG report on phishing. Quarter 4
2022.
[8] Siddiqui, D. (2022). Data privacy laws in india. Jus
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[9] Fortune. As silicon valley
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[10] Rose, J., Andrews, K., & Kenny, K. (2021).
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[11] McCormack, U. (2019). Towards new fintech ecosystem.
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[12] Forbes. Hoe India is taking UPI
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[13] Yadav, Y. (2020). Fintech and international financial
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[14] Calomiris, C. W. (2021).
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[15] Magnuson, W. (2018). Regulating
fintech. Vanderbilt Law Review, 71(4), 1167-1226.
[16] Cooper, D. P. (2005). Investigations: understanding
data privacy. Journal of
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Article Information
EXPANDING HORIZONS OF FINTECH: AN EVOLVING BLIGHT TO DATA PRIVACY
Authors: MR. ARKAJIT DEBNATH
- Journal IJLRA
- ISSN 2582-6433
- Published 2023/08/30
- Issue 7
About Journal
International Journal for Legal Research and Analysis
- Abbreviation IJLRA
- ISSN 2582-6433
- Access Open Access
- License CC 4.0
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