Open Access Research Article
EXAMINING THE DARK REALITY: A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF FEMALE INFANTICIDE BY: VARSHA BHARDWAJ, SHALINI M, HEMLATA & HARDIK CHHABRA
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Article Details
EXAMINING THE DARK REALITY: A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF FEMALE INFANTICIDE
AUTHORED BY: VARSHA BHARDWAJ, SHALINI M,
HEMLATA & HARDIK CHHABRA
SRMUH- LLB(HONS) YEAR [2021] GENDER JUSTICE
SRM UNIVERSITY, DELHI - NCR, SONIPAT
ACADEMIC SESSION: 2022-23
AN EMPERICAL STUDY ON FEMALE INFANTICIDE
ABSTRACT
The study primarily examinate the problem of female infanticide in Haryana, concentrating on rural and urban areas. The study includes a questionnaire to gather information from the residents of the area. The introduction of the study gives a general review of the concept, significance, and background of female infanticide. It offers an understanding into the theories behind this practice, steps to stop it, and numerous legislations. Additionally, the research makes a distinction between female feticide and female infanticide. An examination of the data is done after reviewing recent instances of female infanticide in Haryana. The results of this study provide the basis for further research in this field while also improving our understanding of female infanticide in Haryana. To address and prevent female infanticide, specific interventions, policies, and programmes can be created using the data collected from this study.
Keywords: female infanticide, Haryana, empirical study, rural vs. urban, questionnaire, causes, remedies, laws vs. regulations etc.
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
CONCEPT OF FEMALE INFANTICIDE:
It is a very shameful thing for any nation that girls are not secure and safer there. India is recognised globally, and it is a very proud moment for all of us. But at the same pace, it is not at all backward in the crimes. There are some serious issues as well, from which we can’t turn our mouths. Female infanticide is one such issue. And the main reason for such is female infanticide and feticide. People used to kill their girls due to lots of pressures and fears and their so-called son mania. They used to believe in social norms and treat girls unequally. They became fascinated with the desire for a son because they thought that he would be the source of future income. It is also believed, as per Hindu mythology, that parents will only get salvation when their sons perform their last rites.
MEANING OF FEMALE INFANTICIDE:
It is a deliberate attempt made in order to kill a newborn girl child within a period of one year from birth. In simple terms, we can say that killing girls for the desire of a boy child It is counted as one of the heinous crimes that shame humanity. Preference given to boys is not a new thing, but it is shocking to know that such preference is given at the cost of aborting a girl child.
HISTORICAL CONCEPT OF FEMALE INFANTICIDE IN INDIA:
The plight of female infanticide has been a trend for several centuries. As the caste system gained importance and the status of families got adversely affected if daughters were unable to find husbands of identical status, it resulted in an increase in the killing of girls. The practise of infanticide by Rajkumar Rajputs of Benares was raised during British rule by an individual named Jonthan Duncan of Benares. The Rajputs used to kill their newborn daughters.
Firstly, the British considered it a peculiar practise because it was not at all connected to caste or race. But when the cases increased, it was observed by the British that infanticide was connected with marriage customs. The main causes of such evil were hypergamy, son obsession, status, dowry, or neglect of women in society. By the 1820s, the government in Bombay established an infanticide fund. In this case, fines were paid by the people who failed to curb such practises. In 1870, the female infanticide bill was passed. It provides a legal system to control such evil practises.
Even since the colonial period, female infanticide cases in India have been reported. Everyone knew that female infanticide was illegal in India, but even then, they used to perform it secretly.
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM:
Female infanticide is still a sad problem that causes serious problems for cultures all over the world. This study intends to explore the disturbing reality of female infanticide and thoroughly examine its numerous facets. The practise of purposely ending the lives of female infants continues, and is frequently motivated by cultural, socioeconomic, and gender-related considerations. This study aims to shed light on the variables contributing to female infanticide and examine alternative solutions to address and eradicate this pervasive issue by looking at the causes, effects, and societal implications of this serious problem. We may work to create effective methods and treatments to protect female infants by studying the underlying causes of the growing number of them who suffer this awful fate. This study aims to add to the ongoing conversation about female infanticide by highlighting the urgent need for action and encouraging group efforts to prevent and eliminate it.
PURPOSE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH:
This research paper's goal is to perform a thorough investigation into female infanticide and disclose the sad facts behind it. This study intends to advance our understanding of this widespread problem by exploring the idea, historical context, causes, and preventive measures. In order to highlight the minor but significant differences between female infanticide and female foeticide, the research also aims to differentiate between the two. This essay also examines recent instances of female infanticide in Haryana as a case study to examine the elements that lead to such horrible deeds. This study intends to further knowledge, increase awareness, and promote practical responses to female infanticide through meticulous data analysis and critical review. This study is significant because it has the ability to educate communities, organisations, and governments about the urgent need to resolve this violation of human rights and safeguard the lives of female babies. This study intends to encourage important debates and enable the implementation of specific actions aimed at ending female infanticide by highlighting the seriousness of the problem and offering insights into the socio-cultural, economic, and legal elements surrounding it.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS:
The study aims to address the following research questions:
1. Do you know about female infanticide?
2. Have you ever faced gender discrimination?
3. What do you think that what is the main reason of female infanticide?
4. Whether a death penalty must be given to the peoples who commit the act of female infanticide?
5. Whether a death penalty must be given to the peoples who commit the act of female infanticide?
6. If female infanticide is done, without the knowledge of her mother, then what the impact does go on her mother?
7. What charges must enforce If a pregnant woman is the victim of a criminal offense that leads to the death of her unborn child?
8. During the modernization what do you think the female infanticide is ongoing?
9. What do you mean by fetus?
10. What do you think that the POSCO Act is helping the children?
11. Under which subject the offenses are given against the unborn and infants
12. If till now female infanticide is ongoing, then what effects go on unmarried boys ?
13. How can we stop female infanticide?
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW:
CAUSES OF FEMALE INFANTICIDE
From the above definition, it becomes clear what is meant by "female infanticide. But now the question arises: Why do people do this? Why did they attempt to kill their girl child? So here are some reasons for female infanticide:
• Unawareness and illiteracy:
People in most areas were illiterate and unaware. As per national statistical office reports, the average literacy rate of the country is 77.70%, and that of Haryana state is 80.04%. The literacy rate of Sonepat district is 68.85%, out of which 75.5% of males and 61.08% of females are literate. That’s why they do not understand that the birth of a girl in a family is a matter of pleasure. They thought of them as a burden and a source of stress. Therefore, they got hurt in the case of the birth of a girl child and practised infanticide. But if people were educated, they could be self-aware. Knowledge will automatically inculcate traits of ethics, morality, and culture, and they will provide equal opportunities to both boys and girls.
• Girl child discrimination:
It is the most important reason for female infanticide. In our society, women have been discriminated against since earlier times. They do not get the same respect and treatment from society as well as from their own family as male members do. They are regarded as liabilities, which will not give any return on investment in the future. Instead of educating them, they are trained to do household tasks. That’s why individuals prefer to kill their girls and give priority to boys.
• Poverty:
When people reside in backward areas with improper conditions, it becomes difficult for them to earn their livelihood and even to eat one-time food. People believed that when a girl was born into a family, they had to bear all her expenses for marriage, dowry, and education. They thought of her as a liability and a charge to others, which they had to return. Thus, because they are unable to bear extra expenses, they practise female infanticide.
• Religious beliefs:
Due to some so-called religious beliefs, people do not want girls. These perceptions are that a son is treated as the light or successor of the family. An individual will get to paradise only when his son does his funeral. Son is responsible for carrying out cremation ceremonies. They lead to the extension of lineage. But on the other hand, girls are believed to go to their marital homes. They also do not perform any ceremonies. Due to such superstitious religious beliefs, female infanticide received encouragement.
• No social security to parents:
As per our societal norms, sons are always treated as the supporters of their elderly parents. Because they do not go to other homes like girls and always stay with their parents. They provide social security to their parents for safety, protection, health, wellbeing, financial support, travelling, and so on. So if they invest in educating their son, he will get a good job and automatically get a future return. But on the other hand, girls had to marry and go to their other homes. So they would take care of their in-laws, not their own parents, and get busy in her life. Due to such negative thoughts, they used to kill girls.
• No proper implementation of laws;
That’s not to say that there are not any proper laws in our country against such evils. We have several laws, but due to their improper implementation, people do not fear such laws. And there are some people who do not know about such legislation. That’s why they do not raise their voice against such wrongs.
• Dowry demands fear:
Dowry harassment is also one of the great fears in the minds of girls' families. Whenever a girl is born in the family, people get tensed about how they will meet the dowry demands. Because Dowry harassment is also one of the criminal acts prevailing in society, The family of the groom put unreasonable demands on the family of the bride, which they couldn’t fulfil. So in order to avoid such fear and to become free from the burden of dowry expenses, they kill the girl child when she is born.
In the case of the State of H.P. v. Nikku Ram and others, a two-Judge Bench of the Supreme Court has expressed its agony thus: –
“Dowry, dowry and dowry. This is the painful repetition which confronts, and at times haunts, many parents of a girl child in this holy land of ours where, in good old days the belief was : “Yatra Naryastu Pujyante ramente tatra dewatan” (where woman is worshipped, there is abode of God).”
• Criminal and violent act against girls:
Girls do not feel safer when they step out of their house. Everyday girls in urban as well as rural areas experience various criminal acts such as rape, verbal abuse, physical abuse, sexual harassment, acid attacks, trafficking, discrimination, and mistreatment. Due to such news, people are afraid to have a girl child. They create the thought in their minds that if they have a girl child, she will also experience such crime. Instead of saving that girl and making her strong to fight against these wrong acts, they thought it was easy to take her life when she was born.
CONSEQUENCES OF FEMALE INFANTICIDE
As every action has some results, either negative or positive. Likewise, female infanticide also impacts society adversely. Some of the negative consequences are listed below:
• Decline in sex ratio:
In India, as the decades pass, the population of girls per 1000 boys is reducing tremendously. As per reports of year 1981 and 1991 number of girls were 962 and 945 per 1000 boys. But later on in the 2001 survey, it declined and reached 927 girls for 1000 boys.
• Rapid increase in crimes against girls:
As the number of girls declining day by day crimes are also rapidly rising against women in the last years. Rapes, assaults, acid attacks, female trafficking, etc. have become very common nowadays. Every day, anybody can watch lots of news related to such aspects. Its main reason is the decline in the number of girls per day, and those who are already there used to face such evil consequences.
• No bride for sons results female trafficking:
Girls are declining to such an extent that the situation of no girls as brides for sons has arisen. They ultimately become sparse with the rising number of eligible males for marriage. That’s why it resulted in the prevailing illegal trafficking of women in society. Young girls are forced to marry for a price settled by the groom. Child marriages and teenage pregnancies have disastrous consequences for society.
• Decline in population:
When there are no girls to marry, consequently, no mother will be able to carry a child. It will automatically result in a declining population in the country. It’s very true that controlling the birth rate is the ultimate goal of every nation, especially countries like India and China, which are at the top in terms of rising population, but swiping out one gender is seriously not a way to fulfil that objective.
MEASURES TO STOP FEMALE INFANTICIDE
There are some steps through which we can take some general initiatives in order to eradicate the evil of female infanticide. They are given as below:
• Changing individual’s perspectives:
Female infanticide can only be stopped when people's mentalities change. It is the need of the era that the narrow mindset of people must be changed. They should treat their girls as assets and a matter of pleasure. We should also take steps on our behalf. Whenever we see that type of act, we should report it then and there.
• Promoting education:
Education is regarded as the most powerful weapon through which an individual can do anything. It not only imparts academic knowledge to a person but also makes him or her aware of social practises and imparts moral traits. An individual became a good human being. When he becomes educated, he can differentiate between good and bad or right and wrong. Latest literacy rate of female in India as per NSO is 70.30%. In Haryana, it is 71.3%. In the same way, if we educate girls, they could also be able to raise their voice against wrong and stop discrimination with them. They can make others not do such infanticide. Thus, educational institutes should be open in rural areas.
• Providing equal opportunities:
Parents should give equal opportunities to their son as well as daughters. So that girls also get chance to prove themselves. If they will get opportunity it will benefit society as well as whole nation. They should teach their son as well whatever they taught to daughters.
• Eradicating criminal practices against girls:
The rate of crime against women per 1,00,000 female population was 55.2% in 2016, an increased from 2012, when it was 41.7%. Criminal practises against girls create fear in the minds of parents and are one of the causes of female infanticide. So if we want to eradicate infanticide, then first of all, we need to abolish such crimes against women from their roots. We should treat girls with respect and give them the same rights that a normal person has. In school, colleges, hospitals, and companies, wherever we see harassment or humiliation of girls, we should raise our voices there. We should also teach our sons to behave sincerely and to respect all girls.
• Proper implementation of laws:
There is no doubt that we have plenty of laws to raise our voices against such evils and criminal acts. But they waste less when people do not know them. If some people know, they do not try to follow them. Therefore, the government must ensure that people are following laws properly or not. And it should also organise free legal aid camps for people in order to make rural people aware of the laws.
The Dowry Prohibition Act of 1961, the Protection of Children Against Sexual Harassment Act of 2012, and other laws that were used to combat causes of female infanticide should also be strictly implemented.
• By Organizing awareness campaigns and legal aids:
Sometimes people want to raise their voices because they know that something is wrong with them but don’t have sufficient knowledge. Thus, to create awareness, a campaign should be organised, especially in rural areas. People's thinking can only change if someone tells them and makes them aware of strict legislation and punishments for such a severe act. Free legal aid should also be provided to them through these campaigns. So organising camps in backward areas can also prove helpful in curbing infanticide among girls.
• By Implementation of schemes for girls:
Schemes such as BETI BACHAO, BETI PADHAO, and NANHI KALI should be encouraged by the government. For business and corporate firms, projects like ASHA DAAN by HUL and the SAKHI project by Hindustan Zinc should also be encouraged in corporate social responsibility.
RELEVANT LEGISLATIONS FOR FEMALE INFANTICIDE:
FEMALE INFANTICIDE PREVENTION ACT,1870
The governor-general of India primarily created this rule to prevent the murder of female newborns. The Female Infanticide Prevention Act of 1870, also known as Act VIII of 1870, was enacted in British India to prevent the murder of female newborns . The law was initially only applicable to the territories of Oudh, the North-Western Provinces, and Punjab, according to Section 7 of the Act, but the Governor General might extend it to any other district or province of the British Raj at his discretion.
Under the pressure of Christian missionaries and social reformers attempting to end female infanticides on the Indian subcontinent, British colonial authorities passed the Female Infanticide Prevention Act 1870. The preamble of the law claimed that the murder of female newborns was believed to be frequent in certain sections of British India, including Oudh, the North-Western Provinces, and Punjab. Initially, the Act only extended to these areas.
INDIAN PENAL CODE PROVISIONS:
If a person commits any act in order to prevent a child from being born alive or to cause it to die after birth, it is punishable under Section 315 of the Indian Penal Code. Whoever, before the birth of any child, does any act with the intent of preventing that child from being born alive or causing it to die after its birth and succeeds in preventing that child from being born alive or causing it to die after its birth, shall, if such act is not done in good faith for the purpose of saving the mother's life, be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term that may extend to ten years, or with a fine, or with both, be punished .
PREVENTION OF FEMALE INFANTICIDE BILL,2019
In addition, this bill was passed to combat female infanticide. Whoever causes, or does any act with the intent of causing, the death of a girl child, or allows a sick girl child to die by deliberately not providing timely and proper medical assistance, or does any act or neglects the care of the girl child, commits the offence of female infanticide, according to the bill
How female infanticide is different from female foeticide?
• Female feticide refers to aborting a girl child in the womb of a mother after knowing the sex of the foetus. But female infanticide is the process of killing a girl child after her birth.
• Feticide is practised before the birth of a child when she is in the womb of her mother, whereas infanticide is performed after the girl comes into this world.
• Feticide can be performed within the pregnancy period, but infanticide is usually performed after birth but within a year.
• Feticide is a kind of abortion, whereas infanticide is putting life to an end. But both practises are crimes, and both are deliberately done by parents.
• In cases of feticide, a sex determination test is performed before abortion in order to know whether the foetus is a girl or a boy. But in the case of infanticide, there is no need to perform such a test.
CHAPTER 3
CASE STUDY: FEMALE INFANTICIDE IN HARYANA:
RECENT CASES OF FEMALE INFANTICIDE IN HARYANA:
1. On December 28,2021 a newborn girl was tied with a stone and thrown into a canal in the Kosli area. As per reports, the girl was 2 days old. One of the passersby saw the body floating and informed the nearest police station.
2. A new-born baby was thrown into the drain wrapped in a polythene bag in Kaithal. Haryana. She was rescued by two dogs on Saturday morning. The baby girl had Injury on her head and was taken to the hospital. By the efforts of the police and local people her life was saved. In a video, it was shown that a woman was captured throwing a baby girl in the drain.
CHAPTER 4
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:
A questionnaire was created for this study and given out to various groups in both rural and urban locations. The purpose of the questionnaire was to acquire data on female infanticide-related demographics, mindsets, and knowledge. Pie charts and tables were used to analyse the data that had been gathered and to show the results in a clear and understandable way. This method enabled a thorough study of the data, showcasing significant trends and patterns. This study aims to ensure a representative sample and offer insights into the viewpoints and experiences connected to female infanticide by using a single questionnaire and distributing it among various groups.
CHAPTER 5
FINDINGS AND DATA ANALYSIS:
RESEARCH DATA ANALYSIS
? A total of 25 responses were collected from the descriptive survey via Google Forms and used for detailed analysis.
DATA COLLECTION
• Primary data includes all the data collected directly from the field by a researcher.
• Sample of the collection is 300
• The data collected through Google Form
Data Analysis and conclusion interpretation
1. A Table indicating the respondents' genders
Attributes No Of Respondents No Of Percentages
Male 14 56%
Female 11 44%
Interpretation
It might be inferred from the that preceded data that 44% of respondents are women and 56% of respondents are men.
II. Table showing respondents of known about female infanticide?
Attributes No Of Respondents No Of Percentages
Yes - -
No - -
The killing of newborn baby girl 13 54.02%
Killing baby girl in the womb 09 37.05%
Abortion 01 4.02%
Gendercide 01 4.02%
Interpretation
The percentage of respondents who killed a newborn girl was 13 out of 25, or 54.02%, and the percentage who killed a baby girl while she was still in the womb was 9 out of 25 with37.05%. Very few respondents selected the other two options.
III. Table showing respondents about have ever faced gender discrimination.
Attributes No Of Respondents No Of Percentages
0-1 year 21 87.5 %
1-5 year 2 8.35 %
0-2 year 01 4.02 %
Interpretation
In accordance with a survey, 87.5% of respondents indicated that they had experienced gender discrimination in the year prior, and 8.35% had suffered it in the previous five years. The lowest percentage from, 0 to 2 years, was 4.02%.
IV. Table showing respondents about the main reason for female infanticide?
Attributes No Of Respondents No Of Percentages
Dowry System 03 13%
Social Pressure - -
No social security to parents old age - -
All of the above 20 87%
Interpretation
The majority (87%) agreed with everything above, and 13% of respondents said the dowry system represented one of the primary causes of female infanticide.
V. Table showing respondents about the death penalty must be given to the peoples who commits the act of female infanticide?
Attributes No Of Respondents No Of Percentages
Yes 16 66.07%
No 08 33.3%
Interpretation
The majority of the opinions are on the question of whether individuals who contribute to the act of female infanticide must get the death penalty, 66.07% responded affirmatively, whereas 33.03% agreed.
VI. What charges must enforce, if a pregnant woman is the victim of a criminal offense that leads to the death of her unborn child?
Interpretation
Section 313 IPC has the greatest percentage of charges (9.05%), which is followed by the life sentence (9.05%), and the fewest charges in all other sections.
VII. Table showing respondents about the modernization what do you think the female infanticide is ongoing?
Attributes No Of Respondents No Of Percentages
Yes 17 68%
No 08 32%
Interpretation:
The majority of respondents, 68%, agree that female infanticide continues to occur while 32% deny.
VIII. Table showing respondents how many people know what fetus means?
Attributes No Of Respondents No Of Percentages
The heart of the child starts beating between 18 to 24 days of the pregnancy of the mother 21 87%
The heart of the child starts beating between 7 to 14 days of the pregnancy of the mother 01 4.2%
The heart of the child starts beating between 11 to 21 days of the pregnancy of the mother 02 8.3%
Interpretation
On asking about what is fetus means then 87% replying it starts from the 18 to 24 days of pregnancy of the mother and very few replies 7 to 14 days & 11 to 21 days.
IX. The chart showing respondents about the POSCO Act is helping to the children.
Attributes No Of Respondents No Of Percentages
Yes 22 88%
No 03 12%
Interpretation
The POSCO Act supports children in many ways, with 88% of the population recognizing it to be a help and 12% still not existent.
X. The Pie-chart showing respondents about under which subject the offenses are given against the unborn and infants.
Attributes No Of Respondents No Of Percentages
The Indian Penal Code 13 54.2%
The Constitution of India 02 8.3%
CrPc 01 4.2%
All the above 08 33.3%
Interpretation
The Indian Penal Code subject received 54.02% of respondents vote for offenses against unborn children and infants, however, the remaining subjects in the category of All the above, which includes the Constitution of India and CrPc, received 33.3%.
XI The Table shows respondents about till now female infanticide is ongoing, then what the effects go on unmarried boys?
Attributes No Of Respondents No Of Percentages
Become aware 03 12.5%
Fight for female infanticide in future 05 20.8%
They shall be also doing that crime in future 01 4.02%
They shall try to save the girls 15 62.5%
Interpretation
In response to this question, the highest response rate was 62.5%, suggesting that they were prepared to save the girls, whereas 20.8% of respondents indicated they would fight against female infanticide soon against towards female infanticide in the near future.
XIII. The Pie- Chart showing respondents how can we stop female infanticide.
Attributes No Of Respondents No Of Percentages
shall be punished with imprisonment for
a period of ten years and also with fine
of rupees one lakh. 13 52%
An offense under this Act shall be non-
Bailable 05 20%
The investigation under sub-section (2)
shall be completed within twenty-four
hours from the time the information
about death is received 05 20%
he shall be taken into custody at once 02 08%
Interpretation
1. According to 52% of respondents, the most common punishment is ten years in prison and a fine of one lakh rupees.
2. Additionally, 20% of respondents in the second opinion are non-bailable, and 20% of respondents in the third opinion agree that the investigation should be finished within 24 hours of the time the information was received.
3. In addition, just 8% of people were taken into custody all at once.
CONCLUSION
India is developing day by day, whether in technology or industries. But somehow it is even now backward due to some evil mentality among people. Female infanticide is one such evil. In light of the above discussion, it is to be concluded that girls must be saved. They also have a right to life, like others. Girls are also human beings. They should be treated equally as boys.
People thought of them as a burden, but they are the real wealth of any nation. There is a saying that when we educate a boy, we educate only an individual, but when we educate a girl, we educate the whole family. It means she stood as an example for others and inspired them all.
Thus, we can eradicate such evil only when we change our mentality and save the girl child. It 0can’t be start with others firstly from ourselves we had to start. Whenever you see such incidents of killing a girl child, try to stop it and go to the nearest police station. People dare to commit such severe crimes because no one tries to stop them. If we make some collective efforts, then we can end this evil.
Yes, it is true that the thinking of people has started changing in most areas because, as they have been educated, their perspective has been changing. But even then, some people still have a cruel mentality. Even now, they treat girls less than boys. They want boys instead of girls.
And if such practises continue ever after, then that day is near when people won't be able to find bride for their son and no girl for worship.
Therefore, education and awareness are the first measures to stop such crimes. Legislation is there against female infanticide, but if we do not take action by ourselves, then these laws can’t do anything.
Suggestion
What are the best way to eradicate female infanticide?
In this paper of study on female infanticide suggestion part some important methods to stop the female infanticide by promoting the awareness and education regarding the female infanticide also the generation is almost in 21st century the changes should be from prescription of boy and girl differentiate from society awareness should be to the society about the clarity of the wrong intention about female also they mentioning here education is major tool to change this also it create a awareness and make a great change by discrimination on the basis of gender and laws also should be strongest part of playing a major role against female infanticide the major suggestion from the survive they need a awareness regarding the female infanticide also through the way of education a strong education can make a change the person through mentally also physically in society by making a strong laws and punishments by the government not only providing the schemes also a proper procedure to implementations.
REFERENCES
• Washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/
• Indias-history-of-female-infanticide/eraf14e2………..
• Savethechildern.in/others/female-infanticide-in.india/
Article Information
EXAMINING THE DARK REALITY: A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF FEMALE INFANTICIDE BY: VARSHA BHARDWAJ, SHALINI M, HEMLATA & HARDIK CHHABRA
Authors: VARSHA BHARDWAJ, SHALINI M, HEMLATA, HARDIK CHHABRA
- Journal IJLRA
- ISSN 2582-6433
- Published 2024/01/15
- Issue 7
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International Journal for Legal Research and Analysis
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