EDUCATION, INTELLIGENCE AND TYPES OF CRIMES: A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS BY - DRON SHARMA & SAKSHI SHARMA

EDUCATION, INTELLIGENCE AND TYPES OF CRIMES: A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS
 
\AUTHORED BY - DRON SHARMA & SAKSHI SHARMA,
Students of Anity Law School Rajasthan.
 
 
ABSTRACT:
Intelligence, schooling, and varieties of crimes are interconnected in numerous strategies. intelligence is often taken into consideration as a enormous determinant of crook behavior, while schooling is visible as a element that can reduce crook involvement. this article discusses the one-of-a-kind kinds of crimes that exist and provides a short creation to every. the article identifies seven fundamental sorts of crimes, including violent crimes, assets crimes, drug crimes, white-collar crimes, cyber crimes, hate crimes, and juvenile crimes. every type of crime has its very own precise traits and calls for extraordinary tactics to save you and cope with them efficiently. the article highlights the importance of expertise the unique varieties of crimes and the want for a multifaceted method to save you and intrude in crook sports thru schooling and intelligence.
 
KEYWORDS: Intelligence, education, crimes, types of crimes.
 
Intelligence and Crime:
Intelligence is a complex term that includes such cognitive capabilities – reasoning, solution of problems, memory and creativity. This includes decision making, perception, and thinking which is fundamental in relation to adjustment to the environment, decision making, and goal attainment. Although, intelligence plays a major role in crime prediction. There have been several academic works linking low intellect with crime and it might be the reason behind why individuals with high intellect do not take part in crimes[1].
 
One of the first studies on the link between intelligence and crime involved Sir Francis Galton who published it in the last century. It was discovered in the studies that people with low intelligence tended to commit more serious crimes than those having higher levels of intelligence. Several other studies have supported this finding since then.
 
There are several theories that explain the link between intelligence and crime. One of the examples of such theories include the general strain theory.
 
General strain theory (GST) is a special theory that explains crime and delinquency uniquely. Unlike control and learning theories, GST specifically addresses negative treatment as the cause for criminality and the only one among the major crime and delinquency theories that stresses the significance of negative emotions.[2] In terms of GST, it is clear that, strain/stress engenders negative feelings like anger, frustration, depression, and despair. In return, the researchers say that these negative emotions give rise to needs which demand redress, including possibly deviant behavior such as delinquency and crime.
 
General strain theory
Parts were made in GST in order to counter criticism towards preceding strain theories. Critics have argued that the previous version of strain theory deals with only specific forms of stress, they also say that it fails to explain why some people strained do not engage in criminal acts and the lack of sufficient studies undertaken to support this perspective. Partially, the GST has been useful in counteracting these constraints. The theory on this matter was developed by Cohen and his associates who have been receiving a substantial amount of scholars’ support, has gained some empirical status, and is associated with the recent revival of the strain theory tradition. However, the theory still needs more testing, in order for its true impact on the full potential of GST to come into fruition.

Another theory is the social learning theory, This implies that crime results from social activities, and thus it can be acquired. The social learning theory of crime contends that some individuals come to learn to violate the law by the same process through which others learn to abide by it. This theory postulates that people are born without any motivation to conform or to engage in criminal behavior. The theory then asks: What motivates people into committing crimes? This question calls for a discussion on the nature of learning which is achieved through interaction of cognition, environment, and behaviour. The Chicago School theorist laid foundation for social learning theory. It relies on symbolic interactionism that emerged out of writings of the Chicago School theorists like George Herbert Mead. The symbolic interactionism is a social psychological theory which presupposes that all human behavior are just consequences of communicative processes. It argues that people communicate through use of symbols and derive their actions depend on the significance of those symbol to them. Symbolic interactionists maintain that symbolic meanings are constructed in interaction with others and hence they are socially originated. Two theorists who build on this base are key to understanding social learning theories of crime: Edwin Sutherland and Ronald Akers.[3]
 
Nevertheless, one should bear in mind that criminal actions cannot be foreseen by the level of intelligence of a perpetrator. Besides, other issues like personality, social, and economic circumstances are also important determinants of criminal participation.
 
Education and Crime:
Education is one of the significant factors that may be used as a means of preventing crime. Several research shows that the more educated a person is, the lesser chance that he or she will commit crimes. Learning enables people to acquire what they need for survival, thus minimizing deviant acts.
 
The provision of jobs to people through educations could make them get involved less in crime. Moreover, education can enable individuals to acquire problem solving and critical thinking, which make better choices as well as prevent criminal action.
 
Furthermore, education improves social skills of people, making them become less aggressive and criminals. More education implies higher control over oneself, less prone to impulsiveness and crime.[4]
Types of Crimes
Crimes can be classified into different categories such as violent crime and white collar crime. Every category of crime is peculiar in its own way, so special measures are needed for their prevention and management. We shall mention some of the often committed offences, giving brief presentations about them.
  • Violent Crimes: Crimes can be categorized into violent crimes where people end up using force against another person in order to commit an offense. Such crime include murder, attempted murder, manslaughter, assault, sexual offences, rape, robbery and others. They constitute the most grave offenses which are associated with stringent penalties ranging from life in prison to being sentenced to death.
·         Property Crimes: The property crimes include acts such as theft and vandalism. Examples of such offences are burglary, robbery, arson, and any type of vandalism. Such cases as property crimes may not be categorized as a deadly weapon type of violence, yet they can cause great economic damages and stress.
 
·         Drug Crimes: Drug crimes refer to cases involving the unlawful ownership, distribution, and selling of illicit drugs. These include offenses including drug trafficking, drug manufacture, drug possession and so on. Such offences are highly serious and they attract sentences such as imprisonment, fines, deprivation of one’s job, or education.
 
·         White-Collar Crimes: White collar crime refers to criminal acts, which are ordinarily perpetrated by people occupying powerful positions among businesses and governments. Such crimes encompass offences like Fraud, Embezzlement, Money laundering and Insider Trading. Financial penalties could include long jail terms, huge fines or both and this would depend on specific white-collar criminal acts.
 
·         Cyber Crimes: Cyber crime is a form of lawbreaking where people apply technology and the internet in order to commit crimes. These include identity theft, hacking, cyber bulling and other forms of internet crime. Cyber crime may result in considerable adverse effects such as loss of money and reputation.
 
·         Hate Crimes: A hate crime is often defined as an offense, which is inspired by racial hatred or by a form of hatred directed at a specific person. These encompass the kinds of crime like assault, vandalism, and harassment. Hate crimes can also cause a lot of emotional trauma on the side of the victim which might lead to prosecution, imprisonment and fines for the perpetrator.
 
·         Juvenile Crimes: Juvenile crime refers to criminal acts committed by young persons. Such crimes include stealing, committing acts of vandalism, and taking drugs. Crimes under juveniles mostly have different treatment with incarceration, and it involves rehabilitation and guidance instead.
 
 Crimes take numerous forms and have distinct features and effects. To deal effectively with crime, it is vital that one understands the various categories of crime. This comprises of education, intervention and, lastly, enforcement. Therefore by working together we shall make safer and just society to everybody. Intelligence-education correlation and various categories of crime have a lot in common. For example, lower-intelligence individuals tend to commit property-oriented offences like theft, burglary and arson, whereas higher-intelligence individuals usually carry out white collar crimes like embezzlement, fraud or insider trading.
 
There are other cases where education also reduces crime involvement in various kinds of offenses. For example, it is highly unlikely that educated people commit an offence involving property such as theft and breaking into others’ homes. Nevertheless, it may not hold true that education is an effective way of curbing such a kind of crime because those who are highly educated are most likely to commit white collar crimes as they occupy high level positions in the society.[5]
 
Conclusion:
Therefore, it may be concluded that intelligence, education, and crime patterns interrelate at many points. Criminality can be predicted by intelligence whereas education leads to reduction in crime rate. Different levels of intelligence influence the tendency to commit certain types of offenses such as property crimes among less intelligent people or white collar crimes amongst individuals who have higher intelligence quotient.
 
However, it is important to remember that not all criminals are intelligent and educated. Other variables include personalities, attitudes of the society, economics, etc. Consequently, a holistic strategy for crime reduction shall encompass consideration of these diverse factors.
 
Also, people should be granted the opportunity to get quality education and more facilities so as to aid them in their development. Such measures may entail education and employment training programmes, availability of health care and mental health services, efforts to reduce poverty and promote equality. In addition, one must tackle the fundamentals of crime including poverty, uneven rights dispensation, and lack of alternatives among others. Addressing such underlying causes will provide us with a leveled ground that all people could work equally towards a just society.
 
To sum up, intelligence, being an educated person and types of crimes are multi-faceted factors.~ Through recognizing this relation, one can come up with constructive means of minimizing crime incidence thus enabling our communities realize safe living conditions for everyone.
 
REFERENCES:
·         Types of crime. In CliffsNotes.com.,
https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/criminal-justice/crime/types-of-crime Retrieved April 24, 2023.
·         Waller, Irvin. "White-Collar Crime." In The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Social Theory, edited by Bryan S. Turner, 1026-1028. Wiley-Blackwell, 2017. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781405165518.wbeosc157.pub2 retrieved on 19/04/2023.
·         Agnew, Robert. "General Strain Theory." In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Criminology, edited by Cindy J. Smith, Oxford University Press, 2017. https://oxfordre.com/criminology/oso/viewentry/10.1093$002facrefore$002f9780190264079.001.0001$002facrefore-9780190264079-e-249. Retrieved on 20/04/2024.
 

[1] Types of crime. In CliffsNotes.com.,
 https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/criminal-justice/crime/types-of-crime Retrieved Nov 14, 2023.
[2] Types of crime. In CliffsNotes.com.,
 https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/criminal-justice/crime/types-of-crime Retrieved Nov 14, 2023.
[3] Types of crime. In CliffsNotes.com.,
 https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/criminal-justice/crime/types-of-crime Retrieved Nov 14, 2023.
[4] Waller, Irvin. "White-Collar Crime." In The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Social Theory, edited by Bryan S. Turner, 1026-1028. Wiley-Blackwell, 2017. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781405165518.wbeosc157.pub2 retrieved on 14/11/2023.
[5] Agnew, Robert. "General Strain Theory." In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Criminology, edited by Cindy J. Smith, Oxford University Press, 2017. https://oxfordre.com/criminology/oso/viewentry/10.1093$002facrefore$002f9780190264079.001.0001$002facrefore-9780190264079-e-249. Retrieved on 14/11/2023