Open Access Research Article
CRIMES AGAINST CHILDREN IN INDIA, CAUSES AND SOLUTIONS.
Published Paper
Article Details
CRIMES
AGAINST CHILDREN IN INDIA, CAUSES AND SOLUTIONS.
AUTHORED BY - DR. USHA PALHOEYA
(Assi. Professor. S V I L
Indore.)
ABSTRACT
Crimes committed against children
fall under the category of social and moral crimes. The progress of any nation
can be estimated by looking at the childhood of its children, so Professor
Canby. The more a country works for the welfare of children, the more the
intellectual capacity of children will increase and later on that intellectual
capacity becomes the basis of that country's progress. But despite so many laws
for children, the rate of crimes against children is constantly increasing. The
main reason for this is the change in our social structure. But today we see
that as society is progressing, the social values are getting damaged. Due to
this, the social structure has been damaged somewhere. The result of this is
that crimes against women and children are happening every day. An example of
this can be seen in the crime record data. The increase in the crime rate
against children is not a good sign for the future of any country.
Although
social, economic, political and moral reasons are responsible for crimes
against children Many laws have been made for children in India. In those laws, a child has been defined
in different ways. Child protection laws in India are designed to safeguard the
rights and well-being of children. These laws aim to protect children from
abuse, exploitation, and neglect, ensuring their safety and development. Below
are the key child protection laws in India, along with specific issues related
to child protection? Different laws have been created to protect children
from crimes. “child” means any person below the age of eighteen years.[1]The
Justice Care and Protection Act includes in the definition of a child a person
who has not attained the age of 18 years. This research article is based on the
crimes committed against these children The main objective of this research
article is to know the causes of crimes and to provide suggestions.
Child labour is one of the serious
problems facing the international community today. According to the report of
the ILO organization, about 250 crore children are working in very bad
conditions as child labour in developing countries. The United Nations aims to
eliminate crimes like child labour from the world. This article has drawn conclusions
based on the data obtained from NCRB. Only secondary data has been used.
INTRODUCTION
Today, crime against children is
spreading like a social epidemic. Crimes committed against children fall under
the category of social and moral crimes. The progress of any nation can be
estimated by looking at the childhood of its children, so Professor Canby. The
more a country works for the welfare of children, the more the intellectual
capacity of children will increase and later on that intellectual capacity
becomes the basis of that country's progress. But despite so many laws for
children, the rate of crimes against children is constantly increasing. The
main reason for this is the change in our social structure. But today we see
that as society is progressing, the social values are getting damaged. Due to
this, the social structure has been damaged somewhere. The result of this is
that crimes against women and children are happening every day. An example of
this can be seen in the crime record data. The increase in the crime rate
against children is not a good sign for the future of any country.
Although social, economic, political
and moral reasons are responsible for crimes against children Many laws have
been made for children in India. In those laws, a child has been defined in
different ways. Child
protection laws in India are designed to safeguard the rights and well-being of
children. These laws aim to protect children from abuse, exploitation, and
neglect, ensuring their safety and development. Below are the key child
protection laws in India, along with specific issues related to child protection.
Different laws have been created to
protect children from crimes. “child care” means any person below the age of
eighteen years[2]The
Justice Care and Protection Act includes in the definition of a child a person
who has not attained the age of 18 years. This research article is based on the
crimes committed against these children The main objective of this research
article is to know the causes of crimes and to provide suggestions.
Child labour is one of the serious
problems facing the international community today. According to the report of
ILO organization, about 250 crore children are working in very bad conditions
as child labour in developing countries. The United Nations aims to eliminate
crimes like child labour from the world.
Crime against Children A total of 1,
62,449 cases of crime against children were registered during 2022, showing an
increase of 8.7% over 2021 (1,49,404 cases).
In percentage terms, major crime heads under ‘Crime Against Children’
during 2021 were Kidnapping & Abduction (45.7%) and Protection of Children
from Sexual Offences Act, 2012 (39.7%) including child rape. The crime rate registered per lakh children
population was 36.6 in 2022 in comparison with 33.6 in 2021.
As stated earlier, crime has been
defined as an anti-social, immoral or sinful behaviour which is contrary to the
cherished norms, beliefs, customs and traditions of a given society. According
to another school of thoughts, crime is an act which a particular social group
regard as sufficiently menacing to its fundamental interests to justify formal
reactions to restrain the violation.
According to the legal definition,
crime is any form of conduct which is declared to be socially of some
punishment harmful to a state and as such. Forbidden by law under pain of some
punishment.
Child protection laws in India are
designed to safeguard the rights and well-being of children. These laws aim to
protect children from abuse, exploitation, and neglect, ensuring their safety
and development. Below are the key child protection laws in India, along with
specific issues related to child protection.
The United Nations Convention on the
rights of the child (UNCRC) attributes rights and freedoms to children.
UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE RIGHT OF THE CHILD
The United Nations Convention on the
rights of the child (UNCRC) was adopted in 1989. It is the most widely ratified
human rights treaty in history. This is in itself an acknowledgement of the
importance of children’s rights. The UNCRC embodies the idea that every child
should be recognised, respected and protected as a rights holder and as a
unique and valuable human being. It applies to all persons under the age of 18.
UNCRC [3]
The UNCRC was drafted in 1989 and is
the most widely ratified human rights treaty in history. 196 countries have
ratified it, including the United Kingdom on 16th December 1991. The USA is the
only country that has not ratified the Convention.[4]
The UNCRC consists of 54 articles
that set out children’s rights and how governments should work together to make
them available to all children.
Life,
survival and development
Protection
from violence, abuse or neglect
An
education that enables children to fulfil their potential
Be
raised by, or have a relationship with, their parents
Express
their opinions and be listened to.
In 2000, two optional protocols were added
to the UNCRC. One asks governments to ensure children under the age of 18 are
not forcibly recruited into their armed forces. The second calls on states to
prohibit child prostitution, child pornography and the sale of children into
slavery. These have now been ratified by more than 120 states.
A third optional protocol was added
in 2011. This enables children whose rights have been violated to complain
directly to the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child.[5]
CHILD PROTECTION LAWA IN INDIA
Constitutional Provisions
Rights of Children.
The Constitution of India guarantees
certain rights to the children of India which are mentioned in its Part III
(Fundamental Rights) and Part IV (Directive Principles of State Policy). These
are
Article 15(3): Discrimination is
prohibited by the constitution. However, it shall not hold a ground to
forestall the state from creating special provisions for children for his or
her advantage.
Article 21: Nobody shall be bereft of
his life or personal liberty unless by a due process of law. An individual
should have proper and adequate food, shelter, clothing, etc. Such life shall
not mean mere animal existence.
Article 21A: The State shall offer
free and required education to any or all the children falling within the age
group of six to 14 years in such manner which the State could, by law,
determine.
Article 23: Prohibits trafficking in
citizenry and beggar or the other sort of forced labour.
Article 24: Prohibits employment of
youngsters beneath the age of fourteen years in an exceedingly mill, mine or in
the other dangerous employment.
Article 39 (e): The state shall
thrive to make sure that the tender age of youngsters isn't abused, and that
people aren't forced by financial necessity to enter into activities which are
unsuited to their age or strength.
Article 39 (f): The state shall
guarantee children opportunities and facilities to develop in an exceedingly
healthy manner and in conditions of freedom and dignity. It should even be ensured
that childhood and youth of the child is protected against exploitation and
against unethical and material abandonment. Provisions for academic
opportunities and facilities.
Article 45: The state shall endeavour
to produce free and required education to kids till they attain they age of
fourteen years.
Article 51(k): It shall be the duty
of each national of India who may be a parent or guardian to produce
opportunities for education to his kid or, because the case could also be, ward
between the age of six and fourteen years. Of Woman and Child Development to
Panchayat (Item twenty-five of Schedule 11).
THE BHARATIYA NYAYA SANHITA, 2023
Sec-20. Nothing is an offence which
is done by a child under seven years of age.[6]
Act of a child above seven and under
twelve years of age of immature understanding.
Sec-21. Nothing is an offence which
is done by a child above seven years of age and under twelve years of age, who
has not attained sufficient maturity of understanding to judge of the nature
and consequences of his conduct on that occasion.[7]
Sec-139. (1)[8]
Whoever kidnaps any child or, not being the lawful guardian of such child,
obtains the custody of the child, in order that such child may be employed or
used for the purposes of begging shall be punishable with rigorous imprisonment
for a term which shall not be less than ten years but which may extend to
imprisonment for life, and shall also be liable to fine.
(Sec 143. (1)[9]
Whoever, for the purpose of exploitation recruits, transports, harbours, transfers,
or receives a person or persons, by—
(a) using threats; or
(b) using force, or any other form of
coercion; or
(c) by abduction; or
(d) by practising fraud, or
deception; or(e) by abuse of power; or (4) Where the offence involves the
trafficking of a child, it shall be punishable with rigorous imprisonment for a
term which shall not be less than ten years, but which may extend to
imprisonment for life, and shall also be liable to fine.[10]
Sec 144(1) Whoever, knowingly or
having reason to believe that a child has been trafficked, engages such child
for sexual exploitation in any manner, shall be punished with rigorous
imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than five years, but which may
extend to ten years, and shall also be liable to fine.,
Sec295.[11]
Whoever sells, lets to hire, distributes, exhibits or circulates to any child
any such obscene object as is referred to in section.
Sec294,[12]
or offers or attempts so to do, shall be punished on first conviction with
imprisonment of either description for a term which may. extend to three years,
and with fine which may extend to two thousand rupees, and, in the event of a
second or subsequent conviction, with imprisonment of either description for term
which may extend to seven years, and also with fine which may extend to five thousand
rupees. Procuration of child.
Sec 96.[13]
Whoever, by any means whatsoever, induces any child to go from any place or to-do
any act with intent that such child may be, or knowing that it is likely that
such child will be, forced or seduced to illicit intercourse with another
person shall be punishable with imprisonment which may extend to ten years, and
shall also be liable to fine.
Sec-98.[14]
Whoever sells, lets to hire, or otherwise disposes of any child with intent
that such. Child shall at any age be employed or used for the purpose of
prostitution or illicit intercourse with any person or for any unlawful and
immoral purpose, or knowing it to be likely that such child will at any age be
employed or used for any such purpose, shall be punished withmprisonment of
either description for a term which may extend to ten years, and shall also be
liable to fine.
SPESAL LAW IN INDIA.
1. Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection
of Children) Act, 2015
2. Protection of Children from Sexual
Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012[15]
Objective: Protects
children from offenses of sexual assault, sexual harassment, and pornography.Provisions:
Defines a child as anyone below 18 years of age. It provides for child-friendly
mechanisms for reporting, recording of evidence, investigation, and speedy
trial of offenses through designated Special Courts.
3. The Prohibition of Child Marriage
Act, 2006. It restraints child marriage until the minimum age, i.e. 21 for male
and 18 for female, has been attained by them. It applies to the people of all
the religions. The basic objective of the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act,
2006 is to provide for the prohibition of solemnization of child marriages and
for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.
4. The Right of Children to Free and
Compulsory Education (RTE) Act, 2009.
Objective: Ensures free
and compulsory education for all children aged 6 to 14 years. Provisions Mandates
non-discriminatory access to education, setting norms for school
infrastructure, teacher-student ratios, and qualifications.
5. Child Labour (Prohibition and
Regulation) Act, 1986 and Amendment Act, 2016
CHALLENGES INCHILD PROTECTION.
1. Technological Advances:
2. Global Crises:
3. Cultural and Societal Barriers:
ROLE OF JUDICIARY[16]
Judiciary in India has been able to
restore the human rights to the people. But even the judiciary has been found
wanting at times while dealing with these issues.
Apex Court is established at the apex
of the judicial system as the final interpreter and guardian of the
Constitution and of the fundamental human rights of the people. In the course
of its functioning it had many opportunities to expand its scope of operation
through its power of interpretation. It would not be overstating that that
judiciary has played a crucial and central role in protecting “Child” means any
person below the age of eighteen years[17]Human
rights today occupy the top slot in priority, nationally and internationally,
over other issues relating to mankind. Unfortunately, its observance leaves much
to be desired. With a growing tendency of the legislature and executive to be
apathetic towards human rights, the very survival of mankind is under threat.
Large scale human rights violations take place right under the nose of the
government. At times the State itself is a perpetuator of this crime. Under
such circumstances, the role of judiciary in protecting human rights of
children become crucial and important. Judiciary in India has been able to
restore the human rights to the people. But even the judiciary has been found wanting
at times while dealing with these issues. Apex Court is established at the apex
of the judicial system as the final interpreter and guardian of the
Constitution and of the fundamental human rights of the people. In the course
of its functioning it had many opportunities to expand its scope of operation
through its power of interpretation. It would not be overstating that that
judiciary has played a crucial and central role in protecting human rights. A
large number of cases decided in the last two decades go to show that judiciary
is working relentlessly towards the goal of achieving “all humans’ rights for
all”.[18]
The judiciary in India has shown its
deep concern for the human rights of these children. In M.C.Mehta vs. State of
Tamil Nadu[19] the SC
while keeping the interest of the children, as also the constitutional mandate
in view held that employment connected with manufacturing process in the match
factory is not to be given to children. They can, however, be employed in
packing process and the packing must
be done in area away from the place of manufacture.
CRIME AGAINST CHILDREN’S DATA ANALYSES
(ii) SLL Crimes against Children
(Crime Head-wise & State/UT-wise) - 2022 (Continued)
|
SL
|
State/UT
|
Protection of Children from Sexual
Offences Act (POCSO) r/w Sec.376,354, 509 IPC)
|
||||||||
|
Section 12 of POCSO Act or POCSO Act
(Section 12) r/w Section 509 IPC
|
||||||||||
|
Section 12 of POCSO Act or POCSO Act
(Section 12) r/w Section 509 IPC (Total)
|
A girls
|
B) Boys
|
||||||||
|
I
|
V
|
R
|
I
|
V
|
R
|
I
|
V
|
R
|
||
|
(1)
|
(2)
|
117
|
118
|
119
|
120
|
121
|
122
|
123
|
124
|
125
|
|
1
|
Andhra Pradesh
|
682
|
695
|
4.5
|
682
|
695
|
4. 5
|
0
|
0
|
0.0
|
|
2
|
Arunachal Prod
|
16
|
360
|
2.7
|
16
|
26
|
2.7
|
0
|
0
|
00
|
|
3
|
Assam
|
322
|
360
|
2.7
|
322
|
360
|
2.7
|
0
|
0
|
00
|
|
4
|
Bihar
|
1013
|
1014
|
2.1
|
1013
|
1014
|
2.1
|
0
|
0
|
00
|
|
5
|
Chhattisgarh
|
512
|
523
|
5.3
|
510
|
521
|
5.2
|
2
|
2
|
00
|
|
6
|
Goa
|
3
|
3
|
0.8
|
0
|
0
|
0.0
|
3
|
3
|
0.8
|
|
7
|
Gujarat
|
229
|
229
|
1.1
|
228
|
228
|
1.1
|
1
|
1
|
0.0
|
|
8
|
Haryana
|
655
|
656
|
7.2
|
641
|
642
|
7.0
|
14
|
14
|
0.00.2
|
|
9
|
Himachal Pradesh
|
7
|
8
|
0.3
|
5
|
6
|
0.2
|
2
|
2
|
0.1
|
|
10
|
Jharkhand
|
203
|
203
|
1.5
|
199
|
199
|
1.4
|
4
|
4
|
0.0
|
|
11
|
Karnataka
|
595
|
635
|
3.1
|
590
|
630
|
3.0
|
5
|
5
|
0.0
|
|
12
|
Kerala
|
1186
|
1192
|
12.6
|
1018
|
1023
|
10.8
|
168
|
169
|
1.8
|
|
13
|
Madhya Pradesh
|
2230
|
2233
|
7.8
|
2230
|
2233
|
7.8
|
0
|
0
|
0.0
|
|
14
|
Maharashtra
|
2935
|
3065
|
8.1
|
2922
|
3052
|
8.1
|
13
|
13
|
0.0
|
|
15
|
Manipur
|
9
|
9
|
0.9
|
9
|
9
|
0.9
|
0
|
0
|
0.0
|
|
16
|
Meghalaya
|
61
|
61
|
4.4
|
60
|
60
|
4.3
|
1
|
1
|
0.1
|
|
17
|
Mizoram
|
31
|
33
|
7.3
|
30
|
32
|
7.1
|
1
|
1
|
0.2
|
|
18
|
Nagaland
|
4
|
4
|
0.5
|
4
|
4
|
0.5
|
0
|
0
|
0.0
|
|
19
|
Odisha
|
669
|
669
|
4.6
|
669
|
669
|
4.6
|
0
|
0
|
0.0
|
|
20
|
Punjab
|
194
|
195
|
2.2
|
193
|
194
|
2.2
|
1
|
1
|
0.0
|
|
21
|
Rajasthan
|
1358
|
1358
|
4.8
|
1357
|
1357
|
4.8
|
1
|
1
|
0.0
|
|
22
|
Sikkim
|
28
|
32
|
13.6
|
28
|
32
|
13.6
|
0
|
0
|
0.1
|
|
23
|
Tamil Nadu
|
961
|
1025
|
4.7
|
948
|
1008
|
4.6
|
13
|
17
|
0.1
|
|
24
|
Telangana
|
891
|
912
|
7.8
|
889
|
910
|
7.8
|
2
|
2
|
0.0
|
|
25
|
Tripura
|
36
|
36
|
2.9
|
36
|
36
|
2.9
|
0
|
0
|
0.0
|
|
26
|
Uttar Pradesh
|
4360
|
4368
|
5.1
|
4359
|
4367
|
5.1
|
1
|
1
|
0.0
|
|
27
|
Uttara hand
|
170
|
170
|
4.5
|
170
|
170
|
4.5
|
0
|
0
|
0.0
|
|
28
|
West Bengal
|
759
|
798
|
2.5
|
752
|
791
|
2.5
|
7
|
7
|
0.0
|
|
|
TOTAL STATE(S)
|
20119
|
20512
|
4.7
|
19880
|
20268
|
4.6
|
239
|
244
|
0.1
|
|
|
UNION TERRITORIES:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
29
|
A&N Islands
|
20
|
20
|
17.8
|
19
|
19
|
16.9
|
1
|
1
|
0.9
|
|
30
|
Chandigarh
|
0
|
0
|
0.0
|
0
|
0
|
0.0
|
0
|
0
|
0.0
|
|
31
|
D&N Haveli and Daman & Diu
|
9
|
19
|
4.7
|
9
|
19
|
4.7
|
0
|
0
|
0.0
|
|
32
|
Delhi
|
524
|
533
|
9.5
|
511
|
520
|
9.2
|
13
|
13
|
0.2
|
|
33
|
Jammu & Kashmir
|
40
|
40
|
0.8
|
39
|
39
|
0.8
|
1
|
1
|
0.0
|
|
34
|
Leach
|
2
|
2
|
2.4
|
2
|
2
|
2.4
|
0
|
0
|
0.0
|
|
35
|
Lakshadweep
|
5
|
5
|
25.1
|
2
|
2
|
10.0
|
3
|
3
|
15.1
|
|
36
|
Puducherry
|
34
|
36
|
9.5
|
32
|
33
|
8.9
|
2
|
3
|
0.6
|
|
|
TOTAL UT(S)
|
634
|
655
|
5.5
|
614
|
634
|
634
|
20
|
21
|
0.2
|
|
|
TOTAL ALL INDIA
|
20753
|
21167
|
4.7
|
20494
|
20902
|
4.6
|
259
|
265
|
0.1
|
Crime against Children (IPC+SLL) - 2020-2022[20]
A total of 1,62,449 cases of crime
against children were registered during 2022, showing an increase of 8.7% over
2021 (1,49,404 cases). [Table – 4A.1] In percentage terms, major crime heads
under ‘Crime Against Children’ during 2021 were Kidnapping & Abduction
(45.7%) and Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012 (39.7%)
including child rape. The crime rate
registered per lakh children population was 36.6 in 2022 in comparison with
33.6 in 2021. [Table – 4A.3] [21]
Crime against Children (IPC+SLL) -
2020-2022
(States/UTs) 8C.1 Prevention of Corruption Act Cases
(State/UT-wise) - 2019-2021 779 8C.2 Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 and
Related IPC Sections - 2021 780 8C.3 Police Disposal of Anti-Corruption Bureau,
Vigilance and Look Adulate Cases
(State/UT-wise) - 2021 781 8C.4 Court Disposal of Anti-Corruption
Bureau, Vigilance and Look Adulate Cases
(State/UT-wise) - 2021 782 8C.5 Action against Persons Arrested and Dep.
Action taken In Offences under P.C. Act - 2021Crime Against Children
(States/UTs) TABLE 4A.2 [22]
CONCLUSION AND SAGUSSAN
Today, crime against children is
spreading like a social epidemic. The progress of any nation can be judged by
looking at the childhood of its children and the progress of any country can be
judged by looking at the crime rate of crimes against children in that country.
The more a country works for the welfare of children, the more the intellectual
capacity of the children will increase and in future this intellectual capacity
will become the basis of the character of that country. But today we see that
as the society is moving forward on the path of progress, its social values
??are declining and as a result somewhere the social structure is getting
damaged and distortions are coming in the society. Due to this, crimes against
women and children are increasing continuously today. We can clearly understand
this by looking at the data of National Crime Records. The increase in crime
against children is not a good sign for the progress of any country. The main
reason for crime against children in the world is the delicate age and openness
of children. Criminals take advantage of this and commit crimes. According to a
UNICEF report, even today in this progressive country, more than 2 crore
children are working in bad conditions as child labour in some form or the
other.
The aim of the article is to analyse
and conclude the statistics of crimes against children and to find out to what
extent the current law has been successful. If we look at the statistics of
crimes against children, we come to this conclusion
A total of 1,62,449 cases of crime
against children were registered during 2022, which shows an increase of 8.7%
as compared to 2021 (1,49,404 cases). In percentage terms, the major crimes
under ‘crimes against children’ during 2021 were kidnapping and abduction
(45.7%) and Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012 (39.7%)
including rape of children. The crime rate registered per one lakh child
population in the year 2022 was 36.6, while in the year 2021 it was 33.6. About
60% of crimes against children are committed by family members or people of the
society or acquaintances. These crimes are mainly committed against children
such as child labour, child pornography, kidnapping etc. Nowadays, the tendency
of making children commit crimes on a large scale by including them in their
criminal gangs by organized criminals has increased. The main crimes against
children include murder, rape, begging, mental torture, child labour, ghost
killing etc. Thus, various types of crimes are committed against children by
the society from their birth to adolescence. Crimes against children are
committed due to the indifference of family members and lack of attention
towards children and today's capital economy and our weak laws, due to which
the criminals go scot-free. In the absence of sons, the person committing crime
against children escapes easily, because it is an acquaintance of ours or a
member of our own family who commits crime against the child. Recently, there
have been changes in our laws. Only the future will tell to what extent these
laws have been successful in preventing crime.
1. There is a need to strictly implement
the special law made for children. There is a need to create awareness among
boys and girls about the crimes committed against them and the measures to
avoid them.
2. Girls should understand the
difference between good and bad touch so that they can be saved from sexual
harassment. Children should be kept away from excessive use of social media.
3. Information about crimes against
children should also be included in the children's curriculum so that children
can be aware of the crimes against children and can protect themselves.
4. By counselling children from time to
time, information about the incidents happening with children can be obtained
so that it can be ascertained whether any child is becoming a victim of any
crime. These things should be implemented in practice so that if a person is
unnecessarily showing more interest in a child, then he should be monitored. If
parents notice any change in the behaviour of their children, then they should
get counselling done and find out whether any crime has been committed against
the child. 4. If a child is adopted, then correct information about his parents
and the entire background of the family should be given to the police.
Guidelines should be made and implemented in schools to prevent child crime. If
a child works as child labour, strict action should be taken against the person
who employed him.
Crimes against children have become
an issue all over the world and despite having strict rules, their lack of
proper implementation is the main reason for the increase in these crimes. The
main reason for crimes against children in India is hunger, poverty and
illiteracy, child labour and lack of proper implementation of our laws. There
is no dearth of laws made for children in India and there is also adequate
provision of punishment in them and the special laws that have been made are
working in their place but the biggest drawback is the lack of proper
implementation of these laws.
[1]. Sec2(3) Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita,
2023.
[2]Sec2(3) Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita,
2023.
[3]
https://www.united-nations-convention-of-the-rights-of-the-child.
[4]
https://www.un-convention-on-the-rights-of-the-child.
[5].
what-we-do/childrens-rights/s/united-nations-convention-of-the-rights-of-the-child.
[6] Sec-20Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita,
2023.
[7] Sec -21 Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita,
2023.
[8] Sec 139 (1)Bharatiya Nyaya
Sanhita, 2023.
[9]
Sec 143 (1) 2023the bhartaiya nyay sahita,2023.
[10] Sec 144 (1) 2023the bhartaiya nyay
sahita,2023.
[11] Sec 295 2023the bhartaiya nyay sahita,2023.
[12]
Sec 294) 2023the bhartaiya nyay sahita,2023.
[13] Sec 96 2023the bhartaiya nyay
sahita,2023.
[14]
Sec 98 2023the bhartaiya nyay sahita,2023.
[15] Protection of Children from Sexual
Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012
[16] Law mantra Volume 6 Issue 3
[17] Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023.
[18] Law mantra Volume 6 Issue 3
[19] AIR. 1991 SC. 417
[20] Crime in India 2020 Chapter?4A
Crime Against Children (States/UTs) VOLUME ? I
[21]
https://ncrb.gov.in/crime-in-india.
[22]
Crime in India 2020 Chapter?4A Crime Against Children (States/UTs)
VOLUME ? I
Article Information
CRIMES AGAINST CHILDREN IN INDIA, CAUSES AND SOLUTIONS.
Authors: DR. USHA PALHOEYA
- Journal IJLRA
- ISSN 2582-6433
- Published 2024/07/15
- Issue 7
About Journal
International Journal for Legal Research and Analysis
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