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CO-OPERATIVE AND COMPETETIVE FEDERALISM IN INDIA :AN ANALYSIS
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CO-OPERATIVE AND COMPETETIVE FEDERALISM IN INDIA :AN
ANALYSIS
AUTHOURED BY- ADV. ANKITA KENDHE
ABSTRACT
The two forms of federalism addressed in this research are cooperative and competitive
federalism. Demonstrate that India has taken substantial steps to improve the collaboration and
competitiveness of its federalism. The concept of cooperative federalism has
been enshrined in the Constitution of India from the very beginning. I have
gone into considerable detail about the many types of cooperative federalism
that may be found in India. In view of its changing
socioeconomic condition, India aspires competitive federalism. A In view of its changing
socioeconomic condition, India aspires
competitive federalism. A reasonable degree of competition is
required in many professions for any
state or nation to develop. The study focuses on three main government
initiatives: make in India, NITI Aayog and Goods and Service Tax (GST) so as to
present the Government of India has used various forms of federalism to achieve national goals. Finally,
cooperative, and competitive federalism are proven to be mutually incompatible
concepts. They are the two halves of the same coin. All are based on the same
fundamental principle: the general
expansion of the country. As a result, in order to accomplish development
objectives and maintain good administration, a balance between the two types of
federalism must be formed.
1.1
INTRODUNCTION
In India,
federalism is a foundational principle enshrined in the Constitution, which
divides powers between the central government and the states to ensure a
balance of authority and responsibilities. Cooperative federalism and
competitive federalism are two key aspects of India's federal structure.
1. Cooperative
Federalism: This approach emphasizes collaboration and partnership between the
central government and the states. It recognizes that while the central
government has certain exclusive powers, many issues require joint efforts for
effective governance. Cooperative federalism promotes a spirit of mutual
understanding, coordination, and consultation between the center and states. It
is particularly relevant in areas such as economic planning, infrastructure development, and disaster management, where joint efforts are essential for success.
2.
Competitive Federalism: This aspect of federalism
involves states competing with each other to attract investments, promote
development, and improve governance. It encourages states to innovate and implement best practices to enhance their competitiveness. Competitive federalism is driven by the
idea that healthy competition among states leads to overall development and
better outcomes for citizens. It also fosters accountability among state
governments, as they are motivated to perform better to attract investment and
talent.
In
India, both cooperative and competitive federalism are seen as complementary
rather than contradictory. While cooperative federalism promotes unity and
collaboration, competitive federalism encourages efficiency and innovation.
Together, they contribute to the country's development by harnessing the
strengths and resources of both the central government and the states.
Cooperative
federalism is a notion that portrays the connection between the Centre and the
states in which they both get together and tackle shared issues with each
other's help. Through cooperative and
collaborative efforts, the various levels of government work together to
contribute to the country's growth. It symbolizes the union's horizontal relationship with the states,
demonstrating that none is superior to the other. To facilitate this engagement
between the Centre and the states, the Indian constitution includes mechanisms
such as the interstate council, zonal council, and 7th schedule.2
Competitive federalism it varies from cooperative federalism. Competitive
federalism, in a nutshell, is a kind of federalism in which the federation's
components fight for economic interests in a healthy manner. The vertical
interaction between the Centre and the competing states fosters the overall
expansion and advancement of the competing states.
1
Student LLM, Law College Dehradun, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun
(UK).
2
Principal & Dean, Law College
Dehradun, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun (UK)
1.2
HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT AND EVOLUTION CO- OPERATIVE FEDERALISM
The
concept of cooperative federalism in India has evolved over time, reflecting
changes in the country's political and administrative landscape. Here's a brief
overview of its historical development:
1. Pre-Independence
Era: During British rule, India was a collection of princely states, each with
its own degree of autonomy. The British colonial government exercised
considerable control over key areas such as defence, foreign affairs, and
taxation. However, there were instances of cooperation between the British
government and princely states on matters of mutual interest.
2.
Post-Independence and Constitution Making: After
independence in 1947, the framers of the Indian Constitution recognized the
need for a federal structure that would accommodate the country's diverse
cultural, linguistic, and regional identities The Constitution of India,
adopted in 1950, provided for a federal system with a strong central government
and substantial powers devolved to the states. The Constitution also included
provisions for cooperative federalism, such as the formation of inter-state
councils to promote cooperation and coordination among states.
3.
Nehruvian Era: The period of Jawaharlal Nehru's prime
ministership (1947-1964) saw a centralized planning model, with the central government playing a dominant
role in economic planning and development. While
this era emphasized centralized planning, there were also instances of cooperation between the central
government and states
in areas such as industrial
development and infrastructure.
4.
Economic Reforms and Cooperative Federalism: The 1990s
marked a significant shift towards economic liberalization and decentralization
in India. The central government initiated economic reforms aimed at opening up
the economy and reducing the role of the state in economic activities. This
period also saw the emergence of cooperative federalism as a guiding principle,
with the central government and states working together to implement economic reforms
and promote growth.
5.
Recent Trends: In recent years, there has been a
renewed emphasis on cooperative federalism in India. The central government has
taken several initiatives to promote greater collaboration and partnership with
the states. For example, the introduction of the Goods and Services Tax (GST)
in 2017 required extensive cooperation between the central government and
states to implement a uniform tax regime across the country.
Overall,
the concept of cooperative federalism in India has evolved in response to
changing political, economic, and social dynamics, reflecting a balance between
the need for a strong central authority and the recognition of states' autonomy
and diversity.
3 "Dr. Aisha Patel, Professor of Political Science
at University of Delhi"
1.3
POST-INDEPENDENCE
DEVELOPMENT OF CO-OPERATIVE AND COPETETIVE FEDERALISM
Post-independence,
India's federal structure has evolved, with both cooperative and competitive
federalism playing significant roles in shaping the country's governance and
development. Here's how these concepts have developed since independence:
1.
Cooperative Federalism:
-
Planning Commission: After independence, India adopted
a planned economic development model, which required cooperation between the central
government and states. The Planning Commission, established in 1950, played a
key role in coordinating and guiding the planning process, fostering
cooperation between the center and states.
-
Inter-State Councils: The Constitution provides for
the establishment of Inter-State Councils to promote cooperation and
coordination among states. These councils have been used to address issues of
common interest and foster a spirit of cooperation among states.
-
Finance Commission: The Finance Commission, constituted every five years, recommends the distribution of tax
revenues between the center and states. Its recommendations are aimed at ensuring a fair and equitable distribution of resources, promoting
cooperative fiscal federalism.
2.
Competitive Federalism:
-
Economic Reforms: In the 1990s, India initiated
economic reforms aimed at liberalizing the economy and promoting competition. States were encouraged to adopt investor-friendly policies to attract
investment and promote economic growth.
-
Ranking of States:
Various initiatives have been
taken to rank states based
on parameters such as ease of
doing business, infrastructure, and governance. This has led to healthy
competition among states to improve their rankings and attract investment.
3.
Recent Developments: - GST Implementation: The introduction of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) in 2017 required extensive
cooperation between the center and states. It aimed to create a unified national market and
reduce tax barriers between states, enhancing economic efficiency.
Cooperative Federalism in Policy Formulation: The central government has
increasingly involved states in the formulation and implementation of policies. For example, schemes
like the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) involve state
governments in planning and executing agricultural water management projects.
In conclusion, post-independence India has seen the development of both
cooperative and competitive federalism, with these concepts playing
complementary roles in fostering economic growth, ensuring efficient
governance, and promoting unity in diversity.
4 Sharma, B. L. "Indian Federalism and its Dynamics." Vikas Publishing House,
2014.
5 Mohanty, Ramesh Chandra.
"Indian Federalism: Problems and Prospects." Vikas Publishing House,
2005.
1.3.1 Between 1947 until 1967,
A single meeting took Centre
stage at this point. The Congress formed its government at the federal and state levels, with a few
outliers, such as the communist administration in Kerala in the year 1959. As
both the states and the central government were ruled by the same party, there
was no serious dispute. There were rare instances, including as in Kerala, when
the federal government Posted the world's first democratically elected
communist government.
1.3.2 Between 1967 and 1990,
"This is referred to as the combative federalism phase."
Congress lost nine states in a single election for the first time in history.
Despite the fact that the legislature rallied in later elections the Centre and
the multiparty-led states clashed throughout this time.
1.3.3 From 1990 until the present
"This phase is known as cooperative federalism since state parties
have a role in forming government at the federal level,
such as the DMK in Tamil Nadu,
the SP in Uttar Pradesh,
and the Trinamool Congress in West Bengal." As a consequence, the
state's difficulties have acquire prominence, and the Tamil Nadu issue has
attracted international attention. The federal government i.e., in our case the
central government is becoming more conscious of state needs.
1.4
PROVISIONS IN INDIAN CONSTITUTION RELATING TO CO-OPERATIVE FEDERALISM
The
Indian Constitution incorporates several provisions that support the concept of
cooperative federalism, which emphasizes collaboration between the central and
state governments. Some of these provisions include:
1.
Distribution of Powers: The Constitution clearly
delineates the powers of the central and state governments through the Union
List, State List, and Concurrent List, ensuring that both levels of government
have specified areas of authority.
2. Article 1
(India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of States): This article establishes
India as a Union of States, indicating a federal structure where states are
integral parts of the country.
3. Article 3
(Formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of
existing States): This article allows for the creation of new states and the
alteration of existing states' boundaries, but it requires Parliament's
approval, which encourages cooperation between the center and the states.
4. Article 263
(Provisions with respect to an inter-State Council): This article provides for the establishment of an Inter-State
Council to promote coordination between states and between the center and the states
on matters of common interest.
5.
Article 275 (Grants from the Union to certain States):
This article enables the center to provide grants-in-aid to states that are in need of assistance, fostering cooperation and support between the two levels of government.
6.
Article 282 (Expenditure defrayable by the Union or a
State out of its revenues): This article allows the center to incur expenditure
for any purpose that is in the national interest or for the welfare of a state,
promoting financial cooperation between the two levels of government.
7. Article 356
(Provisions in case of failure of constitutional machinery in State): While
this provision relates more to
emergency powers, it also underscores the cooperative federal spirit by providing a mechanism for the center to
intervene in state matters under certain circumstances.
These provisions, among others, reflect the intent of the Indian
Constitution to establish a cooperative federal system where the center and the
states work together for the country's progress and welfare.
1.4.1
7th SCHEDULED
The Seventh
Schedule of the Indian Constitution contains three lists that specify the
division of powers between the central and state governments. These lists are:
1.
Union List (List I): It contains subjects on which
only the Parliament can legislate. This includes subjects such as defence,
foreign affairs, banking, currency, atomic energy, and others.
2.
State List (List II): It contains subjects on which
only the state legislatures can legislate. This includes subjects such as police,
public health, agriculture, local government, and others.
3. Concurrent
List (List III): It contains subjects on which both the Parliament and the
state legislatures can legislate. This includes subjects such as criminal law,
marriage and divorce, bankruptcy and insolvency, and others.
The Seventh Schedule thus embodies the principle of cooperative
federalism by clearly demarcating the powers of the central and state
governments. It allows for cooperation between the two levels of government in
areas where concurrent jurisdiction exists, while also ensuring that each level has its sphere of authority.
6 M.P.Jain, Indian
constitutional law 214 ( LexiNexis, New Delhi, 8th edn., 2018 ).
7
The Constitution of India, 1950,
art.249.
1.4.2 ALL INDIA SERVICES
The All
India Services (AIS) are a key feature of cooperative federalism in India. The
provisions relating to AIS are primarily enshrined in Part XIV of the Indian
Constitution (Articles 312 to 323). The AIS include the Indian Administrative Service
(IAS), Indian Police Service (IPS), and Indian Forest Service (IFS).
Key provisions related to AIS and cooperative federalism include:
1.
Article 312 (All-India Services): This article
empowers Parliament to create AIS if it is deemed necessary for the purpose of
maintaining national integration or efficiency in public administration.
2. Article 313
(Transitional provisions): This article allows for the continuance of IAS and
IPS officers appointed under the Government of India Act, 1935, ensuring a
seamless transition to the new constitutional framework.
3. Article 314 (Provisions as to Services after the appointed day): This article provides for the
regulation of recruitment and conditions of service of persons appointed to AIS
after the commencement of the Constitution.
4.
Article 315-323 (Public Service Commissions): While
not directly related to AIS, these articles establish the Union Public Service
Commission (UPSC) and State Public Service Commissions (SPSCs), which play a
crucial role in the recruitment and management of AIS officers.
5. Article 323-A and 323-B
(Administrative Tribunals)
: These articles allow for the establishment of administrative tribunals
for the adjudication of disputes and complaints related to AIS officers, ensuring a fair and
impartial mechanism for dispute resolution.
Overall, the provisions related to AIS in the Indian Constitution reflect
the cooperative federalism principle by allowing for the recruitment and
management of a cadre of officers who can serve both the central and state governments, thereby promoting
national integration and efficient public administration.
1.4.3 FULL FAITH AND CREDIT CLAUSE
In the
context of cooperative federalism, the concept of "full faith and
credit" is not explicitly mentioned in the Indian Constitution. The Full
Faith and Credit Clause in the U.S. Constitution (Article IV, Section 1)
requires states to recognize the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings
of other states. This principle ensures a degree of cooperation and respect
among states in the U.S. federal system.
In
India, while there is no specific clause equivalent to the U.S. Full Faith and
Credit Clause, the Constitution contains provisions that promote cooperation
and coordination between the central and state governments. These include:
1.
Article 256 (Obligation of States and the Union): This
article requires states to ensure compliance with laws made by Parliament and
to not impede the executive power of the Union.
2. Article 257
(Control of the Union over States in certain cases): This article empowers the
Union to give directions to states regarding the exercise of their executive
power in certain situations.
3. Article 263
(Provisions with respect to an inter-State Council): This article provides for the establishment of an Inter-State
Council to promote coordination between states and between the center and the
states on matters of common interest.
4.
Article 275 (Grants from the Union to certain States):
This article allows the center to provide grants-in-aid to states that are in need of assistance, fostering cooperation and support between the two levels of
government.
5.
Article 282 (Expenditure defrayable by the Union or a
State out of its revenues): This article allows the center to incur expenditure
for any purpose that is in the national interest or for the welfare of a state,
promoting financial cooperation between the two levels of government.
While these provisions do not directly
mirror the Full Faith and Credit Clause,
they reflect the spirit of cooperative federalism by encouraging coordination, cooperation, and mutual
respect between the central and state governments in India.
1.4.4 ZONAL COUNCIL
As per the
States Re-organization Act, 1951, five Zonal Councils have been created up
namely the Central Zone, the Northern Zone, the Western Zone and the Southern Zone.
Zonal Council is simply an advisory body and has no legislative or executive
role.
The framers of the constitution recognized the necessity of cooperation
between the Centre and the states, as well as the distribution of authority
between them. We can see from the many provisions how the collaboration of
states with the Centre and vice versa is useful to the country's general, overall growth and continuous
administration. Without the collaboration
between the Centre and state in policies and administration, it would be very
difficult to face the common difficulties among the Centre and the state, which
may put a brake to the expansion of the country.
1.4.2 Inter-state Council
The Interstate Council was established under Article 263 of the Constitution to look into and discuss topics
of mutual interest among the central government and the states.
Parliament has the ability to resolve interstate water disputes. The
Hon'ble Supreme Court ruled in the case of T.N. Cauvery
Sangam v. Union of India that "once the central government determines that the dispute
raised in the state government application cannot be resolved through
negotiations, the central government must establish a court and refer the
dispute to it for adjudication. Furthermore, if the central government fails to
make such a referral, the court may grant mandamus to the central government,
forcing it to carry out its statutory tasks, on the basis of a petition filed
under Art. 32 - 26 by an aggrieved
party".
The Hon'ble Supreme Court "endorsed the formation of council under Article 263 to evaluate and settle central
state tax problems in the case of Dabur India Limited v. State of Uttar Pradesh27".
The idea of an Inter State Council (ISC) was vigorously advocated by the
Sarkaria commission and was established as a permanent body on 28 May 1990 by a
presidential order. The goal of the ISC is to debate or analyse policies,
matters of common interest, and conflicts among governments.
1.5
PROBLEM AND ISSUES RELATING TO CO-OPERATIVE
FEDERALISM
Cooperative
federalism in India faces several challenges and issues, which include:
1.
Political Competition: Often, political parties
at the central and state levels may have
different agendas, leading to conflicts and lack of cooperation.
2.
Financial Imbalance: States may feel that they are not
getting their fair share of financial resources
from the center, leading to tensions and disagreements.
3. Coordination
Issues: Due to the vast size and diversity of India, coordinating policies and
programs between the center and states can be challenging.
4. Administrative
Bottlenecks: Bureaucratic hurdles and administrative delays can hinder the
smooth functioning of cooperative federalism.
5.
Lack of Trust: States may sometimes perceive the
center as overreaching or encroaching on
their autonomy, leading to a lack of trust and cooperation.
6. Policy
Difference: States may have different priorities and policies than the center,
leading to conflicts in implementing cooperative programs.
7.
Resource Constraints: Some states may lack the resources or capacity to effectively participate in cooperative federalism
initiatives.
8.
Political Instability: Changes
in government at the central
or state level can disrupt
cooperative efforts and lead to policy reversals.
Addressing these challenges requires a commitment from both the center
and states to work together in the spirit of cooperation and mutual respect,
recognizing the importance of cooperative federalism in India's governance
structure.
9 Odisha Government’s KALIA Scheme, available
at: https://www.drishtiias.com/pdf/odisha-governments-kalia-scheme.pdf
(Visited on March 04, 2022).
1.6
COMPETETIVE AND CO-OPERATIVE FEDERALISM
1.6.1
COMPETETIVE FEDERALISM
Competitive
federalism is a concept that encourages states to compete with each other to
attract investment, create jobs, and improve governance. It is based on the
idea that when states compete to implement good policies and reforms, it leads
to overall development and benefits for the country as a whole.
In the Indian context, competitive federalism has gained prominence in
recent years as states have been given more autonomy and flexibility to design
and implement policies that suit their specific needs and priorities. This has
led to healthy competition among states to improve their business environment,
infrastructure, and overall governance.
Some key aspects of
competitive federalism in India include:
1.
Ease of Doing Business: States are ranked based on their ease of doing business, which incentivizes them to improve their
business environment and attract investment.
2. Infrastructure
Development: States compete to improve their infrastructure, such as roads,
ports, and power supply, to attract businesses and improve the quality of life for their citizens.
3. Fiscal
Management: States compete to maintain fiscal discipline and attract investment
by implementing sound fiscal policies and reforms.
4. Governance
Reforms: States compete to improve governance by implementing transparent and
accountable practices, which can lead to better service delivery and overall
development.
Overall, competitive federalism in India has led to increased economic
growth, job creation, and development outcomes, as states strive to outperform
each other and attract investment and talent. However, it is important to
ensure that this competition does not lead to unhealthy practices or neglect of
social welfare objectives.
1.6.2 COMPETETIVE FEDERALISM IN INDIA
Competitive
federalism in India refers to the competition among states to attract
investment, businesses, and skilled labour by improving their policies,
governance, and infrastructure. The
concept gained prominence with the implementation of economic reforms and the
decentralization of power to states, encouraging them to adopt innovative
approaches to development.
Key aspects of competitive federalism in India include:
1.
Ease of Doing Business Rankings: The Government of
India ranks states based on their business-friendly policies and practices,
encouraging states to streamline regulations and improve their business
environments.
2.
Goods and Services Tax (GST): The introduction of GST
replaced multiple state and central taxes, creating a unified national market.
States now compete to attract businesses by offering better infrastructure and
tax incentives.
3.
Investment Promotion: States compete to attract
domestic and foreign investment by offering incentives, land, and
infrastructure support.
4. Infrastructure
Development: States focus on improving infrastructure such as roads, ports, and
power supply to attract industries and improve the quality of life for
residents.
5. Governance
and Administrative Reforms: States
undertake governance reforms to improve service delivery, transparency, and
accountability, thereby enhancing their competitiveness.
6.
Social Sector Development: States also compete to
achieve better outcomes in social sectors such as education, healthcare, and
poverty alleviation.
7. Innovation and
Entrepreneurship
: States promote innovation and entrepreneurship through policies,
incentives, and infrastructure support. Competitive federalism has led to
positive outcomes such as increased investment, job creation, and economic
growth. However, challenges such as regional disparities, capacity constraints,
and environmental concerns need to be addressed to ensure balanced and
sustainable development across states.
1.6.3 CO-OPERATIVE FEDERALISM
Cooperative federalism is a concept that describes the relationship
between the central government and the states in a federal system, emphasizing
cooperation, coordination, and partnership. In a cooperative federal system,
the central government and the state governments work together to achieve
common goals, share responsibilities, and address national issues.
In the context of India, cooperative federalism is enshrined in the
Constitution, which provides for a division of powers between
the central and state governments through the Seventh Schedule. This division of
powers ensures that both levels of government have specified areas of
authority, while also allowing for cooperation on concurrent subjects.
Key features of cooperative federalism in India include the establishment
of an Inter-State Council to promote coordination between states and between
the center and states, the sharing of
financial resources through the Finance Commission, and the implementation of
national development programs in collaboration with states.
Overall, cooperative federalism in India is seen as essential for
promoting national unity, ensuring balanced development, and addressing the
diverse needs of the country's regions. It emphasizes the importance of
partnership and collaboration between different levels of government in
achieving common objectives and serving the interests of the people.
1.6.4 CO-OPERATIVE FEDERALISM IN INDIA
Cooperative
federalism in India is a concept that emphasizes collaboration and partnership
between the central government and the state governments to address national
issues and promote overall development. It is based on the principles of shared
decision-making, mutual respect, and coordination between different levels of
government.
Key aspects
of cooperative federalism in India include:
1.
Constitutional Framework: The Indian Constitution
provides for a division of powers between the central government and state
governments through the Seventh Schedule, which lists subjects under the Union
List, State List, and Concurrent List. This division ensures that both levels
of government have specified areas of authority, while also allowing for
cooperation on concurrent subjects.
2.
Inter-State Council: The Constitution provides for the
establishment of an Inter-State Council to promote coordination between states
and between the center and states on matters of common interest. The council is chaired by the
Prime Minister and includes chief ministers
of all states and union territories.
3.
National Development Programs: The central government
implements various national development programs in collaboration with states,
such as the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA)
and the National Health Mission (NHM). These programs involve funding and
implementation responsibilities shared between the center and states.
4.
Finance Commission: The Finance Commission is
constituted every five years to recommend the distribution of financial
resources between the center and states. This helps in ensuring financial autonomy for states
while promoting fiscal discipline.
5.
Goods and Services Tax (GST): The introduction of GST
replaced multiple state and central taxes with a single tax, creating a unified
national market and promoting cooperative federalism in taxation.
6. Disaster Management: During natural disasters, the center and states collaborate to provide relief and rehabilitation
measures, showcasing cooperative federalism in times of crisis.
Overall, cooperative federalism in India aims to foster unity, integrity,
and balanced development by encouraging collaboration and partnership between
the central government and state governments. It recognizes the diverse needs
and priorities of different regions and seeks to address them through mutual
cooperation and coordination.
CONCLUSION
In
conclusion, both cooperative and competitive federalism are essential aspects
of India's federal governance structure, each contributing unique benefits and
challenges.
Cooperative
federalism promotes collaboration and partnership between the central and state
governments, ensuring shared decision-making, resource-sharing, and mutual respect.
It helps address national
issues, promotes overall development, and fosters unity and integrity.
On the other hand, competitive federalism encourages states to compete
with each other to attract investment, create jobs, and improve governance. It
leads to innovation, improved policies, and better service delivery, ultimately
benefiting the country as a whole.
Together, cooperative and competitive federalism contribute to a dynamic
and resilient federal system in India, where states have the autonomy to
address their specific needs and priorities while working towards common
national goals. Balancing both aspects is crucial for ensuring effective governance, balanced development, and
national progress.
SUGGESTION:
Suggestions for cooperative federalism:
1.
Enhanced Communication: Improved communication
channels between the central and state governments can facilitate better
coordination and collaboration on policy matters.
2. Empowering Inter-State Council: Strengthening the Inter-State Council
and making it more
effective in resolving inter-state disputes and promoting cooperation among
states.
3. Resource
Sharing: Ensuring equitable sharing of resources between the center and states
to promote balanced development across regions.
4.
Capacity Building: Investing in capacity building at
the state level to empower states to effectively implement central government
schemes and programs.
5.
Transparency and Accountability: Promoting
transparency and accountability in governance at both central and state levels
to build trust and strengthen cooperative efforts.
Suggestions for competitive
federalism:
1.
Ease of Doing Business: States can focus on improving
their business environment by simplifying regulations, streamlining processes,
and providing incentives to attract investment.
2. Infrastructure Development: States should prioritize infrastructure development to enhance connectivity, which is crucial for
attracting businesses and improving the quality of life for residents.
3. Skill
Development: Investing in skill development initiatives to create a skilled
workforce, which is essential for attracting industries and promoting
entrepreneurship.
4.
Innovation Ecosystem: States can create an
innovation-friendly ecosystem by supporting research and development, promoting
startups, and encouraging technological advancements.
5.
Performance-Based Incentives: The central government
can provide performance-based incentives to states that demonstrate
improvements in key areas such as governance, ease of doing business, and
social sector outcomes.
Overall, a balance between cooperative and competitive federalism is
essential for India's development. Both approaches can complement each other
and contribute to the country's progress.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Richard M. Rossow, “Competitive federalism is working”,
Mint, August 09,
2016.
2. Rahul V Pisharody, “Explained: Rythu Bandhu, Telangana govt’s DBT scheme
for farmer’s assistance, The
Indian Express December 29,2021.
3. The Constitution of India, 1950, art.263
4.
Dr. Aniruddha Babar, “Dr B.R. Ambedkar’s contribution to federalism Enshrined in the constitution of Inida”7 FACJ 49 (2018).
5. Government of India, Report
of the Punchhi Committee (Ministry of Home Affairs,
1988)
Article Information
CO-OPERATIVE AND COMPETETIVE FEDERALISM IN INDIA :AN ANALYSIS
Authors: ADV. ANKITA KENDHE
- Journal IJLRA
- ISSN 2582-6433
- Published 2024/04/04
- Issue 7
About Journal
International Journal for Legal Research and Analysis
- Abbreviation IJLRA
- ISSN 2582-6433
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