Open Access Research Article
BREAKING BARRIERS AND BUILDING FAMILY: ADOPTION RIGHTS FOR LGBTQ+
Published Paper
Article Details
BREAKING
BARRIERS AND BUILDING FAMILY:
ADOPTION
RIGHTS FOR LGBTQ+
AUTHORED BY - KAMYA THAKUR
[B.A.LL.B] 3RD YEAR
AMITY LAW SCHOOL
PATNA
TABLE OF CONTENT
·
ABSTRACT
·
INTRODUCTION
Ø The historical struggle for LGBTQ+
adoption rights.
Ø The current adoption laws.
·
THE
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CHILDREN OF SOCIALLY DISCRIMINATED-AGAINST PARENTS
·
JUDICIAL
LOCUS STANDI OF THE LGBTQ+ COMMUNITY'S RIGHTS TO ADOPTION
·
A
CRITICAL EXAMINATION OF THE GLOBAL SCENE.
·
CONCLUSION.
I . ABSTRACT
Even
though the world has entered the twenty-first century and is progressing in
many areas, some social groups remain excluded and unrecognised. Adoption
privileges for same-sex couples are a paradise among the many other barriers to
same-sex relationships in India. The title of this Paper is
"BREAKING BARRIERS AND BUILDING FAMILY: ADOPTION RIGHTS FOR LGBTQ+”. This
paper will delve into the issues that should be addressed to resolve the
complexities of the judicial system so that the world we are leaving becomes a utopia
for the excluded section of society. “ The Transgender Persons
(Protection of Rights) Bill, 2019”, has been introduced to protect the
rights of the marginal section [LGBTQ+] following the decriminalisation of
section 377 of the IPC in the landmark decision of "Navtej Singh
Johar V. Union of India." The Hon'ble Supreme Court stated that it
is unconstitutional and infringes the Fundamental Rights granted under the
constitution. But what good is a shield if it can't shelter you from arrows?
Regardless of gender, every person on the planet has the right to experience
parenthood. This essay will attempt to conclude by following the path of issues
that have arisen, history, the current situation, and the laws that are in
conflict and will include a proposal for the improvement of society in the
conclusion.
II . INTRODUCTION
The
incredible voyage India is taking to preserve its folklore as well as customs
while following its development roadmap seems almost magical. International
visitors have always been drawn to this city's variety. But there is still a
significant taboo surrounding accepting various sexual orientations.
Specifically the LGBTQ+ community, the group of LGBTQ+ community facing nemours
problems. Society cold shoulder then and sees it as floccinaucinihilipilification.
Because they are the folks who aren't acquainted with cisgender
heterosexual "ideals." The Hijras belong to a peculiar
social group and an aspect of the LGBTQ+ population in India. They are either
"neither men nor women" or men who act like women, contingent upon
the culture. They have been referred to as the Third Gender at this juncture.
But
on Thursday, September 6, 2018, a landmark decision was made. A consensus
decision was reached by the Constitution Bench, which included Chief Justice of
India Dipak Misra and Justices Rohinton Nariman, DY Chandrachud, AM Khanwilkar,
and Indu Malhotra. In a historic decision, the Supreme Court of India
decriminalised a 157-year-old British rule that had made even consensual
homosexual relationships illegal.
Despite
having announced that homosexuality is officially no longer a criminal offence,
India's rules still fight against and are now hostile to the LGBTQ+ community
in an abundance of ways. The reason for this is that there is an enormous gap
that exists between the judicial and legislative development of LGBTQ+
requirements in India. In turn, even though the Supreme Court of India laid the
legal groundwork for the queer and non-binary community to receive a slew of
fundamental human rights through the precedent-setting determinations in National
Legal Services Authority v. Union of India[1],
Navtej Singh Johar v. UOI[2],
and Justice K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India[3]
(Puttaswamy), the legislature has not kept up with the most recent
developments.
In
a nutshell, same-sex couples are still not treated equally in numerous respects
regardless of whether they now have the legal right to cohabitate and conduct
their personal matters without fear of persecution. Consequently, it is
necessary to continue the discussion and discuss the various laws that still
discriminate against LGBTQ+ people. It consists of anti-discriminatory laws
that prohibit marriages between people of the same sex and restrict rights to
adoption, surrogacy, and other practices. This paper will see the historical
aspect of the LGBTQ+ community struggle, especially in the adoption laws.
Therefore, the struggle for equality goes on as there is still a long way to go
and a lot of obstacles to overcome because the LGBTQ+ community is still denied
civil rights.
III. THE HISTORY OF RESISTANCE TO INFRINGEMENTS
ON PARENTAL RIGHTS
There
are substantial variations in the social and political environments in which
LGBTQ+ parents and their children reside, despite the fact that they have
generally good adjustment. Aside from social dynamics within neighbourhoods and
attitudes across families, legal and legislative contexts also vary across
national and state borders. What effects do these variations have on the lives
of LGBTQ+ parents and their children? A growing amount of research indicates
that minority stresses like stigma and discrimination severely affect LGBTQ+
family members, and that individuals who live in accepting homes have a higher
chance of succeeding.
Studies
of parents of LGBTQ+ people in the US have brought attention to the importance
of enabling legislation and regulations. For instance, it has been found that
LGB identification positivity and higher levels of social support among
same-gender couples are both associated with acceptance of legal marriage. In
their study of more than 700 gay fathers, Perrin and colleagues[4]
found that stigma and prejudice are regularly experienced by parents and their
children from religious organisations as well as from their families, friends,
and neighbours. Fathers who lived in states or provinces with fewer legal
protections said they encountered more obstacles to becoming a parent in the
same research. As a result, it appears that parents of sexual minorities who
live in less favourable social circumstances face disadvantages, as opposed to
parents who live in environments that are more accepting.
The
consequences of stigmatisation on kids who grow up in homes with LGBTQ+ parents
have been studied in considerable detail. In a Dutch study[5],
it was discovered that adolescents with lesbian mothers who experienced more
homophobic stigmatisation also exhibited higher behavioural problems. In an
Italian study of school-age children with LGBT fathers, stigmatisation was
connected to poorer behavioural problems. Similar findings have been made in
the US, where greater stigmatisation has been connected to worsening emotional
and mental health issues in children between the ages of 4 and 17 whose parents
identify as sexual minorities[6].
Teenagers with parents who identify as LGBTQ+ have demonstrated comparable
patterns in Australia and Canada. Children from families who live in less
stigmatising circumstances expressed themselves more openly and with fewer
fears than children from other homes.
Additionally,
children of LGBTQ+ parents perform better in schools with supportive
environments. Numerous studies have explored how children of lesbian,
homosexual, or bisexual parents react to homophobic slurs or bullying from
their peers, and all have discovered that the children described this as a
negative experience. Research has also indicated that lesbian and homosexual
parents and their children are less likely to feel alienated and are more
likely to have positive experiences in general when school policies and
curricula explicitly embrace them.
Teenagers
with lesbian mothers were asked about their opinions of the communities they
lived in as part of a Canadian study. The research showed that young people who
believed their communities welcomed sexual minorities also said they felt more
socially and emotionally stable. Similar research was conducted in the United
States by Lick and colleagues, who found that adult offspring of lesbian and
gay parents had higher levels of well-being when they lived in same-sex partner
homes with a larger density[7].
There
is no doubt that family, educational, and societal factors have an impact on
LGBTQ+ parents and their children. According to research, children of sexual
minorities fare best when they experience less stigma and more support. Similar
to other families, children and their parents are more likely to thrive when
they have social support and consider their schools and localities to be
supportive.
Around
the time of World War II, the first openly LGBTQ parents come to our attention,
usually in relation to situations where their requests for child custody
following the divorce of their cisgender, heterosexual marriages were denied.
Starting in the 1970s, however, a few state courts affirmed the parental rights
of transgender, gay, and lesbian people, while some of them continued to demand
that they refrain from cohabitating or participating in "homosexual
activities."
Out
LGBTQ persons also started having families in the 1960s and 1970s while the
LGBTQ rights movement was just getting started. Although, as he revealed to NPR
in 2015, a social worker had subtly counselled him not to say that he was
homosexual, the gay man Bill Jones became one of the first single fathers to
adopt a child in California and throughout the country in 1968. Ten years
later, New York made history by becoming the first state to not deny adoption
requests based purely on "homosexuality." In 1979, a lesbian couple
in California became the first in the nation to adopt a kid together[8].
But
it wasn't until 1997 that New Jersey became the first state to enable same-sex
couples to adopt collectively on a state-wide level, and it wasn't until 2010
that Florida lifted its restriction on gay men's and lesbians' ability to
adopt. However, until marriage equality became a federal law in 2015, a number
of other states continued to prohibit cohabitation, thereby preventing same-sex
couples from adopting.
Additionally,
female couples and single women increasingly started having children at the
same time in the 1970s[9].
Despite the fact that many LGBT people had been performing home inseminations
for years prior, the Sperm Bank of California opened its doors in 1982 as the
first reproductive clinic in the US to cater to this market.
Although
it is difficult to determine how the few individuals who gave birth but lived
as males would have identified in the 19th century[10],
Matt Rice may have been the first transgender guy to give birth in the United
States in 1999. (Regardless, they are our queer parental ancestors.) The same
year, a British homosexual couple used a surrogate to have children in
California, where for the first time a judge permitted two gay fathers to
appear on their children's birth certificates.
To
establish a child's legal relationship to a nonbiological parent, some same-sex
couples initially completed what are now referred to as "second-parent
adoptions" in 1985[11].
A decade later, the Wisconsin Supreme Court became the first state high court
to rule that a nonbiological mother could request visitation following a
divorce[12].
There
is still a lot to be said about the history of LGBTQ parents, both as a
movement and in terms of our particular contributions. This also applies to
parents who identify as bisexual, many of whom were probably mistakenly
labelled as gay or lesbian previously if they were in same-sex relationships,
or ignored if they weren't. Transgender parents, about whom considerably less
has been published, and parents who identify as bisexual deserve special
consideration. Additionally, we need additional research that examines the
history of gay parenting from the perspective of different racial, ethnic, and
religious origins.
IV. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CHILDREN OF
SOCIALLY DISCRIMINATED-AGAINST PARENTS
Although
LGBTQ+ parents and their kids generally exhibit decent adjustment, there are
significant differences in the social and political circumstances in which they
reside. Legal and legislative environments differ across national and state
borders, as do social situations from one neighbourhood to the next and views
from one family to the next. How do these differences impact the lives of
LGBTQ+ parents and their children? Research has repeatedly demonstrated that
minority stresses, such as stigma and discrimination, have a detrimental impact
on LGBTQ+ family members, and that those who live in accepting homes are more
likely to succeed.
The
significance of supporting legislation and regulations has been highlighted by
studies of LGBTQ+ parents in the United States. For instance, it has been
demonstrated that acceptance of legal marriage is linked to stronger social
support among same-gender couples and a positive LGB identity. Perrin and
colleagues discovered that parents and their kids frequently experience stigma
and prejudice from religious organisations as well as from their family,
friends, and neighbours in a study of more than 700 homosexual fathers[13].
Fathers who resided in jurisdictions with less legal safeguards reported
increased barriers to parenthood in this same survey. Therefore, it would seem
that parents of sexual minorities who reside in less advantageous social
situations suffer disadvantages, whereas parents in circumstances that are more
supportive have several advantages.
There
has been some study on the effects of stigmatisation on children growing up in
households with LGBTQ+ parents. According to a Dutch study, adolescents whose
lesbian moms reported greater instances of homophobic stigmatisation also had
more behavioural issues. Stigmatisation was linked to worse behavioural issues
in an Italian study of school-age children with LGBT fathers. Similar results
have been observed in the United States, where increased stigmatisation has
been linked to worse emotional and mental health difficulties in children aged
4 to 17 whose parents identify as sexual minorities[14].
Adolescents in Australia and Canada with LGBTQ+ parents have shown similar
trends. Children in households with less stigmatising circumstances expressed
less anxiety and more openness than those living in more stigmatising contexts.
Additionally,
when LGBTQ+ parents have children, their kids do better in schools with
welcoming environments. Numerous studies have examined how children of lesbian,
homosexual, or bisexual parents respond to homophobic taunts or bullying from their
peers, and all have found that the children described this as a bad experience.
Research has also shown that when school curriculum and regulations clearly
include lesbian and gay parents and their children, they are less likely to
feel alienated and are more likely to have positive experiences in general. One
Canadian study interviewed teenagers with lesbian moms about their perceptions
of the neighbourhoods and schools where they attended; the findings revealed
that youngsters who felt that these surroundings supported sexual minorities
also felt this way about their own communities.
Similar
findings were made in the United States by Lick and colleagues, who discovered
that same-sex partner homes with a higher density were linked to adult
offspring of lesbian and gay parents having better levels of well-being.
Clearly,
LGBTQ+ parents and their kids are impacted by familial, school, and community
circumstances. According to research, children of sexual minorities do best
when they encounter less stigma and more support. Children and their parents
are more likely to thrive when they have social supports and see their schools
and neighbourhoods as helpful, much as in other families.
Lesbian
gay, bisexual, transgender queer, and other sexual and gender minorities
(LGBTQ) parent families in the United States have been the subject of much
controversy in recent years. The following have been among the inquiries made
by courts lawmakers, and others: Are LGBTQ- individuals effective parents? How
have their kids "tumed out"? Should persons who identify as LGBTQ be
able to foster and adopt children? According to research. LGBTQ-parents are
often in good mental health, their kids are growing up well, and those who live
in supportive environments tend to have the highest chance of succeeding Gay
lesbian and bisexual parents have received greater attention in studies on
LGBTQ-parent families than parents who identify as other genders, despite the
fact that LGBTQ+ parent families are rather diverse[15].
In this brief, we give a summary of what social science research has discovered
on LGBTQ-parents and their kids. We also provide policy suggestions that, if
followed through with, could contribute to the success of these families. While
the majority of our attention is directed at the United States, we do
occasionally discuss research on LGBTQ+ parent families that has been done
abroad About 29%[16]
of the more than 11 million LGBTQ individuals in the US say they are presently
raising children who are under the age of 18. In same-gender relationships,
married couples are more likely to be parents than unmarried ones.
Additionally, families with children headed by the same-gender pair are more
likely to have individuals of colour than other families. In same gender
relationships, 41%[17]
of women of colour and 20% of men of colour are raising children under the age
of 18. as opposed to 23% and 8%[18]
of White women and men, respectively. Although LGBTQ- families are sometimes
seen as being homogeneous, the truth is that they are actually incredibly
diverse. They differ from other families in terms of gender, colour ethnicity
education, location, means of subsistence, and road to motherhood. Parent
households of LGBTQ+ children also differ in ways that are more particular to
them Before coming out as LGBTQ- some LGBTQ-parents, for instance, had children
through marriages or other partnerships with partners of a different gender
after coming out many LGBTQ-parents raise their children as divorced or single
parents.
This
road to motherhood is less prevalent than it formerly was, in part because
individuals are coming out younger and in part because there are more
possibilities to have families, but it is still a regular way for LGBTQ+
parents to start families. Others, on the other hand, become parents after
coming out as LGBTQ+ and/or in the context of partnerships with same-gender
partners. Many different routes lead LGBTQ+ persons to motherhood. Some people pursue parenting through
surrogacy or assisted reproductive techniques like donor insemination. Donors
and surrogates may be close friends or family members, or they may work via a
clinic without the family's knowledge. Other LGBTQ+ people adopt children or
take on foster parenting responsibilities. Others may become pregnant after
having sex with someone of a different sex partner.
Over
the past 30 years, a significant amount of research has been done on LGBTQ+
parents and their kids. Studies have looked at the development of LGBTQ+
children as well as many facets of parenting. We cover studies on cisgender
sexual minority parents and their kids in this part before moving on to
research on transgender and other gender minorities[19].
Lesbian
moms and homosexual fathers have been the subject of the majority of studies on
sexual minority parenting, and it has been shown that these parents are
typically healthy and adjusted. According to several studies, the general
mental health and adjustment of children of lesbian and gay parents is
identical to that of children of heterosexual parents. The study's findings
also demonstrate that many parents of sexual minorities have fulfilling
relationships with their spouses and raise their kids in constructive ways.
Research
has shown that sexual minority parents are not only successful in their
parenting duties, but also that their children are growing up in healthy ways.
Children of sexual minority parents have consistently demonstrated results that
are comparable to those of their classmates who had heterosexual parents. The
research has been carried out by several researchers in numerous nations, and
it is distinguished by rigorous techniques and huge samples when taken as a
whole. Studies have looked at a variety of parenting methods, including donor
insemination, surrogacy, and adoption, and all have shown that the kids adjust
well. Additionally, the results hold true for children of different ages and
stages of development (such as social and cognitive development)[20]. Although there have been a number of studies involving
these families, research on transgender and gender non-conforming parents and
their children is currently less comprehensive than research on lesbian and gay
parents and their children. In many aspects, the findings concerning parent
families of sexual minorities and transgender people are similar to those about
gender-diverse parent families. For instance, many transgender persons desire
and intend to have children. According to population-based research, mental
health and other health evaluations of transgender parents are on par with
those of cisgender parents. Families processes rather than parents' gender
identity or expression have been proven to have a greater impact on individual
and family results, and children of transgender parents have also been found to
be well adjusted[21].
Qualitative research has also uncovered significant assets in transgender
parent households, such nimble coping mechanisms for handling parental gender
identity revelation. Families,
schools, and communities undoubtedly have an impact on LGBTQ+ parents and their
kids. According to research, the best outcomes for children of sexual minority
parents are those in which there is less stigma and more support. Similar to
other families, children are more likely to succeed when their parents perceive
their schools and neighbourhoods as helpful and they have social supports.
Adoption
is a significant issue facing the LGBTQ+ community in India, particularly for
same-sex couples who face legal challenges and discrimination in the adoption
process. While same-sex couples can adopt children under the Juvenile Justice
(Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015, they often face hurdles and
discrimination in the adoption process.
One
of the major challenges that same-sex couples face is the lack of legal
recognition of their relationships. For instance, the Hindu Adoption and
Maintenance Act[22],
1956, which governs adoption for Hindus, does not recognize same-sex
relationships or allow for joint adoption by same-sex couples. Similarly, the
Guardians and Wards Act, 1890, which governs adoption for non-Hindus, does not
provide for adoption by same-sex couples.
In
2019, the Ministry of Women and Child Development[23]
released the Draft Model Rules for Adoption of Children, which proposed that
adoption by same-sex couples should be allowed. However, the rules have not yet
been finalized, and it remains to be seen whether they will be implemented.
Additionally, LGBTQ+ individuals also face discrimination and stigma in the
adoption process. Many adoption agencies and orphanages have policies that
discriminate against LGBTQ+ individuals, and social workers may hold biases
against them. Despite these challenges, there have been some positive
developments in recent years. In 2019, a gay couple in Mumbai became the first
same-sex couple in India[24]
to adopt a child through a legal adoption agency. The couple had to go through
a lengthy legal battle to gain custody of the child, but their victory was a
significant step forward for LGBTQ+ adoption rights in India.
Furthermore,
the adoption of children by LGBTQ+ individuals not only benefits the
individuals and couples but also the children themselves. Many children in
India are in need of loving homes, and same-sex couples have the potential to
provide a nurturing and stable environment for them. Adoption rights for LGBTQ+
individuals in India are a complex and often contentious issue. It is vital for
individuals, organizations, and the government to continue advocating for the
rights of LGBTQ+ individuals and working towards a more equitable and inclusive
society for all. While the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children)
Act, 2015[25],
allows same-sex couples to adopt children, the adoption process is often
fraught with difficulties. Same-sex couples have reported facing discrimination
from adoption agencies, orphanages, and social workers, and have encountered
legal hurdles in gaining custody of children. Moreover, even when same-sex
couples are able to adopt children, they may face discrimination and social
stigma from their families, communities, and society at large. Many people
still hold homophobic attitudes and beliefs, which can make it difficult for
LGBTQ+ families to feel accepted and supported.
Despite
these challenges, there have been some notable successes in recent years. In
addition to the gay couple in Mumbai who successfully adopted a child, there
have been other cases of same-sex couples adopting children through alternative
means, such as private adoptions or surrogacy. Some LGBTQ+ activists and
organizations in India are working to raise awareness of adoption rights for
same-sex couples and to advocate for legal reforms that would make adoption
more accessible and equitable for all. These efforts include lobbying the
government to enact more inclusive adoption laws, partnering with adoption
agencies to promote LGBTQ+ adoption, and providing support and resources for
LGBTQ+ individuals and couples who wish to adopt.
It's
worth noting that adoption is not the only option available to LGBTQ+
individuals who wish to become parents. Surrogacy[26],
for example, is legal in India and can be a viable option for same-sex couples
who are unable to adopt. However, surrogacy also has its own set of legal and
ethical challenges, and it is not accessible to everyone due to cost and other
factors. Adoption rights for LGBTQ+ individuals in India are a complex and
multifaceted issue. While progress has been made in some areas, there is still
much work to be done to ensure that all individuals and couples, regardless of
sexual orientation or gender identity, have equal access to the joys and
responsibilities of parenthood.
THE
GLOBAL SCENE.
In
contemporary India, adoption rights for LGBTQ+ individuals are still a complex
and contentious issue. While there have been some notable successes and legal
reforms in recent years, many challenges remain. One major hurdle that LGBTQ+
individuals and couples face is discrimination from adoption agencies,
orphanages, and social workers. Same-sex couples have reported facing
discrimination and harassment during the adoption process, including being
denied the opportunity to adopt or having their applications delayed or
rejected due to their sexual orientation or gender identity.
In
2017, the Ministry of Women and Child Development[27]
issued guidelines to adoption agencies, stating that "there shall be no
discrimination on the basis of gender, marital status, religion, caste, creed
or sexuality" in the adoption process. However, these guidelines are not
legally binding, and many adoption agencies continue to discriminate against
LGBTQ+ individuals and couples. Moreover, even when same-sex couples are able
to adopt children, they may face social stigma and discrimination from their
families, communities, and society at large. Many people still hold homophobic attitudes
and beliefs, which can make it difficult for LGBTQ+ families to feel accepted
and supported.
Despite
these challenges, there have been some notable successes in recent years. In
2019[28],
a gay couple in Mumbai successfully adopted a child through a private adoption
agency, becoming one of the first same-sex couples in India to do so. In 2021[29],
a gay couple in Delhi opened their home to foster care for abandoned children,
highlighting the potential of alternative forms of family building for LGBTQ+
individuals. Some LGBTQ+ activists and organizations are working to raise
awareness of adoption rights for same-sex couples and to advocate for legal
reforms that would make adoption more accessible and equitable for all[30].
For example, the LGBTQ+ advocacy group Sweekar, which is based in Bangalore,
has been working to promote LGBTQ+ adoption through awareness campaigns,
community outreach, and advocacy with government officials and adoption
agencies.
In
addition to adoption, other forms of family building are also available to
LGBTQ+ individuals in India. Surrogacy, for example, is legal in India and can
be a viable option for same-sex couples who are unable to adopt. However,
surrogacy also has its own set of legal and ethical challenges, and it is not
accessible to everyone due to cost and other factors. The status of adoption
rights for LGBTQ+ individuals in contemporary India is a complex and
multifaceted issue. While there have been some important legal reforms and
successes in recent years, many challenges remain, including discrimination and
social stigma. However, there is also hope and potential for progress through
the work of LGBTQ+ activists and organizations who are striving to make
adoption more accessible and equitable for all.
VII. CONCLUSION
In conclusion, adoption rights for
LGBTQ+ individuals and couples are a crucial component in breaking down the
barriers and building families that are inclusive and diverse. Despite progress
being made in many parts of the world, there are still many obstacles that need
to be overcome, such as discriminatory laws and cultural biases. To stabilize
the situation, it is essential to ensure that adoption agencies and
institutions are inclusive and welcoming to LGBTQ+ individuals and couples.
This can be achieved through education and training programs for social workers
and adoption agencies, as well as by creating laws and policies that protect
the rights of LGBTQ+ individuals and their families. Furthermore, it is
important to continue raising awareness about the importance of LGBTQ+ adoption
rights and to advocate for equal rights and opportunities for all families,
regardless of their sexual orientation or gender identity. By working together,
we can create a more just and equitable society where all families are
recognized and valued. Develop
education and training programs for social workers and adoption agencies to
raise awareness about LGBTQ+ issues and to promote inclusive practices.
These programs can help adoption
agencies to better understand the unique needs and concerns of LGBTQ+
individuals and couples and to provide them with the support and resources they
need to successfully adopt and raise children Establish laws and policies that
protect the rights of LGBTQ+ individuals and their families.
These laws and policies can ensure
that LGBTQ+ individuals and couples have equal access to adoption services and
that they are not discriminated against on the basis of their sexual
orientation or gender identity. Encourage LGBTQ+ individuals and couples to consider
adoption as a viable option for building their families.
By increasing awareness and
understanding of adoption as a viable option for LGBTQ+ individuals and
couples, we can help to break down stigmas and stereotypes and promote a more
inclusive and diverse society.
[4] Perrin, E. C., Green, A. E., &
Spitzer, R. F. (2016). LGBT-parent families. Pediatrics, 138(3), e20161158.
doi: 10.1542/peds.2016-1158.
[5] Van Gelderen, L., Gartrell, N.,
Bos, H., Hermanns, J., & Perrin, E. (2015). Stigmatization and resilience
in adolescents with same-sex parents. Journal of Family Psychology, 29(5),
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[6] Farr, R. H., Forssell, S. L.,
& Patterson, C. J. (2010). Parenting and child development in adoptive
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[7] Fedewa, A. L., Black, W. W., &
Ahn, S. (2015). Children of lesbian mothers: A comparative study of parenting
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[8] Bos, H. M. W., Gartrell, N. K.,
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[10] "Thomas Beatie, the Pregnant
Man, Gives Birth to Third Child," ABC News, July 14, 2010,
https://abcnews.go.com/Health/thomas-beatie-pregnant-man-birth-child/story?id=11160346.
"Lesbian
Couple Wins Right to Appear on Children's Birth Certificates," Los Angeles
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https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-07-31-mn-18775-story.html.
[11] "Second-Parent
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https://www.lambdalegal.org/know-your-rights/article/second-parent-adoptions
[12] "Hogue v. Hogue, 200 Wis. 2d
450, 546 N.W.2d 870 (1996)" by the Wisconsin State Law Library:
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[13] Perrin, E. C., Siegel, B. S.,
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[14] Ryan, C., Huebner, D., Diaz, R.
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Article Information
BREAKING BARRIERS AND BUILDING FAMILY: ADOPTION RIGHTS FOR LGBTQ+
Authors: KAMYA THAKUR
- Journal IJLRA
- ISSN 2582-6433
- Published 2023/04/27
- Volume 2
- Issue 7
About Journal
International Journal for Legal Research and Analysis
- Abbreviation IJLRA
- ISSN 2582-6433
- Access Open Access
- License CC 4.0
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