Open Access Research Article
BHARAT: THE WELLNESS VISHWAGURU OF THE WORLD - A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF HEALTHCARE LAWS AND POLICIES IN INDIA BY: YASHVI SANGHANI
Published Paper
Article Details
BHARAT: THE WELLNESS VISHWAGURU OF
THE WORLD - A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF HEALTHCARE LAWS AND POLICIES IN INDIA
AUTHORED
BY: YASHVI SANGHANI
Educational
Institution: Unitedworld School of Law, Karnavati University
Abstract
India's healthcare system must
balance its goal of being a worldwide leader in medical tourism with the goal
of achieving Universal Health Coverage (UHC). This is a challenging task. This
paper examines how well India's legal frameworks from 2014 to 2024 ensure
that all residents have fair access to healthcare and promote ethical conduct
in the medical tourism industry. Using an exploratory and doctrinal method of
research, the study examines pertinent policy papers, case laws, and
legislation.
It looks at the legal underpinnings
of UHC, including as the Indian Constitution's guarantee of the right to
health. This analysis delves into key legislation enacted between 2014 and 2024
governing UHC schemes and medical tourism activities. Additionally, the research
explores potential areas of overlap and conflict within these legal frameworks.
The central hypothesis posits that gaps and inconsistencies within India's
legal frameworks may hinder optimal healthcare access for citizens and ethical
practices within medical tourism.
The goal of the study is to pinpoint
these flaws and add to the current conversations on healthcare reform in India.
In the end, the research aims to determine if India's legal system can
successfully negotiate the difficulties of striking a balance between UHC and
medical tourism, advancing the country toward its ambitions of being a leader
in healthcare.
Introduction
In law, the term "health"
is frequently used in conjunction with a characteristic such
as "public health", "physical health", "mental
health", "human health", or "animal health",
which denotes the presence of "individual health". Thus, all
these matters pertaining to health are covered under health legislations.
There are other approaches to health besides the legal one, including
health anthropology, health economics, health sociology, health philosophy, and
health ethics.[1]
However, legal regulations offer a
structure in this regard. They oversee health systems and function as a guide
for health activity. For this reason, they are essential to any civilization. It, thus, becomes important for academicians as well
as practitioners to evaluate the effectiveness of these legislations time to
time.[2]
“Health is a state of complete physical, mental
and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity".
This is the definition to health given in the preamble to the constitution of
the “World Health Organization (WHO)” and forms the
basis for the jurisprudence on “right to health” as a human right.[3]
The
enumeration of “health as a human right” implied the necessity of
establishing participation, "equality and non-discrimination",
and legal accountability. Since social and ethical considerations are ingrained in the
fundamental values of all “international human rights”, the notion of a “right
to health as a human right” places emphasis on these elements of health care
and health status. When rights terminology is used to social purposes, it gives
those objectives a unique significance.[4]
As Ronald Dworking puts it, if
anything is categorized as a “right”, it takes precedence over many “other
claims” or commodities. Now that the legal basis for the right to health has
been established, it is critical to comprehend how these principles are
implemented in practical ways.
The Right to Health: A Global Priority
As
of today, “each and every State” has accepted at least one international
convention on “human rights” that upholds the “right to health”.[5] Every right, in Salmond's view, has
a duty that goes in tandem with it, and, must be accomplished. A right cannot
exist without a corresponding obligation.[6]
Likewise, the “right to health” has both "positive and
negative" enforceable components. These include the requirement that
the state provide each person with equal access to health care and the
primary duty to establish ideal circumstances that allow attainment of the
right to health.[7]
A large chunk of the present
literature on this subject cites "globalization of public
health" as a major contributing element to the function of
“international law” in “global public health”. The term "globalization of
public health" describes how the globe is becoming more linked and how
commerce and travel may quickly transmit illnesses across national boundaries.
Because of this interdependence, certain nations may not have the
infrastructure or resources necessary to adequately address threats to public
health that come from other countries.[8]
Thus, the role of inter-governmental
institutions such as World Health Organization became more significant in
seeking global cooperation in recognizing “health as a Human Right”. However, it must also be noted that
even after nearly six decades of adoption of one of the most important
documents on the subject- ICESCR. States continue to be grappled with
political, legal and institutional challenges that affect delivery of
accessible and affordable healthcare. [9]
It
is believed that this is caused, at least in part, by uncertainty over the
“normative definition” of the "Right to Health" and discussion
around the nature and extent of States' duties under "International Human
Rights Law". One
could also argue that the present global system of supervision over the
"Right to Health", which is primarily focused on evaluating reports
that States submit on a regular basis, is inadequate to “promote the effective
implementation of this right”.[10]
This
is partly because many States fail to comply with the reporting requirements,
the bodies designated to monitor State compliance with international
obligations are not adequately equipped, and methodological
capabilities—possibly even expertise—are lacking. While
many believe that States simply ratify human rights agreements in order to win
over other States, not because they plan to carry out its provisions. Some
contend that states ratify "human rights treaties" to bind
themselves to their responsibilities as a safeguard against future violations,
when they switch from authoritarian to democratic government.[11]
India's
Contributions on the World Stage
At such instances of uncertainty,
India consistently initiated efforts at international forum to advocate
accessible and affordable healthcare. India successfully introduced and aided
in the resolution on digital health's unanimous acceptance at the 71st
"World Health Assembly" that was convened Geneva, Switzerland.
Wherein, ministers and other government representatives from more than 35
nations pledged to expedite and carry out the necessary digital health
initiatives to enhance population health at the national and local levels by
2023.[12]
The Delhi Declaration
emphasizes that achieving sustainable development objectives and
enhancing individuals' health and well-being depend on digital health. [13]
The recently concluded G20 Summit also shed light on the current global needs
safeguarding Right to health which includes implementing the One Health
approach, strengthening primary healthcare and healthcare workforce. It also
highlighted the need for conclusion of a “legally binding WHO convention”,
“agreement or other international instruments” on “pandemic prevention,
preparedness, and response”.
The New Delhi Leaders’ Declaration
called for recognizing the “potential role” of “evidence-based Traditional and
Complementary Medicine” in health and improving “access to mental health
services and psychosocial support” in an “inclusive” manner.[14] India's
population health indices itself have improved significantly: between 1992 and
2020, the country's new-born death rate dropped from 79 to 35 and its maternal
mortality rate dropped from 437 to 97.[15]
Physical access to services has
improved dramatically in the nation: 84% of children are completely vaccinated
in "2020" compared to 35% in "1992", over 96% of
individuals use healthcare when unwell, and the number of institutional births
has increased by 63 percentage points between 1992 and 2020.[16]
Navigating
Healthcare Access in India: Legal Landscape and Challenges
The “Indian Constitution's Preamble”
seeks to ensure justice and equality for all of its citizens, which means that
it upholds the Alma Ata Declaration's provisions of healthcare availability,
accessibility, and affordability.[17]
Article 21 has been construed to recognize the “right to health” as a
fundamental right, under which the state is required to furnish its citizens
with essential healthcare services.[18]
The “provisions” pertaining to “health” are included under the "Directive
Principle of State Policy" in Articles 39, 41, 42, and 47.
Article 47 accords on the
state, the primary responsibility for “improving public health” and
maintaining the “standard of life” and “nutrition of its citizens”. [19]
Hospitals and dispensaries, as well as public health and sanitation, are
included in "Entry 6 of List II (State List)". The Indian Supreme
Court plays a significant role in safeguarding the “general public's health”.
The “Apex Court” has stated time and again that the term
"life" in “Article 21” refers to a “human life”, not only an
“animal's survival”.[20]
At the same time, the legal framework
in India suffers from many predicaments. One of the major challenges being-
fragmented legal framework and out-dated laws. India's current healthcare
system is extremely regimented and functions in silos having different
organizations in charge of providing "primary, secondary, and tertiary
healthcare". For instance, early detection is the responsibility of the
"Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP)" units in
India's medical framework.[21]
In order to prevent and limit disease
outbreaks, the “medical officer” stationed in the “primary health center”,
“community health workers, and field workers” collaborate closely with the
“District Chief Medical Officer” and the assigned “District Level Teams”.[22]
Thus, barriers like inter-sectoral convergence, governance concerns,
public-private partnerships, and guaranteeing additional outlays during the
mission time continue to grapple implementation strategies.[23]
Despite achieving the doctor-to-population ratio of 1:1000 as recommended by
the "WHO" in 2018, India's distribution of health personnel
remains unequal between rural and urban areas.[24]
As opposed to industrialized countries, health insurance has become a less
well-established funding alternative in India for dealing with out-of-pocket
issues.[25]
Nonetheless, just 37% of Indians as a
whole have health insurance. India's public health spending, including that of
both the "central and state governments", was kept steady between
2008 and 2015 at around 1.3% of GDP, and then rose slightly to 1.4% in 2016–17.
By 2025, the NHP-2017 suggested raising this percentage to 2.5%.
The state of Rajasthan in western
India became the “first” in the nation to enact a legislation guaranteeing
its citizens' access to health care on March 21, 2023.[26]
Ensuring access to healthcare may appear like a "relatively
uncontroversial" move for civil society, but private hospitals and
physicians in Rajasthan swiftly and vehemently opposed the bill, calling it
"draconian." They said that there was a lack of clarity on the
definition of a medical emergency, and that this
"ambiguity" would open the door to a deluge of claims that would
overburden the already overwhelmed health care system.[27]
In public health facilities, the
“Healthcare Act” outlines a number of patient rights, including the access to
free consultations, medications, tests, and emergency care. Significantly, the
law formalizes the obligation of private health providers to offer emergency
care without discrimination. Although it hasn't always been followed or
enforced, this stance is in accordance with the requirements that
the Supreme Court ruled to be in place back in the 1980s.[28]
In India, the health sector might be
owned by the government, the private sector, or individuals. Healthcare
providers in the private sector are either individually or collectively owned
and operated, and they are registered under the "CEA". These include
clinics, hospitals, nursing homes, and dispensaries that may use Unani,
Homeopathic, Ayurvedic, or Allopathic medicinal systems. In contrast the
"MoHFW" oversees the public sector. They also include
pharmacies, clinics, assisted living facilities, and hospitals that use
different medical systems.[29]
The next section examines these
issues and suggests some possible fixes to guarantee that everyone has access
to reasonably priced healthcare.
The Road to Universal Health Coverage: A Review of
India's Initiatives
India has introduced major
initiatives like “Ayushman Bharat”. The “National Health Protection Scheme”, or
“Ayushman Bharat”, provides coverage for "secondary" and
"tertiary care" hospitalization up to “5 lakh rupees” per household
annually for about 10 crore “poor and vulnerable families” (around “50 crore”
beneficiaries). "Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana (RSBY)" and the
"Senior Citizen Health Insurance Scheme (SCHIS)", two preceding
centrally funded programs, were merged into “Ayushman Bharat”, the “National
Health Protection Mission”. [30]
A beneficiary covered by the program
may collect "cashless benefits" from any “public or private”
hospital in the nation. The benefits are transferable throughout the nation.
The “National Health Protection Mission”, or “Ayushman Bharat”, is an
“entitlement-based” program whose eligibility is determined by the “SECC”
database's deprivation criteria. Benefits are available to the recipients in
both empanelled private and public institutions. The Mission, places a
strong emphasis on cooperative federalism and state autonomy.[31]
It establishes the
"Ayushman Bharat National Health Protection Mission Council
(AB-NHPMC)" at the highest level, with the “Union Health and Family
Welfare Minister” serving as its chair, to provide “policy direction” and
promote “cooperation” between the Center and States. The goal of attaining the
best possible degree of health without experiencing financial hardship is
outlined in the "National Health Policy" of 2017. Comprehensive
primary care is now more widely available thanks to the more than 1.33 lakh
"Ayushman Bharat - Health and Wellness Centres (AB-HWCs)" that
serves as “teleconsultation hubs”. [32]
With e-Sanjeevani, telemedicine has
become more popular and saves a large amount of money and kilometres every
health visit. India's dedication to preventative and high-quality healthcare is
further evidenced by the government's focus on "universal
screening" of prevalent non-communicable illnesses and the effort for
improving the quality of labour rooms. [33]
The second part is the “Pradhan
Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY)”, which covers over 10 crore poor and
vulnerable households for secondary and tertiary treatment with an annual
health insurance benefit of Rs. 5 lakhs. Beyond providing care for mothers and
children, Ayushman Arogya Mandirs are intended to offer a wider range of
services, such as treatment for “non-communicable diseases, palliative and
rehabilitative care, oral, eye, and ENT care, mental health, and first-rate
care for emergencies and trauma”.
These services will also include free
necessary medications and diagnostic services. The services' growth has been
planned step-by-step. At Ayushman Arogya Mandir, screening, prevention,
control, and management of "non-communicable" illnesses as well
as “chronic communicable diseases” including leprosy and tuberculosis have been
implemented as a first step.[34]
The “National Health Policy, 2017” highlights how the context of health sector
has evolved in four major ways: First, priorities in health are shifting.
Despite the sharp drop in infant and
maternal mortality, the burden of “non-communicable diseases” and some
"infectious diseases" is increasing. The development of a strong
health care sector, which is predicted to grow at a “double-digit rate”, is the
second significant shift. The third shift is an increase in the frequency of
“catastrophic expenses” brought on by health care expenditures, which are
currently thought to be one of the “main causes” of poverty. [35]
Fourth, increased “fiscal capacity” is made possible by growing “economic
growth”.
In order to maximize health results,
the strategy outlines the establishment of inter-sectoral coordination at the
"national and sub-national levels" through the creation of
organizations with representation from pertinent “non-health ministries”. This
is consistent with the newly developed global "Health in All"
strategy, which is meant to supplement Health for All.[36]
Urgent and significant reforms are
required for the “Ministry of Health and Family Welfare's” regulatory role,
which covers the regulation of “clinical establishments, professional and
technical education, food safety, medical technologies, medical products,
clinical trials, research”, and the application of other laws pertaining to
health.
The "Missing Middle" Challenges of Health Insurance Coverage
Launched in September 2018, the
“Ayushman Bharat – Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY)” together with
“State Government” extension plans provide hospitalization coverage to about 70
crore people, who make up the lowest 50% of the population. About 25 crore
people, or 20% of the population, are covered by private voluntary “health
insurance” and “social health insurance”. Thirty per cent of people still do
not have health insurance.[37]
Due to overlap across plans and
current coverage gaps in “PMJAY”, the real number of uninsured people is
larger. We refer to this undiscovered group as the "missing middle".[38]
The missing middle is not a single group; rather, it is made up of several
groups from each quintile of spending. Although they are concentrated in the
"top two quintiles" of rural regions and the “top three
quintiles” of urban areas, the “missing middle” is dispersed among all spending
quintiles in both urban and rural locations.
The “self-employed” (agricultural and
non-agricultural) “informal sector” in rural regions and a wide range of jobs
(formal, semi-formal, and informal) in urban areas make up the “missing
middle”. Even with the ability to pay nominal charges, the missing middle
remains uninsured in the absence of a "low-cost health
insurance" product.
and
Regulation
The CAG Report further pointed to
various fallacies in implementation of the scheme. The online beneficiary
registration system's "match confidence score", which is produced by
comparing a beneficiary's documents with the SECC list of eligible
beneficiaries, is no longer useful because registration requests were accepted
or denied regardless of the match confidence score.[39]
Errors were found in the beneficiary database due to insufficient validation
procedures.
These included incorrect names,
erroneous dates of birth, duplicate “PMJAY” IDs, and erroneous household sizes.
Additionally, NHA failed to furnish any information or documentation about a
thorough IEC strategy or the state of its execution at the Central level.
Without which, the audit was unable to confirm if IEC operations were conducted
centrally. Additionally, it lacked information on the central monitoring
process for IEC activities throughout all Indian states, therefore the audit
was unable to confirm if NHA had kept an eye on the IEC activities.[40]
The union government has a limited
mandate to offer health care to the states under the present constitutional
requirements. The "National Health Mission (NHM)", formerly known as
the “National Rural Health Mission”, has done a great job of supporting state
governments financially and developing infrastructure. But as it lacks a
constitutional mandate, NHM can only provide states with limited financial and
logistical support rather than taking on the role of an implementation
authority like to the “National Health System (NHS)” of the “United Kingdom”.[41]
In cooperation with the state
governments, the NHM must be given the constitutional status of guardian of the
health care of the people of India.[42]
In India's past, traditional knowledge systems have been crucial to public health
because of their focus on preventative care and overall well-being. According
to the "World Intellectual Property Office (WIPO)”, “Traditional
Knowledge” encompasses knowledge related to “agricultural, medicinal, and
biodiversity-related fields”, as well as folklore expressed through “music,
dance, song, handicrafts, designs, stories, and artwork”.
It’s possible that the steps leading
to the development of TK were not properly recorded in the same manner as a lot
of scientific and technological data.[43]
Concern over the acceptance of "traditional knowledge" as
previous art has been voiced in recent years.
The
Growing Appeal of Traditional Medicine
The responsibilities and
contributions of indigenous knowledge sources, such as "traditional and
complementary medicine systems", are receiving increased attention in the
effort to develop stronger and more resilient global health systems. The WHO
estimates that traditional medicine is practiced in 88% of all nations and
those natural materials represent the basis for 40% of currently available
pharmaceutical formulations.[44]
In terms of health, this idea of "population self-reliance" is known
as the fourth-tier.
All six of the “AYUSH systems” are
recognized by the Indian government, and their knowledge and application are
deeply embedded in society to the point that some of the interventions from the
“antiquated medical systems” are essential to customs of “home care”. For
instance, many households routinely massage their new-borns with oil, as
recommended by the Traditional Medicine systems, despite current medical
recommendations.[45]
Nonetheless, the design for UHC must
take into account the various demands of the surrounding communities, which are
segregated by gender, caste, and class and have uneven access to resources.
Acknowledging this will guarantee that local resources are used effectively and
the medical systems are suitably integrated into UHC planning.[46]
As the potential of traditional medicine (TM) in healthcare systems becomes
more widely acknowledged, there has been a push to create a strong legal
framework for TM regulation and integration.
India is actively attempting to
create a legislative framework that promotes innovation, safeguards traditional
knowledge, and guarantees the efficacy and safety of TM practices. The medical
tourism sector in India will be significantly impacted by this increased
understanding of TM's potential.[47]
For medical travellers looking for alternatives to traditional medicine,
India's traditional medicine (TM) systems provide a distinctive and varied
selection of treatment choices.
Medical
Tourism
India is a popular destination for
patients seeking innovative and life-saving treatment, alternative medicine,
cosmetic surgery, and wellness tourism. Furthermore, India has to become a
major player in offering the traditional medical system's treatment.[48]
However, the COVID-19 epidemic has damaged India's reputation owing to the
health system's subpar performance, which might affect medical tourism's
ability to compete internationally.
The bulk of medical tourists visiting
India come mostly from the Middle East (35%) and Africa (51%). Orthopaedic
operations (15%) and cardiac therapies (30%) are the most sought procedures.
Reduced treatment wait times, home country connection, and high-quality clinical
resources—including physicians, protocols, and infrastructure—all contribute to
competitive advantage. [49] India's
advantages as a location for medical value travel are Top-notch medical and
diagnostic tools, excellent medical education, affordable, high-quality medical
treatments and services, and no waiting.[50]
How to standardize the services is
one of the largest issues facing the wellness sector. What kind of minimal
level of service should foreign visitors to India reasonably expect? As of
right now, the Indian government has started the accreditation procedure.
Currently, the AYUSH ministry oversees it, but a shift is underway to shift
"wellness" from "AYUSH" to the tourism sector.
Additionally, there are no consistent regulations governing the use of medical
devices and treatments by healthcare practitioners.
The most notable instances of
inconsistent regulation are those pertaining to surrogacy. Every nation has a
different set of laws according to its own culture, customs, and religious
beliefs. India's tourist sector has enormous potential, but there are obstacles
that must be overcome.
Conclusion
India's healthcare system is at a
turning point. Even if there is a ton of promise, there has to be a clear plan
in place to navigate the route towards a better future. The HWCs offer a chance
to monitor problems linked to occupational health, non-communicable diseases,
infectious diseases, and injury-associated disorders at the individual, family,
and primary care levels. Following the passage of the "Clinical
Establishments Act (Registration and Regulation)", 2010, several states
are now able to establish directories of “clinical establishments” and use the
data to improve and expand the notification of births, deaths, and diseases,
particularly in the private sector. [51]
Likewise, the implementation of the
"Health Management Information System" across the country can
facilitate the timely and appropriate deployment of “human resources”,
particularly for specialized services like pathologists and microbiologists at
the block/district level. As the government embarks on the path of universal
health care (UHC), India requires a national healthcare authority. In order to
mainstream AYUSH as integrated healthcare, the “National Health Policy 2017”
places a strong emphasis on "One Nation, One Health System" by
creating guidelines.
Policymakers in India must
deliberately choose the market sector to focus on and then market the nation as
a destination for medical tourism.[52]
The magnificent symphony of India's healthcare environment is periodically
broken up by dissonant notes of struggle. India can turn this into a symphony
of advancement that will benefit both its own people and medical tourists by
taking a "strategic approach, embracing technology and integration",
and cultivating an excellence culture in the public healthcare system.
This dedication to cooperation and
innovation will guarantee that India leads the world in healthcare for many
years to come.
[1] Anuska Kalita and others, ‘The
Barriers to Universal Health Coverage in India and the Strategies to Address
Them: A Key Informant Study’ 89 Annals of Global Health 69.
[2] Michel Bélanger, Global Health
Law: An Introduction (Archives contemporaries 2011).
[3] Constitution of the World Health
Organization 1946.
[4] Anne F Bayefsky, ‘Office of the
United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights’ in Anne Bayefsky (ed), The
UN Human Rights Treaty System in the 21 Century (Brill | Nijhoff 2000)
accessed 19 January 2024.
[5] ‘The Right to Health as a Human
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[6] ‘Right to Justice & Its
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[7] Allyn L Taylor, ‘Global Health
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[8] Virginia A Leary, ‘The Right to
Health in International Human Rights Law’ (1994) 1 Health and Human Rights 24.
[9] Aart Hendriks, ‘the Right to
Health in National and International Jurisprudence’ (1998) 5 European Journal
of Health Law 389.
[10] 677 Huntington Avenue Boston and
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[11] United Nations, ‘Half a Century of
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accessed 2 February 2024.
[12] ABP News Bureau, ‘India Will
Become World Leader And Symbol Of Global Health Care In The Coming Years:
Mansukh Mandaviya’ (26 August 2022)
accessed 18 March 2024.
[13] ‘Global Health Leaders Adopt Delhi
Declaration on Digital Health’
accessed 8 February 2024.
[14] ‘G20 New Delhi Leaders’
Declaration’
accessed 8 February 2024.
[15] Anuska Kalita and others, ‘The
Barriers to Universal Health Coverage in India and the Strategies to Address
Them: A Key Informant Study’ 89 Annals of Global Health 69.
[16] Ibid.
[17] Consumer Education and Research
center and Ors vs. Union of India (UOI) and Ors [1995] 3 SCC 42 (Supreme
Court of India).
[18] JSA, ‘Right to Health as a
Fundamental Right Guaranteed by the Constitution of India’ (JSA, 22
March 2020)
[19] Saroj Kant Choudhary, ‘Judicial
Approach in Realising Health Rights: Indian Perspective’ [2014] SSRN Electronic
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[20] Francis Coralie Mullin vs. The
Administrator, Union Territory Of Delhi & Ors [1981] AIR 746 (Supreme
Court of India).
[21] Global Legal Group, ‘International
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International Business Reports)
accessed 7 March 2024.
[22] Manish Tewari, ‘India’s Fight
Against Health Emergencies: In Search of a Legal Architecture’ [2020] Observer
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[23] Deoki Nandan, ‘National Rural
Health Mission: Turning into Reality’ (2010) 35 Indian Journal of Community
Medicine?: Official Publication of Indian Association of Preventive &
Social Medicine 453.
[24] Canna Ghia and Gautam Rambhad,
‘Implementation of Equity and Access in Indian Healthcare: Current Scenario and
Way Forward’ 11 Journal of Market Access & Health Policy 2194507.
[25] Ibid.
[26] ‘Crisis and Contestation over
India’s First Health Care Rights Law’ (3 August 2023)
accessed 22 March 2024.
[27] Ibid.
[28] Ibid.
[29] Aakriti Grover and RB Singh,
‘Health Policy, Programmes and Initiatives’ [2019] Urban Health and Wellbeing
251.
[30] ‘Ayushman Bharat - National Health
Protection Mission| National Portal of India’
accessed 8 March 2024.
[31] Ibid.
[32] ‘High Level Expert Group?:
National Health Mission’
accessed 8 March 2024.
[33] ‘India’s Strides toward Universal
Health Coverage | DD News’
accessed 8 March 2024.
[34] ‘Ayushman Arogya Mandir’ (Ministry
of Health and Family Welfare)
[35] ‘National Health Policy, 2017’
(Ministry of Health and Family Welfare)
Accessed: 08 March 2024.
[36] Rajiv Kumar Gupta and Rashmi
Kumari, ‘National Health Policy 2017: An Overview’.
[37] S Manju Priya, ‘A Critical
Analysis of National Health Policy 2017 with Specific Reference to Ayushman
Bharat Pradhan Mantri Yojana and the Path to Universal Health Coverage’ [2023]
International Journal of Law and Social Sciences 79.
[38] Rakesh Sarwal and Anurag Kumar,
‘Health Insurance for India’s Missing Middle’ (Open Science Framework 2021)
preprint accessed 8 March 2024.
[39] James Blanchard and others, Vision
2035 Public Health Surveillance in India - A White Paper ([NITI Aayog]
2021)
accessed 8 March 2024.
[40] ‘Audit Reports | Comptroller and
Auditor General of India’
accessed 8 March 2024.
[41] Jaison Joseph, Hari Sankar D and
Devaki Nambiar, ‘Empanelment of Health Care Facilities under Ayushman Bharat
Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB PM-JAY) in India’ (2021) 16 PLOS ONE
e0251814.
[42] Raman Kumar and Pritam Roy, ‘India
in Search of Right Universal Health Coverage (UHC) Model: The Risks of
Implementing UHC in the Absence of Political Demand by the Citizen’ (2016) 5
Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care 515.
[43] ‘Traditional Knowledge- the
Changing Scenario in India’, Safeguarding Traditional Knowledge in India
(2008)
[44] SK Tripathi, ‘Traditional
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Traditional Knowledge 99.
[45] Kaushik Chattopadhyay, ‘The
Position of Drugs Used in Traditional Medicine within the Indian Healthcare
System’ (2008) 6 Zeszyty Naukowe Ochrony Zdrowia, Zdrowie Publiczne i
Zarz?dzanie 59.
[46] Sarika Chaturvedi and others,
‘India and Its Pluralistic Health System – a New Philosophy for Universal
Health Coverage’ (2022) 10 The Lancet Regional Health - Southeast Asia 100136.
[47] Shambhavi Shivani, Aparna Aparna
and Srijan Mishra, ‘Traditional Knowledge: Much More than What Meets the Eyes’
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Article Information
BHARAT: THE WELLNESS VISHWAGURU OF THE WORLD - A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF HEALTHCARE LAWS AND POLICIES IN INDIA BY: YASHVI SANGHANI
Authors: YASHVI SANGHANI
- Journal IJLRA
- ISSN 2582-6433
- Published 2024/04/11
- Issue 7
About Journal
International Journal for Legal Research and Analysis
- Abbreviation IJLRA
- ISSN 2582-6433
- Access Open Access
- License CC 4.0
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