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ANALYTICAL STUDY OF E-BANKING FRAUDS AND ITS IMPACT ON INDIAN ECONOMY
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ANALYTICAL
STUDY OF E-BANKING FRAUDS AND ITS IMPACT ON INDIAN ECONOMY
AUTHORED BY -
KAJOL KIRTI
ABSTRACT
Today, the majority of
banking can be conducted while enjoying a cup of coffee or engaged in an
important conversation, thanks to the advent of Information Technology (IT).
ATMs are now conveniently located right at your doorstep, and banking services
are accessible 24/7. The proliferation of plastic cards has surpassed that of
currency notes. This significant change is largely attributable to the highly
globalized, liberalized, privatized, and competitive environment in which banks
operate today. In order to survive in this challenging setting, banks have to
embrace IT. As a result, the Indian banking industry has undergone tremendous developments
brought about by sweeping changes in IT.
Electronic banking, or e-banking, has
emerged as a groundbreaking development in this environment, and this paper
aims to study and analyze the progress made by the Indian banking industry in
adopting this technology. This study is analytical in nature and uses secondary
data to measure progress in e-banking by examining various parameters such as
computerization of branches, automated teller machines, and transactions
through retail electronic payment methods. Statistical and mathematical tools
such as growth rates, percentages, and averages are employed to analyze the
data.
This study demonstrates that
e-banking offers a wide range of benefits to both individuals and corporations,
but it is not without certain challenges and issues related to customer
security and interests. Although several studies have examined the success of
e-banking on various scales, it is strongly felt that few of them have
systematically and comprehensively focused on the Indian banking sector. Therefore,
this paper will highlight various aspects of the e-banking system from a
researcher's viewpoint and identify research gaps specific to the Indian
context.
Keywords – Analysis, Fraud, Control, Scam, Economy
INTRODUCTION
Electronic payment systems have
revolutionized the way transactions are conducted, but they have also brought
new threats and susceptibilities. Fraudsters can employ various tactics to
obtain sensitive information such as credit card details, login credentials,
and personal identification information (PII) to carry out fraudulent
activities.
Counterfeiting involves
fabricating fake currency or payment cards to conduct deceitful transactions.
Identity theft happens when criminals acquire someone's personal data and
exploit it to make unauthorized transactions. Cloning involves duplicating a
payment card to conduct deceitful transactions. Malware attacks involve
infecting a victim's computer or mobile device with malicious software to steal
information. Skimming involves using a device to steal payment card information
when the card is swiped at a payment terminal. Phishing involves deceiving
victims into providing their sensitive information through fraudulent emails,
messages or phone calls. Lastly, carding is the practice of using stolen
payment card information to purchase goods or services. To protect themselves
from these types of crimes, users of electronic payment systems should be
vigilant and take necessary precautions. This includes monitoring bank
statements for any unauthorized transactions, using strong passwords, and
avoiding suspicious emails or messages. Additionally, merchants and financial
institutions should implement advanced security measures such as multi-factor
authentication, encryption, and fraud detection systems to safeguard their
customers' information.
There
is need for all banking institute to have wide framework on fraud governance
with particular emphasis on tackling electronic channel-based frauds. This note
endeavors to bring out the challenges and suggests a framework which can be
implemented across banks to effectively tackle the electronic fraud menace. The
definition of banking frauds is as follows “A deliberate act of omission or commission
by any person, carried out in the course of a banking transaction or in the
books of accounts maintained manually or under computer system in banks,
resulting into wrongful gain to any person for a temporary period or otherwise,
with or without any monetary loss to the bank”.[1]
OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH
·
To
highlight the various ways of E-Banking Frauds done by fraudsters and study the
ways of E-Banking frauds Risk management
·
It’s impact on Indian economy.
·
To study cybercrimes and its implications
on the Banking Sector
·
To
understand the seriousness of online cyber threats available to Internet
banking industry.
·
To measure the scope of security and its
implementation in Internet banking sectors.
·
To
analyze and study the lacunas and problems
and use the preventive measures available to control frauds.
LITERATURE REVIEWS
1.
Swain, S., & Pani, L. K.
2016[2] - Bank
fraud in India has witnessed a rise in recent years (2016). The compliance with
the Reserve Bank of India's KYC regulations is not being adequately upheld, and
there is a lack of dedication among bank employees towards their
responsibilities.
2.
Yego, J. K. 2016[3]- According to fraud
has risen to the level of a major global issue and is not likely to diminish
any time soon. Many businesses are losing money and becoming unprofitable
because of this type of fraud.
3.
Sharma, N., & Sharma, D. 2017[4]
– According to Banking Fraud in India: An Empirical Study of the Impact of
Employee Education Cryptographic check barriers like multipoint inquiries can
help banks keep their customers' confidence.
4.
D. M. M., & Nalawade, M.
P. J. D. K. 2015[5] - A Review of
Cyber-attacks on Online Bank Accounts, we are in the following situation:
Online banking has become a necessary part of life in the twenty-first century.
Finding the source of the crime, shortages in training, and the growth of the
underground economy all play a role in decreasing cybercrime.
HYPOTHESIS
The
hypothesis created in this study is that
1.
We will be able to find the reasons to
switch from physical to digital means of banking.
2.
The lacunas for electronic banking fraud
and approx. numbers of victims through it.
3.
The prime reasons as to increase in the
numbers of crime across India,
4.
And also, about the laws, policies and rules
which needed to be implemented properly or amended accordingly.
RESEARCH
METHODOLGY
1.
The present paper is concerned with the
Indian banking system. The required data have been collected from the various
issues of Banking Statistics, published by Reserve Bank of India.
2.
The survey has been conducted through
questionnaires from various persons belonging to different professions like
bank employees, advocates, engineers, students, home-makers etc. of different
age and having experiences related to banking sectors, thus having different
opinion. So, it would be helpful to understand the sector through them.
3.
The study is empirical and
explorative in nature and therefore the information presented is based on both
primary and secondary data.
4.
Secondary information has been collected from
various documents such as books, newsletters, reports, magazines, journals,
daily newspaper, websites, as well as from existing literatures.
CHAPTERIZATION: CHAPTER I -BANKING
FRAUD
In
the case of Pradeep
Kumar And Another v. Postmaster General And Others (2016)[6],
the Supreme Court of India had opined that individual employees are capable of
being dishonest and committing fraud or wrongdoings on their own or in
cooperation with others. Such activities of bank/post office workers, when done
in the course of employment, bind the bank/post office at the instance of the
person who is damnified by the bank/post office officers’ fraud and illegal
conduct. Thus, post offices, banks are vicariously liable for fraud, wrongs by
employees during their employment.
Cheque frauds, deposit account frauds, purchase bill
frauds, hypothecation frauds, loan frauds, frauds in foreign currency
transactions, and inter-branch account scams are all examples of bank frauds.
The failure of supervisory employees to follow established systems and
processes is a major source of fraud. Unscrupulous constituents conduct frauds
by taking advantage of authorities’ weakness in enforcing the Reserve Bank of
India’s (RBI) time-tested safeguards. In its central office, the RBI has
established an investigation unit. It is manned by an ace investigator with
extensive expertise. The bank team delves into the core causes of bank fraud
and offers comprehensive prevention recommendations. The RBI conducts in-depth
analyses and research into the commission of bank frauds and makes recommendations
for fraud prevention measures.
CHAPTER – II: LESSONS TO BE LEARNT
FROM ALL THE SCAMS
§
It is important that banks should take help of technology to
detect frauds and improve the sharing of information.
§
Law enforcement agencies should work in such a way that they don’t
end up creating an environment of fear, affecting the flow of credit to
productive sectors.
§
Apart from improving capabilities in the banking system,
accountability of third-party service providers such as auditors and lawyers
should also be fixed.
§
Assessment of working capital limit should be done before the flow
of credit.
§
Awareness should be created about loopholes; consequences of
bypassing procedural aspects and benchmarks should be provided for evaluating
genuineness of various essential documents.
§
The investigation should be done to find out the trail of
diversion of funds and whether any money has been remitted abroad.
§
The Banks should pay the required attention to the area of
internal control system and the fraud prevention measures to ensure compliance
of instructions issued by them
from time to time.
from time to time.
§
The status of the borrower should be more
critically analyzed by credit rating agencies to put a check on bad
debts.
§
The bank should set up centralized loan processing hubs which will
help in streamlining the selection of borrowers with enhanced due diligence,
assessment of proposal etc,
thus delinking the sanction process from the branch heads.[7]
thus delinking the sanction process from the branch heads.[7]
CHAPTER
– III: INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONIC BANKING
Digitalization has turned the
world upside down. With the constant upgradation in technology, e, all sectors
have benefitted, the banking sector being no different. Remember a time when
one had to stand in long queues to deposit cheques or negotiable instruments or
when people could not transfer money on a bank holiday? Well, we have left
those kinds of days behind us. Now, the transfer of money from one account to
another is just one click away. Payment to vendors has become so easy.
Modern-day banking has made life easier and simpler. Electronic signature has
replaced physical signature. There was a time when buying something meant the
hassle of dressing up and stepping out but shopping these days is also a click
away.
Covid-19 has changed the dynamics
of monetary transactions. Most people were out of jobs, out of cash, and had to
stand in long queues outside the banks for cash withdrawal. These hassles made
people turn to digital banking. It was at this time that UPI payments
such as Paytm, Google Pay, BHIM, etc gained their footing in
the Indian banking sector. According to a survey by Statista Research
Department 32% of
the people who took the survey turned to digital banking in 2020. Most
people think Internet Banking and Electronic Banking are one and the same but
there is a difference between the two.
ARE ELECTRONIC BANKING AND INTERNET
BANKING ONE AND SAME?
The terms electronic
banking and internet banking are often misinterpreted and mixed up, as
previously discussed. However, many people mistakenly consider them as one and
the same. Although these terms are distinct, they are not entirely separate from
each other. Electronic banking encompasses a broader range of services,
including internet banking, mobile banking, ATM usage, and debit card
transactions. On the other hand, internet banking is a recent addition to
electronic banking and represents a specific form of it. Internet banking
provides traditional banking services like accessing account statements,
checking balances, depositing and withdrawing funds, and making transfers.
Therefore, we can conclude that internet banking is a component or subset of
electronic banking.
CHAPTER-IV: CHALLENGES OF ELECTRONIC
BANKING
As more technologies are been embraced,
we are also witnessing its abuses in the digital world with the fraudsters
developing more and more skills and technologies for duping banks as well as
our hard-earned money. Events of ATM Cloning, deciphering PIN and passwords,
phishing or fraudulently influencing customers to give their own information
and thereafter duping money from their account is happening almost every day.
These frauds are still more individual-centric and do not have much impact on
the economy as a whole. Thus, the paper will discuss about various fraud
and scams such as Harshad Mehta scam, Vijay Mallya Scam, Nirav Modi scam etc.
CHAPTER -V: PROBLEMS WITH ELECTRONIC
BANKING
The more appropriate
way of understanding the occurrence of the crime related electronic banking can
be studies through a case which is more prominently known as JAMTARA CASE, which is now famous
for all forms of cybercrime especially in phishing and now with the growth of
technologies the level of crime has now also been advanced and people are been
scammed much more easily and with higher amount.
India Today's ground
report in Jharkhand’s Jamtara, one of the most notorious hotspots of digital
fraud that has even inspired a Netflix series, has found scammers have become
more organized and innovative which is not something a state could be proud of
but rather a matter of high concern that it’s a national issue of public
interest.
One must have come across WhatsApp
forward like these where in people are being defrauded by claiming them to be
as lottery winners, the scammers here manage to get some information about the
customers and based on it they get through a call and ask the people to deposit
certain amount of money in order to get the lottery amount and people are thus
easily scammed . they try to make it look as real as possible by accompanying
this type of poster by a audio to make it sound more genuine. The audio message came from a
person who claimed to be a member of KBC. This WhatsApp audio included a poster
message with the faces of Amitabh Bachchan, Prime Minister Narendra Modi, and
RIL Chairman Mukesh Ambani. This was all came when In India,
WhatsApp Payments was testing a 'Cashback' feature.
In the recent incident happened with a
person named Raza in Mumbai who unknowingly believed that she would be able to
claim her prize. To be eligible for the prize, the scammer demanded that she
pay a processing fee of Rs 25,000. Raza realized she had been duped for Rs
25,000 when the scammer asked her to pay an additional Rs 45,000 rather than
transferring Rs 25 lakh into her bank account. In a recent episode of KBC,
actor Amitabh Bachchan warned viewers that Sony TV does not ask for money for
KBC and to be wary of anyone who does.
Another way of fraud which has been seen wherein the would
come to your house with the basic info like name address and phone number and
pretend to be a delivery person and ask
for COD for the parcel, denying to which they’ll ask for the OTP for
cancellation and thus one will be debited with all the amount and hence scammed.
In the past week, there have been news
for yet another creative way of committing fraud which I also encountered with, wherein they’ll send
you a message on your number regarding non payment of your electricity bill,
and that if not paid, the connection would be cut, panicking to which many call
the given number and ask for help and thus they guide them through their
strategized standard way of scamming.
CHAPTER -VI: REASONS FOR ELECTRONIC
BANK FRAUD
1.
People are not aware about
the pros and cons related to it.
2.
Victims are so in desperate
need to earn money that they tend to forget to check the geniuses of the
fraudsters.
3.
There is a need to create awareness among Internet
banking customer on how to avoid the available threats.
4.
There have been cases where it has been
seen that these types of incidents are politically encouraged, more likely by
the existing government and opposition as well as they get high amount of
commission through it, so it could be seen to be very well rooted in the
community.
5.
So
thus, there is no proper execution of laws in this societies as almost every
official is being involved and supports and acknowledge this.
6.
One of
the major reason is the unemployment and poverty that is why the local youth
are being involved in these scams, as they don’t have enough money for proper
education, so for their survival as they offer enough money to live a proper
life they opt for conducting these scams, so all of these a vicious cycle in
which the whole society suffers.
7.
Moreover,
the sufferers, the victims not only in rural India but also urban India are not
well educated as to how to handle the situation and how to complaint about it
and how to recover their lost funds.
CHAPTER VII : IMPACT ON INDIAN
ECONOMY
Bank fraud
can have a significant impact on economies. Regulators have no choice but to
slap stiff penalties on the defrauded banks. Economic imbalances caused by bank
fraud may cause the stock market to fall.
As a
result of these schemes, there has been a significant economic impact on the
stock market. The economy deteriorates and foreign investment declines, slowing
economic growth. Following this wild ride, investors from all over the world
are scrambling to find safer havens for their money.
A common
scam involves depositing black money in a bank in order to convert it to white
money. Bank lending practices are well-known for making loans to individuals
and businesses that cannot be repaid. Banks frequently suffer long-term
consequences as a result of these activities. Associate business executives'
fraudulent money transfers to associate offshore banks are also common.
Financial
losses incurred due to fraudulent activities have caused a drain on the economy
thus hampering the growth and development of the banking sector, leading to a
negative ripple effect on the overall GDP of the country.
When banks
fail, the economic impact is greater. Economic factors have a significant
impact on people's daily lives. As a result, non-bank payment methods are
becoming more popular than bank payment methods. As a result, trust is the most
important factor in a bank's failure. It would be an understatement to say that
this bank has impacted millions of Indians.
Scams, on
the other hand, have become all too common. There was once a stigma attached to
banking because it was only available to India's wealthy, but that has changed
dramatically in the last ten years or so. A bank fraud or failure has a direct
impact on the general public's mood.
CHAPTER
–VIII SURVEY ANALYSIS
1.
According to the given data, we can
easily see that around 48.8% of the users of the 80 responses which we have got
are very frequent users of the services of Electronic Banking, 28.7% are
frequent users while 21.3% of people are there
who are occasional users that means there are huge section of people who
are interacting in everyday basis and having transactions through electronic
medium and availing services , as this is with 80 responses compared to the
1..4 billion population of India, and India contributes to 17% of the total
world population and as this study has only be considering about Indian banking
frauds it leads to approx.
68,32,000,00people who are active users which is literally very huge
number.
2.
Now, out of this total 98.8% are active
users of the electronic banking services, 24% of them have been the victim of
the electronic bank fraud as of 80 responses which we have collected which is
major number i.e 24 out of 80 responses have been the victim of it compared to
the total population which accumulates to around 33,66,000,00. By the research conducted the fraudsters are
now very frequently coming up with the
new strategies with the advanced knowledge to fool people and its
irrespective of how educated or rich they are, they understand the structure of
a particular society and greedy and people in need and formulate their tricks accordingly to
fraud them, so by the time the new solutions are made to get hold of them they
already get rid of the evidences aand everything apart from the huge political
support they have been getting and the reason why it has been spread like a
virus across India.
3.
The data collected from the responses it
is seen that around 7.6% users are SBI customers, 7.6% are ICICI customers,
6.3% are HDFC customers and like wise, so the bank accordingly needs to be
alerted and the proper investigations need to be done and a proper regulation
needs to be implemented according to the amount of active customers in each
sector of bank whether being a public sector bank or a private sector bank.
4.
Now, out of the total users, most victims
are affected by vishing wherein they are actually defrauded over the phone
through calls as when they are asked to perform certain actions by the
fraudsters over the calls like to send the otp or certain amount to get more
amount in return , like in a recent case fraudsters have manage to circulate a
message to certain sections of people wherein they electricity will be cut as
they have not paid the bill amount , though they have paid the full amount and
out of panic the customers calls on the given numbers and then they are advised
to perform certain actions and thus they are been frauded. Likewise the
customers are been frauded by skimming and phishing too , so these are the
concerns which have to majorly looked upon as these are the cases which are
mostly easily approachable and easy to
target the needy and greedy customers.
5.
With these types of frauds there are
around 72.1% of people who have been affected by the fraud have lost around
5000 and less, 16% with 5000- 10000 while there are significantly 7% of people
who have been affected for amount more than 1,00,000 amount of 80 responses
which we have collected which can be huge amount to when compared to 1.4
billion of population and huge number of people. So there huge section of
people who are been affected in large amounts too and which should be in notice
in urgent basis, but also people do realize it that they have been frauded only
after the amount has been lost that also means theta there are people who still
have knowledge about it but are not fully aware to know that they are been
frauded and how to complaint about it or to take actions to prevent it for
future. As more and more people would report about it, it would be more easier
to catch them, but people just tend to think that its of no use or if they have
been saved then they won’t even bother to complaint, thus leading to high rise of cases, as somewhere even we are
responsible for all the casual behaviors we have for it this encouraging these
fraudsters. Also others do get notified by the bank for misplacement, the laws
like if there any suspicious act has been found in transferring funds the
customer should be immediately warned, though such rules have now been
introduced by some banks and upi apps but still need to be executed properly.
6.
So, from the study it was also seen that
21.1% do register a complaint about it to the concerned authorities but still
there are 11% of them who do not do so, there could be multiple reasons to it
including that firstly people may not wish to indulge into any sort of legal
actions and waste time behind the money they lost, they assume they won’t be able
to recover it. Secondly it could be that they are not well informed as to whom
to approach when these kinds of frauds occur and how to proceed, what can be
the immediate action or else how to prevent it from occurring. Some people also
thinks that there would be no need for them to file a complaint as they will do
no good now for anyone as they already have been cheated , but they don’t
understand that these fraudsters are encouraged if not complained about it ,
also the records of these data of the total amount and the people who are ben
frauded are affected and thus no proper
executions of plans, policy and laws are made even though they are made but
unless we know what we are exactly dealing with and what’s the depth of it we won’t be able to fully
succeed in it.
7.
And therefore only few people are been
satisfied even if they complaint about it i.e 2.5% of total people , 6.3% only
satisfied as all of this is a vicious cycle in which we are just trapped,
hoping to come out of it and it would be only then be possible to change the
graph as we can see that there are more number of people who are dissatisfied
and very dissatisfied with the response of these authorities , thus they also
have to take proper actions accordingly without any political interference.
8.
They were not satisfied with the results
because they were not able to recover the lost funds which turns out to be
21.3% of total responses and only 3.8% were able to recover the partial amount
of what they lost. So likewise, the technology for the cyber cell and the
concerned authorities need to be highly advanced and have a proper strategy in
accordance with the past crimes and structure their plans accordingly.
9.
According to the data, 72% of the total
responses takes preventive measures for these kind of frauds like majority of
them around 46.4% of people never shares their passwords or any kind of
personal details over any medium be it over call, mail or anything, 31.9% are
the ones who enabled the two-factor authentication, 15.5% are the ones who
change their passwords frequently and only 4.3% are the ones who keep their
software updated. And out of this 32% of total responses are also who don’t
take preventive measures because they are not been informed and they don’t know
how to do it , and there could be multiple reasons some of them that they are
old enough to know the technological know-how
then in that case they could be provided with the number to just dial in
like customer service and the rest would be taken care of or likewise , or some
of them are like very poor people who are in dire need of money so they could
be easily frauded or may be ones who lives in rural place who are not very well
educated , so they are been trapped even the ones who are educated and at high
official ranks are been the victims of it as they are not much aware of it and
thus they have casual attitude towards it. As we can see only 43.8% of them are
highly aware but 37% of them are moderately aware and 15% of them are slightly
aware and still 4% people are there who know nothing about the fraud at all
thus easily trapped. And thus, for this reason there are 18.4% of total 80 responses
who believes that it’s not the safe and secure way of conducting transactions
when we are in the stage of advance level of technological era and we on daily
basis surrounded through this digitalization.
10.
And thus, according to the study
conducted there are people who wants the banks and government and any concerned
authorities to take measures to improve security though banking, educate their
customers on the fraud, implement stricter regulations and to bring in action
any ant fraud detecting mechanisms and also to conduct public campaigns,
increase regulatory measures and enforcement the stringent laws which are made.
So, their higher section of people who do want there should be proper adherence
of made laws. Even, after the survey was conducted people were asked to comment
especially , some of them even agreed that the laws are made in place the only
problem we face is that the proper execution of it are not been done and even
if it us tried to , they are politically exploited and the rest of them agrees that we should be
made more aware about it as when compared to other countries apart from knowing
the technological know how they also know how to deal with any sort of fraud
and to complaints , so there is smooth advancement level with less political
interference and that is the reason why are economy is being affected and are
GDP is also affected by the illicit practices made , sometimes to help these
fraudsters even the bank employees
becomes the part of it and shares the confidential and significant
information about the customers , or else they could be forced to which they should now be looked upon and
proper actions should be taken to curb
down the same.
CHAPTER IX :
PREVENTIVE MEASURES TO CONTROL BANK FRAUDS
Almost every aspect of life has changed
dramatically in the twenty-first century. Technology has promised humanity
enormous progress, with computerization serving as a wellspring of new age
wisdom and a slew of innovative, rapid, and efficient financial services.
However, this facility introduced hazards to a variety of banking activities,
necessitating well-defined and timely preventative actions. Computer
automation, which provides a plethora of services, is susceptible to various
security/precautionary procedures to protect against its inherent weaknesses,
and RBI, in outlining the activities, recommends preventive vigilance steps to
be done to avoid such risks.
CHAPTER – X: CONCLUSIONS
E-banking offers a higher level of convenience for managing
one’s finances. However, it continues to present challenges to financial
security and personal privacy. Many people have had their account details
compromised, as a result of online banking. Thus, if one is going to use it for
financial transactions, he should be aware of the risks involved. Awareness of
the risks and problems enables him to take precautions for a more secure online
banking experience. The e-Banking system is not only popular nationally, but
also internationally, where a person can transfer money through any part of the
world. The e-banking system is useful for bankers as well as customers of
banks.
Increasing
competition has become a challenge for Indian banks but it also provides
thoughtful opportunities to develop the banking business as per international
standards. Though, IT leads improvement in all banks however e banks are
gaining the momentum. The technology holds the key to future success of Indian
banks as India could leap-frog into internet banking quicker than the United
States provided Indian banks grab the o'pportunity.
BIBLOGRAPHY
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Act
No.15 of 2003
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[3] https://www.jcreview.com/admin/Uploads/Files/61a8c9bf6c2ac4.16325992.pdf
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[6] Civil Appeal No.. 8775-8776 OF 2016
[7] https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/the-anatomy-of-banking-frauds/print_manually
Article Information
ANALYTICAL STUDY OF E-BANKING FRAUDS AND ITS IMPACT ON INDIAN ECONOMY
Authors: KAJOL KIRTI
- Journal IJLRA
- ISSN 2582-6433
- Published 2023/06/21
- Issue 7
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