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AI MAINTAINING HUMANKIND
I.
ABSTRACT
A deeper comprehension of the
differences between artificial intelligence (AI) and human intellect is
required to better prepare for the society of the future, in which AI will have
a far more widespread effect on our lives. It is impossible to distinguish
between biological and human intelligence without mentioning self-replication.
Therefore, until AI develops artificial life, there is a fundamental divide
between human intellect and AI. The most pronounced differences between human
intelligence and animal intelligence are seen in social and meta cognitive
abilities. Even while technological advancements are expected to make AI work
better, it will still be a product of human action. Though artificial
intelligence is a man-made biological form, results might change if it learns
to reproduce itself.
II.
What is AI?
In the years and decades to come,
artificial intelligence (AI), a genuinely ground-breaking achievement of
computer science, will be a fundamental part of all contemporary software. From
virtual assistants to self-driving cars, it powers everything, and its
importance is only going to increase. This both poses a threat and a chance.
Both defensive and offensive cyber operations will be augmented by AI.
Additionally, new cyber attack techniques will be developed to exploit some AI
technology flaws. Finally, AI's demand for massive volumes of training data
will increase the value of data and redefine how we must think about data
protection. To guarantee that this era-defining technology will lead to broadly
shared safety and prosperity, prudent global governance will be necessary.
So let's take a trip and
investigate the human touch in an increasingly mechanised environment.
III.
History or background of AI
Ancient Greece is when the concept of
"a machine that thinks" first appeared. However, significant
occasions and turning points in the development of artificial intelligence
since the invention of electronic computing (and in relation to some of the
subjects covered in this article) include the following:
o
1950
sees the release of Computing Machinery and Intelligence by Alan Turing.
Turing, who gained notoriety during World War II by cracking the Nazi ENIGMA
code, proposes in the article to address the subject of "Can machines
think?" and offers the Turing Test to ascertain if a computer can exhibit
the same intelligence (or the outcomes of the same intelligence) as a person.
Since then, many have argued over the Turing test's usefulness.
o
At
the first-ever AI conference held at Dartmouth College in 1956, John McCarthy
first uses the term "artificial intelligence." (McCarthy later
created the Lisp language.) Allen Newell, J.C. Shaw, and Herbert Simon develop
the Logic Theorist later that year, which is the first functioning AI software
ever.
o
Frank
Rosenblatt creates the Mark 1 Perceptron in 1967, the first machine based on a
neural network that "learned" by making mistakes. Perceptrons,
written by Marvin Minsky and Seymour Papert, is published just a year later. It
quickly establishes itself as a classic work on neural networks while also
serving as, at least temporarily, a counterargument to further neural network
research.
o
In
the 1980s, neural networks that train themselves via a backpropagation method
find widespread usage in AI applications.
o
1997:
In a chess match (and rematch), IBM's Deep Blue defeats then-world chess
champion Garry Kasparov.
o
2011:
Ken Jennings and Brad Rutter were defeated by IBM Watson on Jeopardy!
o
2015:
Baidu's Minwa supercomputer classifies and identifies pictures more accurately
than the average person using a specific type of deep neural network called a
convolutional neural network.
o
Lee
Sodol, the reigning world champion Go player, is defeated by DeepMind's AlphaGo
computer programme in a five-game match in 2016. Given the enormous number of
possible movements as the game develops (more than 14.5 trillion after just
four plays! ), the win is noteworthy. Later, Google reportedly paid $400
million to buy DeepMind.
IV.
TYPES OF AI
While there are many different ways
to categorise artificial intelligence, the two main classifications are based
on the capabilities and the functionalities of the technology. The flowchart
that follows explains the many categories of AI.
Based on capabilities, type 1 AI
1. Weak or limited AI
o
Narrow
AI is a subset of AI that is intelligent enough to carry out certain tasks.In
the field of artificial intelligence, narrow AI is the most prevalent and
readily available AI.[3]
o
Since
narrow AI is only trained for a single task, it cannot perform tasks outside of
its domain or set of constraints. As a result, it is often known as weak AI. If
narrow AI exceeds its bounds, it may fail in unexpected ways.
o
Apple
Siri is a fantastic example of narrow artificial intelligence, yet it only does
a small set of pre-defined tasks.
o
Given
that it combines an Expert system method together with machine learning and
natural language processing, IBM's Watson supercomputer also falls under the
category of Narrow AI.
o
Playing
chess, receiving recommendations for purchases on an e-commerce site,
self-driving automobiles, speech recognition, and picture identification are
some examples of narrow AI.
2. General AI
o
An
intelligence known as general artificial intelligence (GAI) is capable of doing
any intellectual job as effectively as a person.
o
The
goal of general AI is to create a system that is intelligent enough to think
like a person on its own.
o
There
is currently no system that falls under general AI that can carry out every
work as well as a person.
o
Researchers
from all across the world are currently concentrating on creating general AI
devices.
o
As
general AI systems are still being researched, it will take a long time and
many resources to develop such systems.
3.Super AI
o
Super
AI is a degree of system intelligence where computers are capable of
outperforming people in any task thanks to their cognitive abilities. It
results from generic AI.
o
Strong
AI has the capacity to think, reason, solve puzzles, make judgements, plan,
learn, and communicate on its own, among other crucial features.
o
Super
AI is still only an idealised idea in the world of artificial intelligence.
Real-world implementation of such systems is still a challenging endeavour.
Type 2 artificial
intelligence: functional-based
Machines That React / Reactive
Machines
o
The
most fundamental forms of artificial intelligence are robots that are just
reactive.
o
Such
artificial intelligence systems don't retain memories or prior experiences for
future use.
o
These
machines just concentrate on the present situation and respond in the best way
they can.
o
Reactive
machines, like IBM's Deep Blue system, may be seen in action.
o
Reactive
machines are another example, such as AlphaGo from Google.
Small Memory
o
Machines
with a little amount of memory can temporarily retain some data or memories of
the past
o
These
devices can only access saved data for a short time.
o
One
of the greatest instances of Limited Memory systems is self-driving
automobiles. These vehicles may retain information for road navigation,
including the speed limit, distance to other vehicles, and recent speeds of
those close.
o
Theories
of Mind
o
Concept
of Mind AI should be able to connect socially with humans and comprehend human
emotions, people, and opinions.
o
Although
this kind of AI machines has not yet been developed, researchers are working
hard to advance their capabilities.
Self-Awareness
o
Self-awareness
Future of artificial intelligence is AI. They will be extremely clever and
possess consciousness, feelings, and self-awareness.
o
These
devices will be more intelligent than a human mind.
o
Self-Aware
AI is still a theoretical idea and does not currently exist in reality.
V.
APPLICATION ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
AI systems have a wide
range of practical applications nowadays. Some of the most typical instances
are shown below:
Speech recognition, also
known as automated speech recognition (ASR), computer speech recognition, or
speech-to-text, is a skill that converts spoken language into written language
using natural language processing (NLP). Many mobile devices have speech
recognition built into their operating systems to enable voice search (like
Siri) and to increase texting accessibility.
Online virtual agents are
replacing human agents in customer care across the customer experience. They
give individualised advise, respond to frequently asked questions (FAQs)
regarding subjects like shipping, or cross-sell items or make size recommendations
to users, altering the way we view user interaction on websites and social
media. Examples include virtual agent-equipped messaging bots on e-commerce
websites, chat programmes like Slack and Facebook Messenger, and jobs often
carried out by virtual assistants and voice assistants.
Through the use of
digital images, videos, and other visual inputs, computer vision technology
enables computers and systems to extract meaningful information from those
inputs and take appropriate action. It differs from picture recognition jobs in
that it may provide recommendations. Computer vision, which uses convolutional
neural networks, is used for self-driving cars in the automotive sector,
radiological imaging in healthcare, and photo tagging in social media.
Recommendation engines: By using
historical data on consumer behaviour, AI algorithms may help identify data
patterns that can be applied to create more successful cross-selling tactics.
Online shops utilise this to suggest pertinent add-ons to clients during the
checkout process.
Automated stock trading:
High-frequency trading platforms powered by AI execute hundreds or even
millions of deals per day without the need for human interaction, helping to
optimise stock portfolios.
VI.
FUTURE OF AI
Unquestionably, artificial
intelligence (AI) is a ground-breaking area of computer science that is poised
to dominate a number of new technologies, including big data, robots, and the
internet of things. In the upcoming years, it will continue to be a technical
pioneer. AI has gone from being science fiction to reality in a matter of
years. In the real world as much as in science fiction films, intelligent
machines assist humans. We currently live in a world of artificial
intelligence, which was only a story for a while.
Whether we are aware of it or not,
artificial intelligence technology is being used in our daily lives and has
already ingrained itself into our culture. Everyone now uses AI in their
everyday lives, from chatbots to Alexa and Siri. Rapid advancement and change
are taking place in this field of technology. But it wasn't as simple and
straightforward as it seemed to us. To get AI to this point, many years of
arduous labour and contributions from several individuals were required. Being
such a cutting-edge technology, AI also deals with a lot of debates about its
future and effects on people. It could be risky, but it's also a fantastic
opportunity.
VII.
AI's FUTURE INFLUENCE ON SEVERAL
INDUSTRIES
Healthcare
AI will be critical in diagnosing illnesses more swiftly and
precisely in the healthcare industry. AI will make new medication research more
efficient and cost-effective. It will also improve patient participation in
their treatment and make appointment scheduling and bill paying easier, with
fewer mistakes. Apart from these helpful applications, one major issue of AI in
healthcare is ensuring its acceptance in regular clinical practises.
Cyber security
Without a question, cyber security is a top
responsibility for any organization in order to secure data protection. Some
forecasts for cyber security with AI include the following changes :
o
Security
issues will be tracked using AI techniques.
o
NLP
is used to identify the source of cyber-attacks.
o
RPA
bots are used to automate rule-based operations and procedures.
However, as a great technology, it
can also be used by attackers as a threat. They can utilize AI unethically by
employing automated attacks that are difficult to defend against.
Transportation
While completely autonomous vehicles have not
yet been deployed in the transportation industry, researchers are making
progress in this area. In the cockpit, AI and machine learning are being used
to assist minimise workload, manage pilot stress and fatigue, and increase
on-time performance. There are various
barriers to AI adoption in transportation, particularly in public transit.
There is a significant risk of over-reliance on automated and autonomous
systems.
E-commerce
Artificial intelligence will soon be a
key component of the e-commerce industry. It will have a favourable effect on
every facet of the e-commerce industry, from user experience to product
marketing and delivery. Future developments in e-commerce include the usage of
chatbots, automated warehousing and inventory systems, and shopper
customization.
Employment
Thanks to the application of artificial
intelligence, finding work is now straightforward for both job seekers and
companies. Artificial intelligence (AI) is already being employed in the job
market, where tight regulations and algorithms automatically reject a CV from
an applicant if it does not meet the requirements of the organisation. In the
future, it is hoped that most AI-enabled apps would control the hiring process,
from marking written interviews to conducting phone interviews.
Various AI applications, like Rezi,
Jobseeker, etc., are assisting job seekers in creating outstanding resumes and
locating the best positions that match their skills.
Aside from the aforementioned
industries, AI has a bright future in manufacturing, banking & finance,
entertainment, etc.
VIII.
AI MANAGING HUMAN LIFE
The use of new information and
concepts is what led to the development of all human civilizations. According
to Shabbir and Anwer (3), the primary goal of AI is to revolutionise computer
operations and enable them to carry out complex tasks like problem-solving,
learning, and reasoning. AI enables robots to mimic the majority of human
cognitive skills by using advanced programming, mathematics, and computer
science. As a result, anytime engaging in several varied tasks, such as space
exploration and underwater research, individuals can use AI to promote mistake
reduction.
Because AI enables people to pursue
challenging tasks or functions, its application is essential. Humans may now
build robots that can improve mining operations and exploration missions thanks
to machine learning. In harsh settings like war zones, they can also do
difficult jobs (Scherer 361). This is feasible since AI-guided machines won't
grow tired or malfunction. Humans may rely on the strength of AI during natural
catastrophes and times of conflict to rescue people, distribute food supplies,
and destroy bombs.[4]
It is a fact that humans cannot
efficiently carry out the majority of their tasks without using AI since the[5]
global economy has shifted to be technology-based. People nowadays, for
instance, utilise cellphones and other portable electronics that are made
possible by this sort of innovation (Shabbir and Anwer 7). Financial
institutions have invested in these technologies because they can give fast,
high-quality services to the intended clients while being able to identify any
type of fraud. This implies that nations can adopt AI applications and uses to
accomplish their goals.
Another factor driving people to
accept the use of AI in their daily lives is the rise of chronic medical issues.
To a greater extent, doctors and other healthcare professionals may buy and use
these devices to examine certain illnesses, keep track of medication side
effects, and perform procedures. According to Scherer (376), AI can equip
experts in this sector to identify neurological diseases and efficiently treat
them. Robotics is now essential in enabling physicians to carry out
radiosurgery with utmost precision without causing harm to other organs or
tissues.
When concentrating on boring or
repetitive tasks, humans can greatly benefit from AI. Machines can think
quicker over longer periods of time without slowing down or modifying their
outputs since they never get weary (Poola 97). Since they are incapable of
feeling emotions, they may be able to carry out difficult tasks, allowing
people to reach their full potential.
IX.
IS IT WORTH AI MANAGING HUMAN BEINGS
The ability of today's sophisticated
computers to learn and make judgements based on the data they consume generally
leads humans to see them as intelligent. Despite the fact that we may be able
to recognise such capacity, we actually possess a quite different kind of
intelligence.
AI may be defined as a computer
acting or making decisions that appear intelligent. AI imitates how people act,
feel, communicate, and make decisions in accordance with Alan Turing's
worldview. This kind of intelligence is very helpful in an organisational
context since it may find informative patterns that optimise job-related trends
because of its capacity for imitation. Additionally, unlike humans, AI never
gets physically exhausted and will continue to function as long as it is fed
data.
These characteristics make AI the
ideal candidate for use in repeated, low-level, regular operations that occur
within closed management systems. The game's rules are crystal clear and
unaffected by outside factors in such a system. Consider an assembly line where
workers are not distracted by requests from other sources, such as meetings at
the office. As an illustration, consider the assembly line, where Amazon put
algorithms in charge of managing human employees and even firing them. AI can
do tasks more accurately than human supervisors because they are repetitious
and subject to strict processes that maximise production.
However, human capabilities are more
varied. Humans have the capacity to envision, predict, feel, and assess
changing conditions, which enables people to transition from short-term to
long-term concerns, in contrast to AI abilities that are simply sensitive to
the facts provided. These skills are exclusive to humans and unlike artificial
intelligence, which depends on a constant stream of input from outside the body
to function.
In this perspective, people
constitute a new kind of AI, or what we would term real intelligence. When open
systems are in existence, this kind of intelligence is required. In an open
management system, the team or organisation interacts with the outside world
and must thus manage external influences. Such work setting requires the
ability to anticipate and work with, for example, sudden changes and distorted
information exchange, while at the same time being creative in distilling a
vision and future strategy. Open systems are always undergoing transition, and
real intelligence is needed to handle this process effectively.
Although Authentic Intelligence
(referred to as AI2 here) and Artificial Intelligence (referred to as AI1 here)
appear to be in opposition to one another, they are actually complementary.
Both types of intelligence offer a range of specialised skills when applied to
organisations.
The Bottom Line Regarding Artificial Intelligence's Benefits and
Drawbacks
Knowing AI's benefits and drawbacks,
you might conclude that it has enormous potential to improve the quality of
life for people everywhere. Making ensuring that the development of AI doesn't
spiral out of control will be the most crucial task for humans. Artificial
intelligence has both disputed advantages and disadvantages, but there is no
denying that technology is having a significant influence on the world economy.
It keeps expanding every single day, promoting corporate sustainability.
X.
CONCLUSION
In equal measure, anxiety and
excitement are being sparked by artificial intelligence (AI). AI development has been compared to
"summoning the devil" by some, and there are worries that it may
eventually wipe out humans. People's
fear of AI may stem from the science fiction idea that robots would eventually
take over all of human occupations and "wake up" and perform
unexpected things. Some people, however,
sense danger where others see opportunity.
XI. REFERENCE
Article Information
AI MAINTAINING HUMANKIND
Authors: Sara Singh, Dr. Reshma Umair
- Journal IJLRA
- ISSN 2582-6433
- Published 2023/08/04
- Issue 7
About Journal
International Journal for Legal Research and Analysis
- Abbreviation IJLRA
- ISSN 2582-6433
- Access Open Access
- License CC 4.0
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