Published Paper
Article Details
Ageing of Population
AUTHORED BY - AARUSH SHRIKANT PATIL
Abstract
This study covers the underlying
reality of the world , especially India, we look through the problems of the
problem of Ageing Economy, the elderly population has seen a tremendous growth
in the recent time all over the world, including India, which contains the
world’s second most oldest population despite being a small percentage the
whole population, however this is soon going to change as we have seen in the
modern time due to the advancement in medical field in this century and the
decrease in the fertility rates of the country due to better education and
family planning, which looks fine but it leads to a greater population of the
elderly which means rising health expenditure costs , catastrophic
health expenditure (CHE), it can observed that rising level of elderly
population has led to higher per capita expenditure throughout the years and an
increase in the government expenditure can be seen to as well as the government
has formulated multiple policies and schemes to help the elderly population
Introduction
2.1
Historical Background
Population
Ageing is an increasing median age in a population because of various reasons,
including declining fertility , rising life expectancy , in the current
scenario most countries have shown an increase in the both of these aspects ,
while we can see rising life expectancy , it is due the fact that , medical
science has progressed at an unprecedented rate in the recent times especially
after world war 2 and while it has been noticed the most in the most the
western developed nations, it has also been the case for developing nations
such as in Africa , Asia , including India itself.
Although
it has been global phenomenon yet but it has rapidly approached at a pace which
is concerning and is going become global issue in the near future. (Chakraborti, 2004).
2.2
Definition
Population ageing is the most
significant result of the process known as demographic transition. Reduction in
fertility leads to a decline in the proportion of the young in the population
which poses a lot of serious problem for the future, reduction in mortality
rate i.e. the ratio between deaths and
individuals in a specified population and during a particular time period.
Population ageing involves a shift from high mortality / high fertility to low
mortality/low fertility which ultimately leads to older population (Prakash,
1999)
Main Body
3.1
Ageing Population
in India
There is a likelihood that there will
be an increase of nearly 34 million elderly people in 2021, a 41 percent
increase over a decade, according to the national statistical office (NSO)’
elderly India 2021 report
It is predicted that there will be 93
million males and 101 million females which is a big jump form 67 million males
and 71million females in 2021. It also suggested the need for a plan to
changing the population structure.
The report stressed the 2017 United
Nations Report on World Population Ageing, which claimed that by 2030 the
people aged 60 years or above are expected to outnumber children under age 10.
The population share of the elderly
female population is said to rise from 8.6 percent in 2011 to 10.1 percent in
2021 and it is projected to touch 13.1 percent in just a decade, 2031.
Census 1991 showed the elderly female
population (29.4) outnumbered elderly males (27.3 million). The NSO report
pointed out that this trend has been made stronger in the last two decade and
is expected to grow even more.
The elderly Population’s decadal
growth (population growth rate of over a 10 period) compared to just the
general population had shown a huge jump and contrast and has shown signs of
concern.
According to the report, the highest
number of elderly people resides in Kerala (16.5), followed by Tamil Nadu (13.6
percent), Himachal Pradesh (13.1 Percent), Punjab (12.6 Percent) and Andhra
Pradesh (12.4 percent) in 2021.
Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and Assam have
the least proportion with 7.7 per cent, 8.1 per cent and 8.2 per cent,
respectively.
A decade from now, the same five
states are projected to have the maximum proportion of elderly people in its
population — Kerala (20.9 per cent) followed by Tamil Nadu (18.2 per cent),
Himachal Pradesh (17.1 per cent), Andhra Pradesh (16.4 per cent) and Punjab
(16.2 per cent).
Over the last decade, the highest
average rise was observed in Delhi (6.60 per cent), Gujarat (4.88 per cent) and
West Bengal (4.27 per cent). The least average increase has been seen in Uttar
Pradesh (2.16 per cent) followed by Bihar (2.28 per cent) and Madhya Pradesh
(2.53 per cent).
3.2 Economic Status
According to the report, the old-age
dependency ratio has increased significantly from 10.9 percent in 1961 to 14.2
percent in 2011 and is expected to rise to 15.7 percent and 20.1 percent in
2021 and 2031, respectively.
In 2021, the female and male
dependency ratios are predicted to reach 14.8 percent and 16.7 percent,
respectively.
The old-age dependence ratio is the
number of people aged 60 and up per 100 people in comparison to those aged 15
to 59.
According to the 2011 Census, the
general old-age dependence ratio ranged from 10.4% in Delhi to 19.6% in Kerala.
In 2021, this is expected to range from 12.7 percent in Assam to 26.1 percent
in Kerala.
In 2031, the old-age dependence ratio
in Bihar might range from 15.6 percent to 34.3 percent.
In states like Kerala, Tamil Nadu,
Himachal Pradesh, and Punjab, the female old-age dependency ratio is much
higher than the male in 2021, according to the survey.
According to the survey, literacy
levels among senior males and females have increased over time in both rural
and urban areas, but there is still a significant gender disparity, with only
28% of female elderly being literate compared to 59% of male elderly
(Population Census 2011).
3.3 Fertility Rates
For the first time in history, the
index fell below 2.0. That is, the average number of children a woman has
during her lifetime has fallen below the replacement rate.
Total Fertility Rate (TFR) is defined
by the World Health Organization (WHO) as the average number of children born
to a woman "at the end of her reproductive period."
According to the report, five states
score greater than 2 TFR: Bihar (3), Meghalaya (2.9), Uttar Pradesh (2.4),
Jharkhand (2.3), and Manipur (2.2).
TFRs of 1.9 were recorded in Haryana,
Assam, Gujarat, Uttarakhand, and Mizoram.
TFR was well below 1 in Kerala, Tamil
Nadu, Telangana, Arunachal Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and Odisha.
Meanwhile, West Bengal and
Maharashtra had the lowest Total Fertility Rates, both at 1.6.
People are not generating enough
children to replace the current population at this rate of fertility, i.e.,
total fertility rate less than 2.1, resulting in population shrinkage.
These lower fertility rates have been
achieved through a variety of methods, the most prominent of which is
contraception. The usage of modern contraceptives for family planning has
increased from 47.8% to 56.5 percent in the five years between NFHS-4
(2015-2016) and NFHS (2019-2020). In Bihar, the rate of modern contraception
has nearly doubled, from 23.3 percent in NFHS-4 to 44.4 percent in NFHS-5.
Fertility Status
of India, 1971-1999
|
Period
|
Crude Birth Rate (per 1000)
|
Total Fertility Rate (Per Woman)
|
||||
|
Total
|
Rural
|
Urban
|
Total
|
Rural
|
Urban
|
|
|
1971-71
|
35.6
|
37.2
|
29.3
|
5.0
|
5.2
|
3.9
|
|
1976-80
|
33.4
|
34.7
|
28.1
|
4.5
|
4.8
|
3.4
|
|
1981-85
|
33.6
|
35.2
|
28.1
|
4.5
|
4.8
|
3.4
|
|
1986-90
|
31.4
|
33.0
|
26.1
|
4.0
|
4.3
|
3.0
|
|
1994-96
|
28.2
|
29.9
|
22.5
|
3.5
|
3.8
|
2.6
|
|
1997-98
|
26.6
|
28.2
|
21.1
|
3.3
|
3.6
|
2.4
|
3.2.1
Health Care
HealthCare
cost depends on age, usually the highest for the elderly population, according
to meerding, which was concerned with the demands of the healthcare resources
caused by different illness and variation with age and sex.
Information
on healthcare use was obtained from all 22 healthcare sectors in the
Netherlands. Most important sectors (hospitals, nursing homes, inpatient
psychiatric care, institutions for mentally disabled people) have national
registries. Total expenditures for each sector were subdivided into 21 age
groups, sex, and 34 diagnostic groups.
After
the first year of life, costs per person for children were lowest. Costs rose
slowly throughout adult life and increased exponentially from age 50 onwards
till the oldest age group (> or = 95). The top five areas of healthcare
costs were mental retardation, musculoskeletal disease (predominantly joint
disease and dorsopathy), dementia, a heterogeneous group of other mental
disorders, and ill-defined conditions. Stroke, all cancers combined, and
coronary heart disease ranked 7, 8, and 10, respectively.
Morbidity
surpasses mortality as a factor of HC spending (Colombier and Weber). Proximity
to death is of little impact, while ageing remains the most major age-related
cos driver (2010).
According
to Ladusingh and Pandey (2013), the cost of hospitalisation for decedents is
substantially higher than for survivors throughout their lives.
Though on the contrary a number of
studies, in particular by Zweifel et al (1999), Felder et al (2000) and Seshamani
and Gray (2004) have negated the view that populating ageing increases the
burden of healthcare cots controlling for proximity to death.
When
the median age of the world's population is not adjusted for longevity, it
rises from 26.6 years in 2000 to 37.3 years in 2050 and then to 45.6 years in
2100. When life expectancy improvements are factored in2,3, the adjusted median
age grows from 26.6 in 2000 to 31.1 in 2050 and only to 32.9 in 2100, which is
slightly less than the China region's median age in 2005. Regional disparities
in ageing patterns are significant. In North America, the median age adjusted
for changes in life expectancy falls throughout practically the entire century,
although the traditional median age rises dramatically. Our analysis of ageing
patterns is based on new probabilistic demographic projections. The probability
that growth in the world’s population will end during this century is 88%,
somewhat higher than previously assessed. After mid-century, lower rates of
population growth are likely to coincide with slower rates of ageing.
According
to (Wagstaff et al. 2008), catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) has risen over
time, with over 808 million people experiencing CHE in 2010.
India has the world's second-largest
elder population, with 104 million people aged 60 and more. The ageing of the
population generates concerns about their health and the nation's financial security
(UN 2019). The elderly have become sensitive to health spending due to
debilitating illnesses and financial hardship (Dandona et al. 2017). Though the
prevalence of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) is increasing among people of all
ages, it is disproportionately higher among the elderly (Mini and Thankappan
2017; Pati et al. 2014; Vellakkal et al. 2013).
Sixty-three percent of India's
elderly population has at least one NCD, with roughly 31 percent being
multi-morbid, primarily among rural and female populations 1 3 Ageing
International (Mini and Thankappan 2017). In India, 13% of the elderly
population has an impairment that interferes with at least one everyday task
(Kastor and Mohanty 2016).
The
current study analyses the variables and risk factors related with functional
limitations among older persons (45+ years) in India using data from the
Longitudinal Ageing Study in India 2010 pilot survey. The difficulty in
executing some fundamental activities of daily living (ADLs), such as bathing,
eating, walking, dressing, toileting, and getting in and out of bed, is
referred to as functional limitation. According to the findings, one out of
every seven older persons in India suffers from at least one of the functional
limitations. The most common problem cited is difficulty getting in and out of
bed (7 percent), followed by walking (6.6 percent), and toileting (6.6 percent)
(5.5 percent ).Age and physical functionality is inversely correlated; older
adults aged 60 years report more functional limitations and this becomes more
noticeable for older adults aged 75 years and above. We found inverse
association between functional limitations and education High private
healthcare spending as well as high out of pocket spending in India are placing
a considerable financial burden on households.
The
monthly per capita health spending of elderly households is 3.8 times higher
than that of non-elderly households. While the health spending accounts 13 % of
total consumption expenditure for elderly households, it was 7 % among
households with elderly and non-elderly members, and 5 % among non-elderly
households. Controlling for socio-economic and demographic correlates, the
per-capita household health spending among elderly households and among
household with elderly and non-elderly members was significantly higher than
non-elderly households. The health expenditure is catastrophic for poorer
households, casual labourer and households with elderly members. Based on the
finding we suggest to increased access to health insurance and public spending
on geriatric care to reduce the out-of-pocket expenditure on health care in
India.
The
average PHS(Per Capita Health Spending) was 1,331 Indian rupees (INR), which
varied by state-level economic development. About one-fourth of Indian
households incurred CHS, which was equally high in both the economically
developed and poorer states.
When compared to those between the
ages of 60 and 64, people over 65 spend 1.5 times as much on healthcare (Mahal,
Berman, and Indicus Analytics, 2002). When compared to homes without older
members, the likelihood of catastrophic OOP expenses is substantially higher in
households with elderly individuals (Pal, 2010).
Savings and insurance are the most
common forms of financial protection for medical expenses in India. However,
insurance in India is constrained not only by a lack of condition coverage, but
also by a lack of population coverage. The National Family Health Survey of
2004–2005 indicates that only 10% of households in India had at least one
member of the family covered by any form of health insurance (IIPS,
2007). Overall, the
insurance market in India remains limited and fragmented in its presence.
Benefits are accessed by only a few privileged sections of the population, such
as those in the formal and civil service sectors like defense, civil services,
and the railways, even after retirement long into old age (Acharya
and Ranson, 2005; Ellis,
Alam, and Gupta, 2000; Ranson,
Sinha, and Chatterjee, 2006; Shiva Kumar et al., 2011). Due to their inability to pay regular insurance
premiums, the elderly are often unable to use medical insurance due to a lack
of employment and income. Finally, due to age limits or eligibility
restrictions for people with pre-existing diseases, insurance firms frequently
openly reject the elderly. This further isolates the elderly from a healthcare
system and legislative climate that has consistently failed to assist the
financial ly disadvantaged.
3.2.2
Trends Of Health Care Expenditure In India
|
Public
|
Public
|
Private
|
Private
|
||||||||
|
Year (Base
year, 2004
|
Population
(Cr)
|
HE(Cr)
|
HE
per Capita |
HE(Cr)
|
HE per
Capita
|
GDP(Cr)
|
GDP per
capita |
Public
|
Private
|
Total
|
|
|
1993-94
|
89
|
15597
|
175
|
32278
|
362
|
1522343
|
17067
|
1.0
|
2.1
|
3.1
|
|
|
1994-95
|
91
|
16522
|
182
|
35956
|
395
|
1619694
|
17799
|
1.0
|
2.2
|
3.2
|
|
|
1995-96
|
93
|
16017
|
173
|
40023
|
431
|
1737740
|
18726
|
0.9
|
2.3
|
3.2
|
|
|
1996-97
|
95
|
16639
|
176
|
44393
|
469
|
1876319
|
19834
|
0.9
|
2.4
|
3.3
|
|
|
1997-98
|
96
|
18275
|
190
|
49240
|
511
|
1957031
|
20301
|
0.9
|
2.5
|
3.4
|
|
|
1998-99
|
98
|
20394
|
207
|
54635
|
556
|
2087827
|
21239
|
1.0
|
2.6
|
3.6
|
|
|
1999-00
|
100
|
22542
|
225
|
61246
|
612
|
2246276
|
22440
|
1.0
|
2.7
|
3.7
|
|
|
2000-01
|
102
|
22755
|
223
|
62436
|
613
|
2342774
|
22991
|
1.0
|
2.7
|
3.6
|
|
|
2001-02
|
104
|
21891
|
210
|
73760
|
709
|
2472052
|
23770
|
0.9
|
3.0
|
3.9
|
|
|
2002-03
|
106
|
23954
|
227
|
78209
|
741
|
2570690
|
24344
|
0.9
|
3.0
|
4.0
|
|
|
2003-04
|
107
|
24550
|
229
|
82889
|
773
|
2777813
|
25912
|
0.9
|
3.0
|
3.9
|
|
|
2004-05
|
109
|
26313
|
242
|
95560
|
878
|
2971464
|
27286
|
0.9
|
3.2
|
4.1
|
|
|
2005-06
|
111
|
34446
|
311
|
105244
|
952
|
3254216
|
29423
|
1.1
|
3.2
|
4.3
|
|
|
2006-07
|
112
|
40679
|
363
|
115900
|
1033
|
3566011
|
31783
|
1.1
|
3.3
|
4.4
|
|
|
2007-08
|
114
|
48685
|
428
|
127648
|
1122
|
3898958
|
34261
|
1.2
|
3.3
|
4.5
|
|
|
2008-09
|
115
|
58681
|
509
|
140595
|
1218
|
4162509
|
36070
|
1.4
|
3.4
|
4.8
|
|
|
2009-10
|
117
|
154900
|
1324
|
4493743
|
38408
|
3.4
|
|||||
Overview of the health care spending
(1993-2009): Financing health is one of the critical determinants of health
outcomes in a country. Public support in terms of financing health has a key
role in policy implications for greying population. In India, health
expenditure from all the sources was 4.25 percent (0.84% from public, 3.32%
from private, & 0.1% from external flow) of Gross Domestic Product
(National Health Account, 2009) during 2004–05. Of the total health
expenditure, the share of private sector was the maximum with 78.05 percent on
while from the public sector it was 19.67 percent.
3.2.3
Health expenditure by states:
|
State
|
Per capita
|
expenditures
|
(Rs)
|
Percent of GSDP
|
||
|
1995-96
|
2000-01
|
2004-05
|
1995-96
|
2000-01
|
2004-05
|
|
|
Andhra Pradesh
|
117.33
|
229.03
|
282.09
|
1.06
|
1.24
|
1.1
|
|
Assam
|
128.58
|
208.09
|
259.29
|
1.63
|
1.74
|
1.69
|
|
Bihar
|
91.59
|
108.18
|
100.12
|
2.69
|
1.89
|
1.55
|
|
Gujarat
|
135.24
|
397.88
|
345.69
|
0.85
|
1.84
|
1.04
|
|
Haryana
|
171.42
|
297.16
|
418.42
|
1.06
|
1.13
|
1.14
|
|
Karnataka
|
149.13
|
263.7
|
284.1
|
1.3
|
1.32
|
1.06
|
|
Kerala
|
166.57
|
270.65
|
354.31
|
1.31
|
1.23
|
1.17
|
|
Madhya Pradesh
|
146.72
|
222.49
|
210.05
|
1.65
|
1.81
|
1.33
|
|
Maharashtra
|
141.78
|
252.5
|
316.33
|
0.78
|
1.02
|
0.87
|
|
Orissa
|
115.01
|
183.64
|
238.61
|
1.45
|
1.73
|
1.55
|
|
Punjab
|
159.22
|
324.32
|
344.68
|
0.91
|
1.19
|
1
|
|
Rajasthan
|
250.01
|
353.14
|
408.91
|
2.6
|
2.5
|
2.25
|
|
Tamil Nadu
|
166.07
|
299
|
447.51
|
1.25
|
1.31
|
1.53
|
|
Uttar Pradesh
|
87.88
|
99.59
|
156.58
|
1.21
|
0.95
|
1.19
|
|
West Bengal
|
101.38
|
236.36
|
206.9
|
1.02
|
1.35
|
0.84
|
|
Mean
|
131.37
|
224.29
|
262.24
|
1.23
|
1.37
|
1.18
|
|
Standard Deviation
|
40.33
|
81.74
|
98.98
|
0.57
|
0.42
|
0.37
|
|
Coefficient of
|
||||||
|
Variation
|
.307
|
0.36
|
0.38
|
0.467
|
0.31
|
0.315
|
In almost all of the states (except
Uttarakhand), the positive relationship between HE per capita and age is
observed. The higher HE in older ages can be result of higher levels of
morbidity or higher percentage of treatment seeking behaviour. Interestingly,
most of the states are showing the increasing age-compositional effects on
health spending during 2005-25. Among all states, Assam and Punjab have shown
the highest increase during the same period. However, the states of Uttar
Pradesh, Rajasthan, Odisha and Jharkhand have shown the lower age-compositional
effect on health spending.
as
people aged there has been observed the tendency to spend more and more money,
similarly states in India such as Tamil Nadu (13.6 percent), Himachal Pradesh (13.1 Percent),
Punjab (12.6 Percent) and Andhra Pradesh (12.4 percent) in 2021 has seen to be
spending the most of the health care expenditure, however in some cases, states
such as However, the states such as Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Odisha, Jharkhand
has shown greater amount of spending of health care spending on lower age
group.
In almost all of the states (except
Uttarakhand), the positive relationship between HE per-capita and age are
observed. The higher HE in older ages can be result of higher levels of
morbidity or higher percentage of treatment seeking behaviour.
3.3.1
Government Schemes for Elderly People
Government of India came up with
various schemes for the benefit for the elderly people such as for pension,
Mediclaim and so on.
3.3.2 National Programme for the
Health Care of Elderly (NPHCE)
Introduced in 2010,
this scheme concentrates on preventive as well as promotive care for the
maintenance of overall health. This program was launched to address the health
issues faced by seniors. The district-level objectives include providing
dedicated health facilities in district hospitals, community health centres
(CHC), primary health centres (PHC), and sub-centres (SC) levels through State
Health Society. These facilities maybe free or highly subsidized.
3.3.4
Senior citizen welfare fund
The Senior Citizen Welfare Fund
(SCWF) is a fund which provides financial support to the Below Poverty Line
(BPL) category senior citizens. It was introduced by the Government of India to
help senior citizens who do not have any means of livelihood. The SCWF was
instituted by the Finance Act, 2015. It came into effect on 18.03.2016.
The government observed that a large
corpus of funds was available in the various government savings schemes. The
funds fall under the category of inoperative accounts. Over time, the funds are
classified as ‘unclaimed deposits. The need was felt to channelize the funds
towards a useful purpose. At the same time, the need was felt to improve the
lives of senior citizens. Thus, the government introduced the SCWF to address
both the concerns. Unclaimed deposits invested with the government institutions
would be transferred to the SCWF. The funds available with the SCWF would be
used exclusively for helping senior citizens. The SCWF is an apex-level fund
which is managed by the Central Government. Senior citizens can make use of the
SCWF by availing of the various schemes launched under the fund.
3.3.5
Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana
It is a national
public health insurance fund of the Government
of India that aims to provide free access to health insurance coverage for
low income earners in the country. Roughly, the bottom 50% of the country
qualifies for this scheme. [2] People using the program access
their own primary care services from
a family doctor. When anyone needs additional care, then PM-JAY provides
free secondary
health care for those needing specialist treatment and tertiary
health care for those requiring hospitalization
3.3.6 Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme (IGNOAPS)
It was introduced in 1995 as part of
the National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP) to provide financial assistance
to the BPL elderly. The scheme was later transferred to the state in 2002–2003
for implementation with additional central financial assistance. The main
objective of this scheme is to provide social security to make older people
economically independent. The scheme covers the elderly age 60 and above who
have little or no regular means of subsistence either from their own source of
income or through financial support from family members or other sources. The
central government contributes INR 200 per month to beneficiaries who are aged
between 60 and 79, and INR 500 to those age 80 years and above. The state
government is advised to add the matching amount or more, and their
contribution varies. At present, old-age pension beneficiaries receive anywhere
between INR 200 to INR 2,500 per month depending on the amount granted by the
state. are some examples of the schemes.
3.3.7
Indira Gandhi National Widow Pension Scheme (IGNWPS)
The Indira Gandhi National Widow
Pension Scheme (IGNWPS) is implemented by the Ministry of Rural Development,
Government of India. The applicant should belong to a household falling below
the poverty line as per criteria prescribed by the Government of India. The
pension amount is INR 200 per month, and the state government is also urged to
provide the matching amount or more. The pension is credited into a post office
or public sector bank account of the beneficiary and is discontinued if the
widow remarries or moves above the poverty line.
3.3.8 Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act, 2007
It is a legislation, initiated by Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government of India[1] to provide more effective provision for maintenance and welfare of
parents and senior citizens. It makes it a legal obligation for children and
heirs to provide maintenance to senior citizens and parents, by monthly
allowance. It also provides simple, speedy and inexpensive mechanism for the
protection of life and property of the older persons. After being passed by the
Parliament of India, it received President's assent on December 29, 2007. This act provides an in-expensive and speedy procedure
to claim monthly maintenance for parents and senior citizens. This act casts
obligations on children to maintain their parents/grandparents and also the
relative of the senior citizens to maintain such senior citizens. The main
attraction of this act is there are provisions to protect the life and property
of such persons. This act also provides for the setting up of old age homes for
providing maintenance to the indigent senior citizens and parents. This Act
extends to the whole of India. The first case under the act was filed in
November 2011 by Siluvai (age 84) and his wife Arulammal (age 80) of Tuticorin against their son and daughter-in-law for neglect,
besides taking away their two homes and gold jewellery.
Conclusion
It is predicted that the
population of the elderly people in India will rise in a decade. A need of
change in the population structure is necessary. The percentage of elderly
women is more compared to elderly men, the population growth rate over a period
of 10 years compared to the general population has shown a huge change and has
shown signs of concern. The dependence ratio is projected to increase by
2021-31. The female old-age dependency ratio as compared to male is
significantly high in states like Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Himachal Pradesh and
Punjab in 2021. The literacy rate among both have increased but there is a huge
gender gap. The fertility rate has dropped down below 2.0 for the very first
time and as a result of this the population is shrinking. The drop is due to
the use of contraceptives, use of contraceptives for family planning has
increased from 47.8% to 56.5%. Health spending as percentage of GDP is quite
low in India, however, showing the increasing trends over the past. Health care
expenditure can be determined by the health status, socioeconomic factors and
demographic factors, cost of treatment, pharmaceutical, medical technology,
health insurance etc. Population ageing will encourage growth of future health
spending, though its effects are low. Age structural changes are widely varied
by sex, place of residence and in the diverse states of India. Therefore, with
the age structural transition, growing need and availability of support system
for greying population has a key role in policy for old aged people. Government
came up with various schemes and welfare act for elderly people. The ageing
population suffers from a variety of economic, social, and cultural problems.
Hence, the state needs to provide suitable institutional and other economic
support to address the socio-economic needs of the elderly.
Recommendation
As we have seen through this research
paper, population has been increasing at an alarming rate and its time for the
government to take some measures for the future, otherwise this ageing
phenomenon will greatly impact the country as we have already seen in other
countries such as china and japan, where most the economics burden has been
shifted on the younger population, and while this might not be bad in the short
term, this further means that people are prefereeing smaller families and the
tradition will continue, the government has to come up with a bigger budget for
the health care sector, so the Out of Pocket Expenditure(OOP) has to bee
reduced, as this has further pushed the poor into poverty, this will help the
younger population in lessening their burden and help the economy in the long
run
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Article Information
AGEING OF POPULATION
Authors: AARUSH SHRIKANT PATIL
- Journal IJLRA
- ISSN 2582-6433
- Published 2024/08/07
- Issue 7
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International Journal for Legal Research and Analysis
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