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A STUDY ON PUBLIC ATTITUDES AND STIGMATIZATION OF ACID ATTACK SURVIVORS
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A STUDY ON PUBLIC ATTITUDES AND
STIGMATIZATION OF ACID ATTACK SURVIVORS
AUTHORED BY
- PRIYA GARG & PRIYANSHI MODI
I.
ABSTRACT
The phenomenon of acid attacks
represents one of the most egregious forms of violence, often leaving survivors
with devastating physical and psychological scars. This paper delves into the public attitudes
and stigmatization surrounding acid attack survivors, shedding light on the
pervasive social dynamics that shape their lived experiences. Public attitudes
towards survivors are often influenced by cultural norms, media portrayals, and
prevailing stereotypes. Stigmatization of acid attack survivors manifests in
various forms, including social ostracization, employment discrimination, and
limited access to healthcare and support services. These barriers exacerbate
survivors trauma, hinder their recovery journey, and impede their reintegration
into society. Furthermore, the fear of stigma often deters survivors from
seeking justice or accessing necessary resources, perpetuating a cycle of
silence and invisibility. Thus, understanding the complexities of public
attitudes and stigmatization towards acid attack survivors is paramount in
fostering a more compassionate and inclusive society. By challenging stigma,
amplifying survivors voices, and advocating for systemic change, we can strive
towards creating a world where all individuals are valued, respected, and afforded
the dignity they deserve, irrespective of their past experiences.
II.
INTRODUCTION
Violence against
women as a form of patriarchal dominance manifests itself in a variety of ways,
including sexual abuse, dowry harassment, female infanticide, workplace sexual
harassment, and caste violence and several others. Even as women continue to strive
against these and other forms of assault, we face another heinous crime: acid
attacks. Acid attacks are not restricted to any caste, class, profession,
urban/rural region, or other similar categorization. As all other forms of
violence against women, acid attacks are typically carried out by men who know
the victim/survivor. The attacker could be a friend, co-worker, supervisor, or
spouse. Another distinguishing aspect is that these attacks are carried out
both in private and public places. Acid attacks are not a random or natural
occurrence, but rather a social phenomenon strongly ingrained in a patriarchal
gender structure that establishes control over women, justifying the use of
violence against them.
Acid
violence has been on the rise around the world. These attacks occur mostly
wherever patriarchy is dominant. We can see that this type of violence is
systemic, with the goal of silencing and controlling women, and that the body
is a target of violence. Such attacks have occurred majorly whenever a woman
has stood up to males and refused their diktats. An acid attack is the
intentional dumping of acid on a victim, generally on her face. It is a
horrible crime committed mostly against women. In addition to creating
psychological damage, acid attacks cause extreme agony, permanent deformity,
subsequent infections, and, in many cases, blindness in one or both eyes of the
victim.
III.
DEFINITION
OF “ACID” & “ACID ATTACK”
According to the
National Commission of India, an acid attack is defined as "any act of throwing
acid or using acid in any form on the victim with the intention of or with the
knowledge that such person is likely to cause to the other person permanent or
partial damage or deformity or disfiguration to any part of the body of such
person".
The
"Prevention of Offences (by Acids) Act 2008 (National Commission for Women
- Draft Bill)[1]
defines Acid Attacks and Acid.
Section
3 of the Act defines:
a)
"Acid" shall mean and
includes any substance which has the character of acidic or corrosive or
burning nature that is capable of causing bodily injuries leading to scars or
disfigurement or temporary or permanent disability.
b)
"Acid attack" means any act
of throwing acid or using acid in any form on the victim with the intent of or
with the knowledge that such person is likely to cause to the other person
Permanent or partial damage or deformity or disfiguration to any part of the
body of such person.
The
Indian Penal Code, 1860, by virtue of the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013,
under Explanation 1 of Section 326B[2],
defines acid to include:
"any
substance which has the acidic or corrosive character or burning nature,
capable of causing bodily injury leading to scars or disfigurement or temporary
or permanent disability".
IV.
HISTORY
Acid attack is a
crime that can be perpetrated against any male or woman in India, but it has a
distinct gender dimension. The majority of the acid attacks documented were
against women, particularly young ladies, for rejecting suitors, declining
marriage proposals, denying dowry, and so on. The perpetrator can't abide being
rejected, so he's attempting to damage the woman's body for daring to oppose
him. Thus, acid throwing is an exceptionally violent crime in which the
criminal intends to cause significant bodily and mental agony to his victim.
The victim of an acid attack has long-term consequences, including constant
torment, irreparable injury, and other challenges for her entire life. Victims
are often left feeling useless, afraid, and transformed, and their appearance
causes them to become social outcasts. This form of violence, as previously
indicated, is frequently driven by strong jealousy or vengeance towards a
woman. They may become too traumatised and embarrassed to leave their home and
perform basic duties, let alone marry, have children, find a job, or attend
school. Even if they want to live a regular life, there is no guarantee that
society will accept them after an attack.
Acid
attacks in India have been recorded since the early nineteenth century. One of
the earliest documented incidents occurred in 1967, when a woman named Sonali
Mukherjee from Jharkhand was attacked with acid by three men after rejecting
their advances. Mukherjee survived but was severely disfigured.
A
nationwide awareness and protests were sparked by the landmark case of Laxmi
Agarwal[3],
in the year 1999, a fifteen-year-old girl who was attacked. The fact that acid
attacks continue to occur in spite of awareness initiatives and legislation
measures shows how deeply ingrained gender-based violence is in Indian society.
In this case, multiple orders were passed to prevent acid attacks and
provide welfare to survivors. The Court was highly critical of the compensation
schemes at the time, noting the need for uniform, adequate and proportionate
compensation and mandated that a minimum of ? 3 lakhs should be paid to acid
attack survivors, within defined time periods. The amount should be given
irrespective of a perpetrator being found guilty. The Court designated the
District Legal Services Authorities as the body in charge of processing
applications for compensation, with the executive in charge of overseeing the
scheme. The Court also passed an order in the case requiring all hospitals,
public and private, to provide free treatment to acid attack survivors and
requires state governments to enforce the right to free healthcare at private
hospitals. The Court also issued an order in the case ordering all hospitals,
public and private, to give free treatment to acid attack survivors, as well as
state governments to enforce the right to free healthcare in private
institutions[4].
Following
the Laxmi judgement, the case of Parivartan Kendra v Union of India[5]
was brought up, concerning acid attacks against two Dalit sisters, the
injury was so severe that one of their expenses for treatment had already
crossed ? 5 lakhs. The Supreme Court ruled that the ? 3 lakh compensation
mandated in Laxmi was only a minimum. Governments should consider medical
expenses, social stigma, job prospects, and the extent of the injury while
determining the amount of the compensation.
In Nipun
Saxena v Union of India[6],
the Court was concerned with the dignity of victims of gendered violence
against women, prompting the Court to require all States and Union Territories
to apply a uniform programme established by NALSA as a minimum. The Karnataka
Victim Compensation Scheme gives a minimum compensation of Rs. 3 lakhs and
a maximum of Rs. 8 lakhs.
V.
CAUSES
OF ACID ATTACK
1.
A Society
Dominated by Men
Men
are not accustomed to hearing "no" since they were raised in a
culture where men have always ruled and governed women. In several of the
circumstances, a woman's disavowal has a profoundly negative impact on men, who
are expected to be the dominant gender in this society. This leads to men
reacting in a terrifying way, which in some cases results in acid attacks.
2.
The Cheap
and Easy Accessibility of Acids
Acids
are easily found on the market, which is one of the main causes of acid attack
incidents. It is easily obtained by people without requiring much effort from
pharmacies, outdoor markets etc. It is also frequently used by individuals as a
household cleaner. Therefore, it is easily accessible. Furthermore, it is
cheap, making it affordable to the average person.
3.
Domestic
Violence
One
of the main reasons why family members have been known to throw acid at weak
and browbeaten women is domestic violence. In our society where men rule, a woman's
refusal to do anything or her tendency to speak up has been interpreted as
rebellion and disobedience by her husband or his family, which has led to a lot
of painful and upsetting events. It might be connected to the bringing of the
dowry, infertility, disobedience, refusal to have sex, distrust, property
conflicts, arguments within the family, etc.
4.
Jealousy
among peers
Another
important component that has led to these tragic events is jealousy. Everyone
wants to outperform their peers in this cutthroat world and take the lead. It
could be in the service, commercial, or educational sectors. It is impossible
for one person to see another person moving quickly ahead of them. The fact
that situations like this have happened due to pure jealousy is a source of
shame and disgrace, and these tactics have been used to throw a wrench in the
well-established career of someone else.
5.
Retaliation
by Rejected and Rebuffed So-called Lovers
This
is one of the main reasons why acid is thrown at the victim. A man takes it
personally when a woman rejects his marriage proposal, in an attempt to exact
revenge, he teaches the woman a lesson by using acid on her. In just a few
moments, the perpetrator can satisfy their gruesome sense of revenge for the
victim's seeming denunciation by throwing acid on them. These individuals do
not understand that the lesson they are imparting is not temporary but
permanent, ruining the woman's appearance and negatively impacting her entire
life.
6.
Protecting
the Family's Honour
People
have resorted to such horrible acts to protect the honour of the family, and
they have used acid to prevent women from retaliating against the family's
established norms and traditions[7].
VI.
LAWS
RELATING TO ACID ATTACKS IN INDIA
There
are currently no laws in India that specifically govern acid attack cases.
Since acid attacks are not included by section 326 of the Indian Penal Code[8],
which deals with intentionally causing grievous hurt by dangerous weapons or
means, it was not as effective in dealing with this horrible crime. In order to
deal with the criminals, the Eighteenth Law Commission of India then proposed
additional sections 326A[9]
and 326B[10]
in the Indian Penal Code and section 114B in the Indian Evidence Act[11].
The narrow scope of section 326 does not allow it to adequately address the
problem of acid attacks because it excludes certain types of injuries, the act
of performing an acid attack, and the amount of the fine and punishment that
would be given to the offender.
In
the Indian Gazette dated April 2, 2013, the Union Ministry of Law and Justice
established the Criminal Law Amendment Act of 2013, which omitted
improvements and inserted section 100 of the Indian Penal Code[12]
within the chapter II, of amendment bill.
According
to Section 5 of the Criminal Law Amendment Bill 2013, Section 326A of the
Indian Penal Code was amended and provide the following punishment:
Anyone
who burns, disfigures, or causes grievous hurt to another person's body, or who
intentionally causes harm to another person by throwing acid on them or by
using any other method knowing that they are likely to cause harm, will be
punished with imprisonment of any kind for a term that cannot be less than 10
years but which may extend to imprisonment for life with fine.
According
to Section 326B of the Indian Penal Code, anyone who intentionally causes
permanent or partial damage, deformity, burns, disfigurement, disability, or
grievous hurt to another person through the use of acid, acid administration,
or any other means shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which shall
not be less than 5 years but may extend to 7 years and shall also be liable to
fine.
According
to Section 307 of the Indian Penal Code[13],
an individual who commits an act with the intent or knowledge of causing death,
he would be guilty for murder, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term
which may extend to 10 years as well as a fine, and If the act causes hurt to
any person, the offender should be liable for life imprisonment.
The
Sale, Supply, and Use of Acid were further restricted by the Prevention of Acid
Attacks and Rehabilitation of Acid Attack Victims Bill 2017, which mandated
that retailers keep a record of each customer's name, the amount of acid they
had bought, and the purpose of buying acid.
A
face deformity is considered a murder attempt since the victim loses their
normal skin, leaving a permanent mark that lasts a lifetime. Hence, the
severity of the act determines whether or not it should be classified as a
murder attempt. In India, the acid laws
are seriously assessed from a fundamental standpoint. The rules pertaining to
acid attacks should be modified, and victim survivors' perspectives should be
strengthened in order to impose severe penalties.
VII. PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT OF THE
TRAUMA
Analysing
the effects of acid attack on survivors' bodies, minds, and social and economic
stability is an essential initial step towards understanding the psychological
effects. The media and the legal system frequently highlight the immediate
physical effects of acid attacks, but most people are unaware of the extensive
long-term care that survivors need, which can involve intricate surgery and
protracted physical therapy programmes. Similarly, very little research
has been done on the psychological effects of acid attacks. Although violent
incidents can have a significant psychological impact, acid violence is
distinct from other forms of violent crime due to its more intense,
conspicuous, and gender-specific nature. In addition to the psychological
effects of the attack itself, survivors of acid attacks usually struggle to
adjust to their altered look, which sometimes elicits harsh reactions from the
public. As a result, survivors probably need professional long-term
psychosocial care. In contrast to their comprehension of the immediate physical
effects of acid attacks, the road a victim takes to reintegrate into society
after an attack is something that neither courts nor journalists have adequately
acknowledged. Survivors of attacks often find it challenging to resume their
previous social interactions with friends, family, and the public. Similarly,
getting married, working, or attending school are extremely difficult, and many
survivors wind up living their entire lives depending on others for care,
money, and food.
Additionally,
the psychological effects of acid attack are severe and varied, which is not
surprising given that many survivors have to live with physical scars or severe
face disfigurement. Living with injuries that frequently cause people to
respond in shock or even hostility pushes many survivors towards depression
and, in some cases, suicide and stress or mental disease may result from
memories of the assault.
Acid
attacks primarily affect mental health through feelings of identity loss,
trauma from betrayal, hopelessness, self-blame, social rejection, and cognitive
biases. The goal of an acid attack perpetrator is frequently not to kill the
victim. But to ruin their faces and force them into a life of suffering.
Because women are more focused on "beauty," victims of acid attacks
suffer significant identity harm. Because
their faith in people and those tasked with their protection was betrayed,
these victims also suffered from betrayal trauma. Another common characteristic
that acid attack victims exhibit is hopelessness. This pessimism frequently
relates to different facets of life's future like getting married, changing
careers, and going back to school[14].
The
victims experience frequent rejection in social situations and on job
interviews, which makes them hopeless. Additionally, a lot of these victims
express feelings of guilt and self-blame. The victims' social marginalisation
is another effect of the acid attack. As a result of this exclusion, mental
health problems are also rising. A common source of social exclusion is the
media's and literature's frequent portrayal of disfigured and unattractive
people as wicked and beauty as having beneficial attributes. Acid attack victims
are frequently socially excluded, which is also caused by stigma and a fear of
criminality.
Acid
attack criminals typically target the face, for obvious reasons: the face is
closely related to a person's identity and societal views of attractiveness. This
can have significant psychological and societal consequences. Thus, by creating
face deformity, perpetrators want to inflict not just physical pain, but also a
lifetime of emotional and psychological distress. The majority of acid attack
survivors suffer permanent scars. Although surgery can help cure the damage
caused by acid, no amount of surgery or treatment will completely 'erase' a
survivor's physical or psychological traumas. For many survivors, accepting the
permanent nature of their disfigurement can result in thoughts of self-hatred,
worthlessness, and shame. Many people have significant self-consciousness about
their looks, which gets worse by adverse remarks from others they interact
with. Some acid attack survivors live a withdrawn and socially isolated life
because they want to avoid such responses and are afraid of confronting the
outside world. The overall consequence of such extreme psychological suffering
leads many survivors to commit suicide.
Mental
illness, anxiety, and shock are all typical outcomes of an acid attack. In the
early aftermath of an attack, survivors are likely to experience sleeplessness,
nightmares, flashbacks, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and shock. Many
survivors struggle with suicidal thoughts as they try to cope with what has
occurred to them. The long-term consequences include anxiety, fluctuations in
mood, sadness, fear of repeat attacks, sudden emotions of shame or guilt, and
an urge to reflect on the causes of the assault. Many survivors require regular
therapy to address the physiological effects of an attack[15].
When
acid attacks happen as a form of domestic violence, the psychological effects
are very traumatic. The majority of survivors are women, and often spouses are
responsible for the attacks. As a result, a survivor is likely to encounter her
attacker daily and live in fear of future attacks. Thus, acid attack survivors
are consequently highly prone to serious psychological effects that require
long-term care.
VIII. PUBLIC ATTITUDES AND STIGMATIZATION OF ACID ATTACK
SURVIVORS
Public views and
stigmatization of acid attack survivors reflect a terrible reality that goes
far beyond the physical wounds caused by these horrific crimes. These survivors
face not only the excruciating sorrow caused by corrosive toxins but also the
ongoing burden of societal prejudice and discrimination. The persistent stigma
associated with their deformity frequently serves as an insidious hurdle,
hampering their capacity to reintegrate into society and lead happy and fulfilling
lives.
In
numerous societies, rumours and misinformation contribute to the stigmatization
of acid attack survivors. Deep-seated views about beauty, and physical
appearance, influence social norms, resulting in an atmosphere in which people
who differ from the perceived ideal are at risk of exclusion and
marginalization. Acid attack survivors, with their prominent wounds and altered
looks, are the unfortunate victims of this stereotype. Misconceptions abound,
with some wrongfully directing blame to the survivor, assuming that they
somehow initiated the attack or deserved their fate. Such views demonstrate a
deep lack of understanding and empathy, increasing the victim-blaming cycle and
reinforcing the survivor's emotions of isolation and worthlessness.
Many
survivors face lifetime social and economic impacts in addition to the
long-term effects of physical and psychological trauma. Negative or
unsympathetic behaviour toward the survivor by family or community members can
lead to the loss of familial bonds as well as it can lead to a sense of
distance from friends and neighbours, worsening the survivor's feeling of
loneliness. For some, the loss of familial support translates into a loss of
economic stability, and many survivors are left with little emotional,
financial, or social support in the aftermath of an attack. At the same time,
many survivors continue to struggle to obtain suitable jobs. Employers
discriminate survivors based on their deformities and hardly hire them
regardless of their credentials, particularly in service sectors[16].
The
survivor is likely to find herself confined in a cycle of poverty and
depression. Requiring the government to support survivors with social and
economic stability is thus one of the most essential and urgent duties. While
the government may already give some medical help to survivors and may even
seek to provide psychological counselling in a few states, it hardly provides
any kind of social or economic aid. As a result, many survivors experience
feelings of abandonment and confusion.
Some
family members may be embarrassed or disgusted by the survivor's disfigured
look, or they may blame the survivor for the attack. Additionally, many
survivors face rejection or violence from their families.
Unmarried
women's disfigurement as a result of an acid attack diminishes their chances of
marrying and having children, but survivors who were married at the time of
their attack are more likely to be abandoned by their spouses and may lose
touch with their children. Being alone could result in disastrous financial
consequences in a world where many women depend upon their partners' to provide
all of their needs. Without a financially capable and willing family to assist
them, many acid attack survivors are forced to seek jobs.
Women
whose spouses have attacked are less likely to complain about him to the police
for the same reasons. Fear of social humiliation, fear of retribution, economic
dependency, or disbelief in the criminal justice system leads many wives to
conceal their abuse from authorities, therefore shielding their husbands from
punishment.
A
fear of shame and rejection separates the survivors from the world around them,
making it difficult for survivors to socialize and establish new relationships.
Some survivors find being seen in public uncomfortable. They are afraid they
will be glared at, mocked, or abused, or that they will be blamed for the
attack.
As
a result, many survivors are confined to their houses, where they spend years
or sometimes their whole lives hidden from the public eye. Survivor Laxmi
describes staying inside for eight years after an acid attack by a rejected
material suitor in 2005, which left her suffering from severe face damage. Withdrawing from society has the obvious effect of significantly
reducing the survivor's possibilities for relationships, marriage, education,
and jobs consequently ruining the victim’s life[17].
IX.
POST
TRAUMATIC REHABILITATION
The use of both the
phrases "victims" and "survivors" is not due to
misunderstanding, but rather a conscious effort to shed emphasis on a critical
issue regarding the mental health of these victims. The term 'victim' is
frequently used in scientific literature along with in legal contexts. The term
"survivor," which is more active, has gained popularity over time.
However, it is essential to emphasize that few terminologies are possibilities
for describing the persons' victimization and rehabilitation experiences. Both
words have merits and demerits. Forcing a victim to feel like a survivor denies
them enough time to process their pain.
Reminding
a survivor of their traumatic experiences regularly hampers the process of
healing. It is important to note that these expressions regularly identify and
shape their identities. People occasionally forget that the primary objective
of these terms is to express their experiences. As opposed to establishing
their entire identity on a single experience. The initial step in
rehabilitation for these patients is to provide them with immediate first aid
and medical assistance. In addition, informative social support, such as
knowledge regarding physical and mental health specialists, legal procedures,
laws, and compensation schemes, is critical to their recovery. Emotional
support plays a key role in their capacity to restore their mental health. They
obtained it from family, friends, or the entire community.
Researchers
observed that victims' who had a positive attitude toward life did better in
their recovery. Finally, it is critical to mention that there is a lack of
mental health experts who deal with the psychological issues of acid attack
survivors. However, experts recommend conducting further studies to see whether
therapies such as Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Cognitive Behaviour
Therapy are effective in treating acid attack victims. Often, the recovery of
acid attack victims is partial. However, implementing these variables may help
them recover. They may be able to focus more on their everyday tasks.
Mutual
support and self-help can be effective forms of treatment for survivors.
Providing a forum for survivors to share their experiences, such as self-help
groups designed specifically for acid attack survivors, can be a helpful source
of assistance and guidance for dealing with their looks or social concerns.
The
victim should be given the opportunity and confidence to discuss her
experience, and therapy should be compassionate and non-judgmental. Counsellors
are also advised to offer the survivor information on hospital processes and
medical examinations, as well as to guide her in making informed treatment
decisions[18].
X.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Acid attacks are the most harmful
type of violence that has been reported and which are mostly directed towards
particular genders. Although, there are reports of acid assaults worldwide,
there has been an increase in these instances in India. Even if there have been
various legal amendments that have been introduced in the acid attack
legislation's, there is still much work to be done before these provisions can
be implemented properly. Though it is accepted that once new legislation is
established, it takes time to settle and is later refined by the dynamism of
the judiciary, some of the initial shortcomings must be rectified.
The abuse of victims of acid attacks
continues long after the offence is committed and ends when the legal process
is completed. Victimization escalates as a result of the media's insensitivity
and society at large. An insufficient legal structure is unable to offer these
unfortunate individuals adequate redress and rehabilitation.
So, here are some of the key
recommendations that can help the survivors in their rehabilitation process:
1. The judiciary should emphasise on providing
survivors with the long-term care they need in order to ensure their physical
rehabilitation. Among the most crucial and costly components of rehabilitation
is surgery, and any money granted to the survivor will probably be used for
this kind of care. Awards of compensation must be enough to meet all of a
survivor's long-term medical expenses, such as surgery and physical treatment.
2. The legal system must ensure that each victim of
an acid attack receives a specific programme for counselling or psychological
therapy. The kind, duration, and cost of such treatment should all be
considered in the compensation.
3. The courts should consider the aftermath of acid
violence as an interrelated web of physical, psychological, social, and
financial consequences that necessitates a comprehensive interconnected
treatment plan. Justice cannot be served until all the effects of acid violence
are acknowledged and addressed.
4. Education and Awareness: Promote initiatives for
increasing awareness of acid attacks and fighting stigmatizing attitudes.
5. Legal Reforms: Propose legislative modifications
to strengthen acid attack survivors' rights and improve access to justice.
6. Society may de-stigmatize acid assaults, which
should be recognised as other horrible types of gender-based violence that
evoke strong reactions.
7. Educational institutions, research laboratories,
hospitals, government departments, and departments of public sector
undertakings that are needed to preserve and store acid/corrosive must keep a
record of acid utilization and file it with the SDM.
8. Some checkpoints must be implemented in the
aforementioned areas because acid has been handled from these areas. The
government should apply a harsh sentence and shorten the trial procedure
because the majority of the accused in India takes advantage of the lengthy
trial process.
9. There is a need to establish reconciliation
between the perpetrator and the victim to provide an effective and complete
solution.
[1] The Prevention of Offences (by
Acids) Act, 2008, § 3, Acts of Parliament, 2008 (India)
[3] Laxmi Agarwal v. Union of India,
(2014) 4 SCC 427
[4] Mihir Rajamane, Acid Attack
Survivors: Implementing Their Right to Dignity, Centre for policy and research,
April 10, 2024, https://clpr.org.in/blog/acid-attack-survivors
implementing-their-right-to-dignity/
[5] Parivartan Kendra v. Union of
India, MANU 2015 SC 1399.
[7] Legal service
India,https://www.legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-5989-a-brief-analysis-of-acid-attacks-on-women-in-india.html
(last visited April 10, 2024)
[8] The Indian Penal Code, 1860, §
326, No. 45, Acts of Parliament, 1860 (India)
[9] The Indian Penal Code, 1860, §
326A, No. 45, Acts of Parliament, 1860 (India)
[10] The Indian Penal Code, 1860, §
326B, No. 45, Acts of Parliament, 1860 (India)
[11] The Indian Evidence Act, 1872, §
114B, No. 1, Acts of Parliament, 1872 (India)
[12] The Indian Penal Code, 1860, §
100, No. 45, Acts of Parliament, 1860 (India)
[14] Shalini Mittal, Tushar Singh,
Sunil K. Verma, Exploring the trauma of acid attack victims: a qualitative
enquiry, 88 WSIF 1, 2-6 (2021)
[15] Psychologs, https://www.psychologs.com/psychological-impact-on-acid-attack/ (last visited April 10, 2024)
[16] Law
Bhoomi,https://lawbhoomi.com/article-on-acid attack/#Laws_relating_to_acid_attacks_in_India
(last visited April 10, 2024)
[17] KERRY MCBROOM AND SALINA WILSON,
BURNING INJUSTICE 16-20
(Human
Rights Law Network 2014).
[18] Ayush Jha & Simona Sahira
Waheed, A Resorative Justice Model for
Rehabilitation of acid attack survivors, 2 DELHI JOURNAL OF
CONTEMPORARY LAW 70, 71-75
Article Information
A STUDY ON PUBLIC ATTITUDES AND STIGMATIZATION OF ACID ATTACK SURVIVORS
Authors: PRIYA GARG, PRIYANSHI MODI
- Journal IJLRA
- ISSN 2582-6433
- Published 2024/05/06
- Issue 7
About Journal
International Journal for Legal Research and Analysis
- Abbreviation IJLRA
- ISSN 2582-6433
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