Open Access Research Article
A CRITICALLY ANALYSES OF MOB CRIME WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO INDIA BY: K. HARIPRASANTH
Published Paper
Article Details
A CRITICALLY ANALYSES OF MOB CRIME WITH SPECIAL
REFERENCE TO INDIA
AUTHORED BY:
K. HARIPRASANTH
LLM 2ND
YEAR International law and justice Government Law College –Madurai
Dr. Ambedkar
Law University Tamilnadu
Abstract:
In this article discussed about what is mob lynch and definition of mob lynch and historical background types of mob lynch and what are the causes mob lynch and what
are the impacts and consequences created after the mob lynch, penal provisions related mob lynching in India, International laws connected with mob lynch,
Indian case laws related mob lynch court directions, solutions related mob lynching
and conclusion and suggestion.
INTRODUCTION:
There is nothing more foolish,
nothing more given to outrage
than a useless mob.
– Herodotus
In INDIA the world’s largest democracy country, more than 140 crore
people living approximately, our country has religious, communities, caste, race, cultural
related issues are heated matter compared to other country’s lots of
innocent peoples life’s and their
properties are destroyed by mob, vandalism acts are not permissible in our country, our country was followed ahimsa
in but in recent days
the mob lynching incidents happened so we can discuss about the mob
lynching under this article.
DEFINITION OF MOB LYNCHING:
Mob lynching is a form of violence in which a mob, under the pretext of administering justice without trial, executes a presumed offender,
often after inflicting torture
and corporal manipulation. The term lynch law refers
to a self – constituted court that imposes
sentence on a person without
due process of law.[1]
It is an illegally authorized way of punishing somebody by an informal
group. It is most often also
referred as informal public executions by a mob who wish to punish an alleged transgressor, or to
intimidate a group.
Such incidents are egregious manifestations of prejudice, intolerance, and contempt towards the rule of law.
1.1.Mob lynch history:
The word "lynch" would take on its definition of death by
public hanging over time. As the United
States expanded westward,
historians Eric Foner
and John A. Garrity
note in The Reader's Companion to
American History, lynching became a
common occurrence in reaction to criminal behavior. Foner and Garrity note that in the pre-Civil War era, the most common victims of lynching were gamblers, horse
thieves and opponents
of slavery.
In the 1880s, after the end of Reconstruction, the primary victims were
Southern blacks (though Native
Americans, Jews, Asians, and European immigrants have also been lynched).
One of the most brutal cases of lynching occurred in 1899, when Sam Hose
was killed by hundreds of people in Coweta County,
Ga. Hose, a 21-year-old farmhand, was accused of killing his
employer and raping his employer's wife. An angry mob
of hundreds of people chained Hose to a tree and cut off his ears, fingers and genitals while many others watched.
A lynching is the public killing of an individual who has not received
any due process. These
executions were often carried out by lawless
mobs, though police
officers did participate, under the
pretext of justice.
Lynching’s were violent public acts that white people used to terrorize
and control Black
people in the 19th and 20th centuries, particularly in the South. Lynching’s typically evoke images of Black men and women hanging from
trees, but they involved other
extreme brutality, such as torture, mutilation, decapitation, and desecration. Some victims were
burned alive.
A typical lynching
involved a criminal
accusation, an arrest,
and the assembly
of a mob, followed by seizure, physical
torment, and murder of the victim.
Lynching’s were often public spectacles attended by the white community
in celebration of white supremacy. Photos of lynching’s were often sold as souvenir
postcards.[3]
1.2.Difference
between riot and mob:
Mobs are crowds in which members are quick to take action and engage in behavior and the peoples are engaged
suddenly in violent act but riots are knowing
do their intention to do the act and wilfully do the act. Mob lynching sudden act compared to riot, riots have
larger numbers of people and often last longer than mobs.
1.3.Types of Mob Lynching:
1.
Communal Based
2.
Witch Craft
3.
Honor Killing
4.
Bovine- Related Mob lynching
5.
Suspicion of Child Lifting
6.
Theft Cases
What are the causes of Mob lynching? Mob Psychology:
People’s mindset
fear of being punished when they act in groups as it’s harder to identify real
culprits. Further, there is dispersion of responsibility and guilt unlike in individual
action and they are forgotten their duty.
Political Patronage:
In the competitive electoral
politics, the culture of political mobilization based on social faultiness for
polarization of electorate into vote banks and use of violence for garnering support
and intimidating opponents, has gained strength.
Few elected representatives also
sometimes come out in open defence of the attackers.
Administrative Failure:
Given the state of the police and
judiciary in the country, there is a wide- ranging perception that ‘culprits’ go unpunished, and that there is a chance that the accused in heinous crimes like
rape, child lifting and cow-slaughter will go
scot-free. Vigilantism is a consequence of this basic failure of the
government in providing justice.
A recent report by Delhi-based NGO Common Cause and CSDS mentioned that,
“35% of police personnel interviewed for the survey think it is natural
for a mob to punish the “culprit” in cases of cow slaughter, and 43% think it is natural for a mob to
punish someone accused of rape.”
Rumors’ on social
media:
Misleading information, false information and fake propagandas spread through platforms like Facebook, WhatsApp. E.g. recent rumor’s
regarding child lifters have incited many impulsive and
unplanned acts of violence across the country and loss of innocent’s life.
Societal factors:
The people’s point of view ‘instant’
justice is immensely popular. Further, the sociopolitical framework of the country involves
people with deep belief and mistrust, prejudices and biases based on caste,
religion etc.
No database to analyze trends:
As per Ministry of Home Affairs there
is no record keeping on public lynching.
Thus, making it difficult to draw conclusions and possible solutions to the problem. Further,
in the recently released NCRB report for the year 2017, the data
collected under the sub-heads of mob lynching, killed ordered by Khap Panchayat
and murder committed for religious reasons has been omitted.
Cattle Protection Laws:
In certain state laws, there is a
shifting of burden of proof on victims and consequently
a presumption of guilt, which leads to filing of cases against the victims
only. It leads to criminalization some professions such as that of transporters, butchers, leather workers, and during the process itself
ends up being
the punishment in most cases in some cases they have been waiting so
long in prison at the trial ends their life also spoiled.
Biases:
Mob
lynching is a hate crime and it is rising due to the biases or prejudices among various race, caste,
classes of people, cultural and religions.
Lack of speedy justice:
In efficient working of justice rendering authorities is the primary reason,
lack of appointments in
judiciary Law commission report recommending 50 judges per million, present judge population in the country works out
approximately 21 judges for million, people take law into their own hands and
have no fear of the consequences.
The inefficiency of police administration:
An inefficient investigation and lack
of trust in the legal process is one of the reason promotes
people to take matters in their
own hands.
Impact of Mob Lynching In India:
Mob lynching are not affected the
innocent lives only and their families also burden
deeply and it will impact the society as a whole and it will create fear among themselves.
Khap panchyats:
Khap
panchyats are origin in india in from olden days. They are formally distinct
from the lawfully elected village panchyats and their rulings have no
legal sanctity in the eyes of the court.khaps are most prevelant in the jat community of Haryana
and western Up. Khap is all male organization and its leaders are unelected
but based on their societal clout.
Khap panchayats functioning as a extra constitutional authorities, often delivering pronouncements amounting to human rights violations. They have been linked to honour killings;
forced marriages; female feticide; and whimsical ways of delivering justice. The decision to
excommunicate the families results in torture
and humiliation.[4]
Disrupts unity in diversity
INDIA claims to be the country
with the motto “unity in diversity”, here different religions, castes, and cultures can
reside peacefully. In recent incidents shows
lack of tolerance between peoples and it lacks unity in diversity. This
shows a lack of conscience in the
group of people who participated, even those who supported these mobs.
Fear environment:
The
rise in mob lynching cases
creates an fear circumstances between
peoples ex: river disputes or political motivation blocks
roads and language
related issues and blockage of roads creating fear environment.
Loss of human life:
There is also a famous quote justice
hurried, justice buried. life gifted by god the that no one can take others life immediately without following
rule of law, recently the death
punishment is also abolished some countries , United nations conventions abolished death penalty,
without threat of life is one of the basic human
rights.
Infringes rule of law:
The
people think itself
and give punishment for immediate justice
for the affected
person, it creates the laws in to their hands its violation of natural
justice to the accused, communal
violence and riots are the extreme of the moblynching. It creates mistrust of judiciary and
immatured society the people can triggered emotionally and punished wrong
person the government not given compensation to loss of innocent lifes family the family may be depends on
that person its against rule of law.
Economic impact:
Mob
lynching creates fear among the peoples it will leads to transfer
the business into another type cow slaughters and cow
transporters are feared by cowgundas it
will affected their persons life and economy, not only affect the individuals family
indias worlds 5th
ranking cow meat export and 1.3million dollars[5].
The laws governing cattle slaughter
in india vary from state to state. “The preservation,
protection and improvementof stock and prevention of animal diseases, veterinary training and
practice” is entry 15 of the state list of the
seventh schedule of the constitution, meaning state legislatures have
exclusive power to legislate the prevention
of slaughter and preservation of cattle.
Impact of migration
patterns:
Forced migration or displacement
refers to the “ movement of person who have been
forced or obliged to flee or to leave their homes or places of habitual residence, in particular as a result of or
in order to avoid the effects of armed conflict,
situations of generalized violence, violations of human rights or natural or human made disasters”.[6] The United Nations Guiding
principles on internal displacement,
an Internally Displaced person (IDP), are “persons or group of persons
who have been forced or obliged to flee or to leave their homes or places
of habitual residence, in particular as a result of or in order to avoid
the armed conflict, situations of
generalized violence, violations of human rights or natural or man-made disasters, who have not crossed an internationally recognized state border.[7] In
India the innocents
affected by the mob
lynch they loss their property
can move on another area to live peacefully to rest of the life but its not willful movement of the person or their family
today onwards there is no proper data on internally displaced person on government of India.
Damages to property:
In
mob lynching time innocent person’s
property and public property are destroyed
by mob or stealing the property that persons it will lead to derogate their lives and their family. In our
nation property is not a fundamental right but
it’s a constitutional right under
article 300A.[8] There is no proper
compensation to the person it will deprive their live.
Public properties are not insured properly then it will burden
to the government.
Mob lynching incidents
in India :
Kerala mob lynch
February 2018, Madhu(30) was an
tribal person attapady he had suufered mental
illness and had preferred to saty aloof in the forest. Madhu captured
from the forest and branded him a
thief. He was tied, beaten and handover to the police. But he was died soon in police custody.
Another brutal lynching the bihar
named rajesh manjhi (37) labourer was beaten
to death by gang of men in may13 2023.
He was accused by theft
and their hands
tied and beaten by mob.[9]
Maharashtra:
Mob lynching incidents are reported
in maharastras nashik district, killing two and
prompting the arrestof over 20 suspects. The incident took place on july24 2023 they
were interecepted by a mob suspicion
of smuggling beef.[10]
West Bengal Lynching Case (June 26, 2017, Durgapur): On Saturday, barely two days before Eid, three Muslim youth
were lynched in Durgapur village,
West Bengal, by a mob of cow vigilantes over suspicion
of cow theft.
Guwahati Lynching Case : A mob allegedly lynched two men in Nagaon district of Assam, after they were suspected to be
cattle thieves. This was the first case of gau rakshaks going to
such extremes in the state.
Harpur Lynching Case: Qasim (45) and Shamiuddin (65) were thrashed
by a mob on
rumours of their involvement into cow slaughter. The incident hogged headlines when a video showing both lying
in a pool of blood and men from the mob shouting
at them for facing the punishment
for attempting cow slaughter.
Junaid Lynching Case: Naresh Rakh, the accused
arrested for the murder of 16- year old Junaid Khan, told the police
in his statement that he attacked Junaid
and others with a knife
after they had hit him with a belt and he had started bleeding. He further said that he had thrown the
murder weapon into a pond in his village at
Jataula, Haryana. Rakh works as a guard at the National Museum.
Alwar Lynching Case: Man
lynched to death on suspicion
of being cow smuggler.
In a shocking incident, another lynching has
been reported from Ramgarh in Alwar
district of Rajasthan. The lynching was done on suspicion of cow smuggling and comes a year after Pehlu Khan
was lynched by gau rakshaks in the district. Pehlu Khan died later and the incident
caused massive stir nationwide.
Dhule Lynching Case: Mob violence
fanned by child-abduction rumors on
social media snuffed out five lives in Dhule district, adding to the new
wave of lynchings across
the country. The police have detained 15 people for their alleged
role in the crime. A bustling weekly market at Reinpada, a cluster of tribal hamlets
with a population of 2,500, turned into a killing field after angry
locals chased seven people mistaking them for
child-lifters.[11]
Analysis of
publicly available data shows that Muslims were the target of 51 percent of mob violence centering on cow
vigilantism between 2010 and 2017. Of
the 28 persons killed in 63 incidents of cow vigilantism in this period, 24 (or 86 percent) were Muslims. More than half
(52 percent) of these attacks were triggered
by rumours. These attacks include mob violence, attacks by vigilantes, murder, harassment and assault; and the
victims primarily belong to minorities and
the socially backward classes
and castes.[12]
The
news paper reports
are showing the moblynch majorly
impact the middleclass and minority peoples
sc, sts peoples. This peoples
are easily affected
by the moblynch the also cant approach the court easily because of their situation, political parties rising
questions but their truly supporting these peoples are questionable one.
What are the statutes
to control the mob lynch in India:
In
India there is no proper
laws relating to mob lynch but Home minister replied in loksabha
the new criminal laws, the government hasincluded a provision for the death
penalty for those committing the crime moblynching.[13]
The bharatiya nyaya sanhita 2023- penal code
section 103 punishment for murder:
1)
Whoever commits murder shall be punished with death or imprisonment for life, and shall also liable to fine.
2)
When a group of five or more persons
acting in concert
commits murder on the ground of race, caste or community, sex,
place of birth language, personal belief or
any other similar ground each member of such group shall be punished with death or
with imprisonment for life, and shall be liable to fine.
Section 105 Punishment for culpable homicide
not amounting to murder.
Whoever commits culpable homicide
not amounting to murder, shall be punished
with imprisonment for life, or imprisonment of either description for a
team which shall not be less than
five years, but which may extend to ten years, and shall also be liable to fine, if the act by which
the death is caused is done with the intention causing death, or of causing
bodily injury as is likely to cause death; or
with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to ten years and
with the fine, if the act is done with the knowledge that it is likely to cause death,
but without intention
to cause death,
or to cause such bodily injury is likely to cause death.
The provisions include the moblynch related
punishments, the act came into force on july1 2024 based on the ministry
of home affairs
official notification.
Indian penal code:
1)
Under
Section 304 of the Indian Penal Code for culpable homicide not amounting to murder.
2)
Under
Section 307 of the Indian Penal Code for the offence of attempt to murder.
3)
Under Section
323 of the Indian Penal Code for causing voluntary
hurt.
4)
Under Section
325 of the Indian Penal Code for causing grievous
hurt.
Due
to the involvement of more than one person in the commission of the offence
of lynching, the following provisions of the Indian Penal Code are also attracted.
1. Section 34 of the
Indian Penal Code
According to this section
when a criminal act is done by several persons
in regard to a common intention, each of such
persons is liable for that act in the same manner as if it were done by
him alone[2].
2. Section 147 of the Indian Penal Code
This Section provides the punishment
for the offence of ‘rioting' as specified in
section 146 of the code.
3. Section 149 of the Indian Penal Code-
This section identifies every member
of an unlawful assembly to be guilty of an offence
committed in the prosecution of a common object if the members of that assembly
knew to be likely to be committed in prosecution of that object.[14]
4. Moblyching victim compensation scheme:
Madya Pradesh government approved the
Mob lynching victim compensation scheme
2023 has been laidout under supreme court guidelines for relief and rehabilitation of such victims and their dependents.
It describes ‘mob lynching ‘as
“causing harm to any person or persons by mob
of five or more person or persons by a mob of five persons on grounds of religion, caste,
sex, place of birth,
language, foodhabits, sexual orientation, political
affiliation, ethnicity or other such ground or grounds or involves any act or series of acts of violence intended to cause
injury. The family of victim killed by mob willget a compensation of Rs10lakh, Those injured will get Rs 4lakh to Rs 6lakh.[15]
The Delhi victims compensation scheme 2018 has been amended to cover people
affected by moblynching incidents, in consonance ith a recent
overhaul of decades – old criminal
law by the centre, Delhi government exercising the power under
sec 357A of the
Crpc.[16]
Karantaka government also amended
victim compensation scheme 2011 and moblynch victims also covered under the scheme.[17]
The “Tripura Lynching/Mob Violence Victim Compensation Scheme” was launched
by the Home Department, Government of Tripura on 14th August
2018 for providing
fund for the purpose of compensation to the victim or his dependents who have suffered
loss or injury as a result of lynching/mob violence
and who require rehabilitation. This scheme was formulated in pursuance
of the order issued by the Hon'ble
Supreme Court on 17.07.2018 in disposing of Writ Petition (Civil) No.754 of 2016[18].
5. International Laws to deal with Moblynching:
There is no specific international
treaty or conventions to moblynching, but several
international laws and human rights provide protection against heinous crime.
UDHR article-3 Every one has the
right to life, liberty and security of person.
Moblynching violates the fundamental right and security of person so
it’s a violation of international human rights law.
International covenant on civil and Political
Rights
The international covenant on civil
political rights is a legally binding treaty that sets out the civil and political rights that are protected
under international law. Article 6 every human being has the inherent
right to life. And that this right shall be protected by law.
Article 7of the ICCPR prohibits torture
and cruel, inhuman,
or degrading treatment
or punishment. Moblynching, which stimulates the vandalism to violence
and intimidation to cause harm to an individual, violates both of these provision
of the ICCPR.
Convention against Torture
and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading
Treatment or Punishment:
The
Convention against Torture
and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CAT) is an
international treaty that prohibits the use of torture
and other forms of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment
or punishment. The CAT defines
torture as “any act by which severe
pain or suffering, whether
physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person.”
Mob lynching, which involves
the intentional infliction of pain and suffering, can be considered a form of torture and is therefore prohibited under
the CAT. India is one of the country
signed but the treaty still not ratified.
International Convention on the Elimination of All
Forms of Racial Discrimination:
The
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
(ICERD) is an international treaty that prohibits all forms of discrimination based on race, religious,
culture, ethnicity, or national origin. Article 5 of the ICERD requires
states to prohibit
and eliminate racial discrimination and to ensure that all individuals are protected from racial violence
or incitement to racial violence. Mob lynching, which often targets
individuals based on their race or religion, is a clear violation of the ICERD.
Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court:
The Rome Statute of the International
Criminal Court (ICC) is an international treaty
that establishes the ICC, a permanent international criminal court that has jurisdiction over individuals who commit genocide,
crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime
of aggression. Mob lynching can constitute a crime against
humanity, which is defined in the Rome Statute as a serious attack on a
civilian population that involves
widespread or systematic acts of violence. Individuals who are responsible for mob lynching
can be held accountable under the ICC.
6. Moblynching related caselaws
in india:
Sakthi vahini v Uoi
The Supreme court of India has
declared khap panchayats to be illegal because
they often decree
or encourage honor killings
or other atrocities.
The supreme court given directions to
police to control the khap panchayat to give
punishments to people honor killing and other
brutal crimes. The Hon’ble Supreme Court also observed
and laid down that the state does not recognize
any informal organization or institution to deliver justice
and any order
that is not accepted
blindly.
Tehseen S Poonawala v Union OF India (2018) 9 SCC 501
The
Supreme Court give a Judgment
that private person who is not any public officer
or authorized person by authority cannot take law into
their hands.
Every person should bring up their duty and follow the command of law which
maintain the balance in society.
Also
the courts issue orders for appointment of officers nodal
and also for the patrolling on highways.
State government should have responsible for the act or incidents
held in their jurisdiction
so they can manage by their
own.
Preventive measures:
The state government appointed in
each district a officer who is not below the
supretendent of police and these nodal officers can be helped by one of
the Dsp rank officers and for prevent the rising cases of moblynching and honor killing.The reports of such crimes were
got the intelligence by special task force
who involve in controversial kinds of speech in public or provocative
speeches that can included in these kind of
violence.
Remedial measures:
FIR should be lodged in many kind of
case related to moblynching and initially give notice to the nodal officer
of that Jurisdiction, hen nodal officer
got the notice
then he must have start the investigation by himself also charge sheet
will be mentioned in specific period.
some provisions of crpc like section 357A compensation
provided to victims of the family. Speedy trial should be done in fast track court for speedy justice.
Punitive measures:
If any officers as nodal officer or police officer in not complete
or fulfill their duty or to solve
the case or by any kind of investing issue failed due to negligence of that officer
so the department should be taken action
against them and may be suspend
them from their post.
National federation of Indian
women PIL filed about what are the measures taken preventive moblynching and honor killing.
Supreme Court asks the central
government and 6 other states for response.
The
PIL Moblynch case is still
pending in the supreme court .
7. Solutions:
Creating awareness
The
peoples are lack of awareness
about the laws and their consequences government of central and state government
must take proper awareness about the moblynching incident’s and improve
their life’s with safe and security Indian
constitution article-21 No person shall be deprived of his life or
personal liberty except according to procedure established by law.
Police administration and Judicial trustness
The people are lack of trust in that
time they can take their justice in to their hands, improve
the judiciary administration it will improve
the people can easily access,
central government enacted new criminal laws so they included
moblynching is punishable offence,
state government must follow the teheseenpoonawalas guidelines and implementing moblynching victim compensation scheme.
Create the law and order and crime
investigation police it will reduce the burden
of the police improve their mental
ability
Political perspective:
Compared to other people political
person creating enmity between two groups, hate speech,
the people think their right but political
persons have more responsible
especially the ruling party members speak hate speech, they can follow the divide and rule policy it will
affect the innocents life and property. Create
the fast track courts hate speech and enmity between two groups related case matters.
Regulating Social media
There is no proper regulating authority, they are self-regulated and 2023 parliament amended the information
Technology(intermediary guidelines and Digital Media and Ethics code)Rules 2021it gives power to ministry
of electronics and information
technology(Meity) unrestricted power to create a “fact check unit” to
identify false and misleading
information.
The rumors easily spreaded by social
media platforms it was one of the major problem
because it will spread easily, fact finding check unit is important but it will not curb the right
to information it will create
a fear the central governments dominance over the medias the WRIT Petition(L)No9792 of 2023 Kunalkarma Vs UOI, the
case is Still pending in Mumbai High Court, the Court can’t stay
central government fact finding check units, the government ready to implement fact finding units. The case was
appealed to supreme court of india,, the apex
court stayed the central governments Fact check Unit notification.
Improve the cyber security Deep fake
technology – in this technology can use any
high political persons image, videos create the unwanted situations among peoples, we must give an importance to
this technology to control the Deep fake technology.
Education:
To educate the children’s and college students about the
scientific technology and its
problems how to handle the problems and crating awareness about the mob lynch control patrol
units. Indian constitution under article 51A(h)
to develop the scientific temper,
humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform.
Conclusion and suggestions:
Mob
lynching is affected
majorly on minority
peoples and socially
educationally backward classes,
it will mainly happened by rumors the people can’t tolerate the incidents, they can’t recognize what was happened at that time, vandalism mindset group of people they would harm
other peoples no one can’t take action against them, and lack of police
administration they burdened
lot of works, India has more than 140 crore people living
everyone has right
to life, no one can taken the justice into their own hands so any one incident or rumor can break the peace and loss of innocents life so fact
finding unit was need but they can’t control by central government alone judicial intervention also need because
the right to information is
fundamental right and control the khap panchayts and take proper migration of peoples list it will the improve
the governments effective
administration also, our country is largest democracy every one life
happily without fear of life threat.
[2]
https://www.mariam-webster.com
[3]
https://naacp.org/find-resources/history-explained/history-lynching-america
[6]
https://www.iom.int/key- migration -terms
[7]
https://cms.emergency.unhcr.org/documents/11982/44794/UN%2C+Guiding+Principles+on+Internal+Displace
ment%2C+1998/480696-dd92-4d6-ad47-5.8aa8b5d11f
[8] Sucharita
Roy v. State of W.B.,2023 scc online cal5086
[9] https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/after-attapady-madhu-state-shudders-at-yet-another-
brutallynching/article66854273.ece
[10]
https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nashik-cow-vigilantism-lynching-cattle-traders-harassment-
extortion-2398812-2023-06-27
[12]
https://theleaflet.in/the-legal-void-impairing-indias-stance-against-mob-lynching-is-an-affront-to-human-
rights/
[13]
https://www.livemint.com/news/india/mob-lynching-accused
tobe punished with death penaltyunder newlaw amitsha criminal laws
loksabha-parliament-11703081391105.html
[14] https://www.legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-2093-mob-lynching-a-barbarous-act-under-a-lunatic-
system.html#google_vignette
[15]
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/madhya-pradesh-okays-rs-10-lakh-for-lynching-
victims/articleshow/103541461.cms
[16]
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/compensation-for-mob-lynching-victims-new-categories-
added/articleshow/106744712.cms
[17] https://ksp.karnataka.gov.in/storage/pdf-files/1ccr%20english.pdf
[19]
https://thc.nic.in/Tripura%20State%20Lagislation%20Schemes/Lynching%20or%20mob%20violence%20Victi
m%20Compensation%20Scheme,2018,%20Tripura.pdf
Article Information
A CRITICALLY ANALYSES OF MOB CRIME WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO INDIA BY: K. HARIPRASANTH
Authors: K. HARIPRASANTH
- Journal IJLRA
- ISSN 2582-6433
- Published 2024/04/11
- Issue 7
About Journal
International Journal for Legal Research and Analysis
- Abbreviation IJLRA
- ISSN 2582-6433
- Access Open Access
- License CC 4.0
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