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[1] Will Kelton, Bid Rigging, INVESTOPEDIA (October 14, 2021), Bid Rigging Definition (investopedia.com)

[2] ‘CCI issues order against firms guilty of bid-rigging and cartelization’ Business Standard

/www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/cci-issues-order-against-firms-guilty-of-bid- rigging-and-cartelization-121110100395_1.html>.

[4] The Competition Act, 2002, No. 13, Acts of Parliament, 2002 (India)

[5] Estate R, ‘FCI tender: CCI issues cease and desist order against firms found guilty of bid rigging and cartelisation’ BUSINESSLINE /www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/fci-tender-cci-issues-cease-and- desist-order-against-firms-found-guilty-of-bid-rigging-and-cartelisation/article37279244.ece>.

[8] In Re: Food Corporation of India, Ref. Case No. 07 of 2018.

[12] ‘CCI issues cease and desist order against six firms guilty of bid rigging and cartelization in FCI tender’ Indiainfoline /www.indiainfoline.com/article/news-top-story/cci-issues-cease-and-desist-order-against- six-firms-guilty-of-bid-rigging-and-cartelization-in-fci-tender-121110200296_1.html>.

[13] The Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, C 326/49 (1957).

[15] iPleaders. 2021. Bid rigging in public procurement sector : a comparative analysis of India and EU - iPleaders. [online] Available at: analysis-of-india-and-eu/> [Accessed 18 November 2021].

[1] See Holiday Inns S.A. and others v. Morocco, ICSID Case No. ARB/72/1, Decision on Jurisdiction (May 12, 1974); P. Lalive, The First ‘World Bank’ Arbitration – Some Legal Problems, 51 BRITISH YEARBOOK INT’L. L. 123, 130 (1980)

[2] See ICSID, THE ICSID CASELOAD- STATISTICS (ISSUE 2017-1) 9 (2017)

[3] Gus Van Harten, supra note 10; Uma Kollamparambil, supra note 12

[4] M. H. Mourra, The Conflicts and Controversies in Latin American Treaty-Based Disputes, in LATIN AMERICAN INVESTMENT TREATY ARBITRATION 60

[5] Fiezzoni, supra note 11, 137 (As of November 14, 2017, Nicaragua is a contracting State of the ICSID Convention.)

[6] Leon E. Trakman, The ICSID Under Siege, 45 CORNELL INT'L L.J. 603, 666 (2013) [hereinafter “Trakman”]; Sergey Ripinsky, Venezuela’s Withdrawal From ICSID: What it Does and Does Not Achieve (Apr. 13, 2012),

[7] Fernando Aguirre, Bolivia in LATIN AMERICAN INVESTMENT PROTECTION 65 (Jonathan C. Hamilton eds., 2012).

[8] See Corporate Europe Observatory & the Transnational Institute, PROFITING FROM INJUSTICE HOW LAW FIRMS, ARBITRATORS AND FINANCIERS ARE FUELLING AN INVESTMENT ARBITRATION BOOM (Nov. 2012)

[9] 6 Babiy, Larisa et. al., Should Mexico Join the ICSID? THE GRADUATE INSTITUTE, GENEVA, CENTRE FOR TRADE AND ECONOMIC INTEGRATION 6 (2012).

[10] ICSID, Rules of procedure for Arbitration proceedings, rule 37 in ICSID CONVAENTION, REGULATIONS AND RULES

[1] THE USE OF FORCE IN INTERNATIONAL LAW (The Open University 2019).

[2] HIGGINS A. PEARCE, OXFORD, THE CLARENDON PRESS (8th ed. 1924).

[3] Natalia Ochoa-Ruiz* and Esther Salamanca-Aguado, Exploring the Limits of International Law relating to the Use of Force in Self-defence, 16 EJIL 1, (2005), http://ejil.org/pdfs/16/3/306.pdf.

[4] JOACHIM VON ELBE, THE EVOLUTION OF THE CONCEPT OF THE JUST WAR IN INTERNATIONAL LAW (Routledge 2012).

[5] Sebastian Heselhaus, International Law and the Use of Force , ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEMS (APRIL 13, 2023, 9:29 PM), https://www.eolss.net/sample-chapters/c14/E1-36-01-02.pdf.

[7] Yale Law School LILLIAN GOLDMAN LAW LIBRARY, https://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/kbpact.asp (last visited April 14, 2023).

[8] CHARTER OF THE UNITED NATIONS, 1945, § 2(3), STATUTE OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE, 1945 (San Francisco).

[9] CHARTER OF THE UNITED NATIONS, 1945, § 2(4), STATUTE OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE, 1945 (San Francisco).

[11] CHARTER OF THE UNITED NATIONS, 1945, art. 39 § 51, STATUTE OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE, 1945 (San Francisco).

[12] Ananya, Use of Force in International Law, LEGAL SERVICE INDIA E-JOURNAL (April 14, 2023, 7:25 PM), https://www.legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-1742-use-of-force-in-international-law.html.

[13] CHARTER OF THE UNITED NATIONS, 1945, § 51, STATUTE OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE, 1945 (San Francisco).

[14] Terry D. Gill, REMARKS ON THE LAW RELATING TO THE USE OF FORCE IN THE UKRAINE CONFLICT, Lieber Institute Westpoint -Articles of War (Mar. 9, 2022), https://lieber.westpoint.edu/remarks-use-of-force-ukraine-conflict/.

[15] 10 facts you should know about Russian military aggression against Ukraine, Ministry of Foregin Affairs of Ukraine (Dec. 19, 2019, 05:40 PM), https://mfa.gov.ua/en/10-facts-you-should-know-about-russian-military-aggression-against-ukraine.

[16] 24 Srinivas Burra, Asian Yearbook of International Law 106-127 (Brill 2020).

[1] LLM, 2nd year, ?Tamilnadu Dr. Ambedkar University, Perungudi, e-mail: haripriya.asha98@gmail.com

[2] Dreze, Jean and Goyal, Aparajita (2003): Future of Mid-Day Meals. Published in: Economic and Political Weekly , Vol. 38, No. 44 (2003): pp. 4673-4683.

9 Jithendra, V.K. (2013). Midday meal scheme: A study on its implementation and effectiveness in government primary

schools of Kanpur district. International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and Literature, 1(7), 25-31

[3] Motkuri, V. (2009). Reaching out of noon meal scheme in India. Indian Journal of Social Work, 70(3),437-448

[4] Motkuri, V. (2009). Reaching out of noon meal scheme in India. Indian Journal of Social Work, 70(3),437-448

[1] United National Office of High Commissioner, United Nations Human Rights, Women and the right to adequate housing Special Rapporteur on the right to adequate housing, available at https://www.ohchr.org/en/special-procedures/sr-housing/women-and-right-adequate-housing last visited on 10/07/2022

[2] Jugal Kishore Misra,” Empowerment of Women in India”, Vol. 67, The Indian Journal of Political Science pp. 867 No.4 (OCT. - DEC., 2006).

[3] Eileen Hunt Botting and Christine Carey, “Wollstonecraft?s Philosophical Impact on Nineteenth Century American Women?s Rights Advocates”, Vol. 48, American Journal of Political Science pp. 707-722 No. 4 (Oct., 2004).

[4] Vrindavan Committee, “Report of the Committee constituted under the direction of the Hon?ble Supreme Court of India by Judgment dated August 11, 2007 in Writ Petition (Civil) No. 659 of 2007” Page Number 4(November 27, 2017).

[5] Ekta Resource Centre for Women, “A study on 498A in Tamilnadu”, (March 2011)

[6] Housing and Land Rights Network, “The Human Rights to adequate Housing and Land in India” (December 2016)

[7] UNHABITAT, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, “The Right to Adequate Housing” Fact Sheet No. 21/Rev.1. available at https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Publications/FS21_rev_1_Housing_en.pdf (last visited on 06/07/2022)

[8] The Constitution of India, art. 19(1)(a) …..(g).

[10] Kharak Singh v. The State Of U. P., (1963) AIR 1295 1964 SC(1) 332

[11] Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India, AIR 1978 SC 597

[12] Francis Coralie v. Union Territory of Delhi [1980] AIR 746 (2) SCR 557

[17] Shri P. G. Gupta vs State Of Gujrat (1995)SCC, Supl. (2) 182 JT 1995 (2) 373

[19] Chameli Singh And Others Etc. vs State Of U.P (1996) 2 SCC 549 132

[21] Socio-economic and Caste Census, 2011 (data for which was released in July 2015, available at

https://secc.gov.in/ (last visited on 07/07/2022).

[22] National Policy for Empowerment of Women (2001) available at https://wcd.nic.in/womendevelopment/national-policy-women-empowerment (last visited on 11/07/2022).

[25] Indira Awas Yojana available at https://megcnrd.gov.in/forms/IAY.pdf \ (last visited on 14/07/2022)

[26] One Stop Centre Scheme, Implementation guidelines for State Governments by Ministry of Women and Child Development Government of India available at https://wcd.nic.in/sites/default/files/OSC_G.pdf (last visited on 14/07/2022)

[28] Scheme of Shelters for Urban Homeless available at https://mohua.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/7NULM- SUH-Guidelines.pdf (last visited on 14/07/2022)

[29] “NGO helps those living in homeless shelters in capital register for vaccine jabs”, Hindustan Times, March 15, 2021, available at https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ngo-helps-those-living-in-homeless-shelters- in-capital-register-for-vaccine-jabs-101615756170424.html (last visited on 15/07/2022).

[30] E R Kumar & anr. v. Union of India (W.P (Civil) Nos.55 & 572 of 2003)

[31] Amit Anand Chaudhary, “No Shelter for 90% of urban homeless: SC Panel Study?, The Times of India, Aug 27, 2017,available at https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/no-shelter-for-90-of-urban-homeless-sc-panel- study/articleshow/60240240.cms (last seen on 13/07/2022).

[32] Tanishka Sodhi, “No homes for the homeless: how Maharashtra lags in implementing Centre?s urban shelter scheme”, Newslaundry Report, March 3^rd, 2021 available at https://www.newslaundry.com/2021/03/03/no- homes-for-the-homeless-how-maharashtra-lags-in-implementing-centres-urban-shelter-scheme (last visited on 14/07/2022)

[34] Times Now Bureau, “DW issues notice to NGO and Delhi Police on lapses in shelter home for mentally challenged homeless women”, Times Now, March 26^th 2022, available at https://www.timesnownews.com/delhi/dcw-issues-notice-to-ngo-and-delhi-police-on-lapses-in-shelter-home-for- mentally-challenged-homeless-women-article-90459223 (last visited on 14/07/2022).

[35] Night Shelter Occupancy Report, “Delhi Urban Shelter Improvement Board, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi”, Delhi shelter board, July 14^th 2022 ,available at: http://www.delhishelterboard.in/occupancy-report/ (last visited on 14/07/2022).

[36] Special Rapporteur on violence against Women, Submission related to Shelters for Homeless Women, OHCHR available at https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Issues/Women/SR/Shelters/Housing_and_Land_Rights_Ne twork.pdf ( last visited on 15/07/2022)

[38] Prawesh Lama and Yama Bhardwaj, Homeless Women: Easy Targets, Roofless in Delhi, Hindustan Times available at https://www.hindustantimes.com/static/roofless-in-delhi-women/ Published August 17, 2016.

[39] Usha Devi, a 15-year-old resident of a district in eastern Uttar Pradesh, was expecting her first child. Though she was underage, a local ASHA (Accredited Social Health Activist) worker had filled the PMMVY form on Usha?s behalf. The PMMVY or Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana offers maternity entitlements to

marginalised women across India. Usha Devi?s Aadhaar card mentions her name as „Pusa?, putting a question mark on her very identity. - AKANKSHA KUMAR, How Schemes Fail Women: Delivery on Hospital Veranda Equals No Aid, The Quint- 02/12/2019 https://www.thequint.com/news/india/pmmvy-schemes-fail-women- delivery-on-hospital-veranda-error-in-aadhaar#read-more (last visited on 15/07/2022)

[40] Niharika Alva, They provide safe shelter to women, make them job-ready, Times of India, May 07^th, 2017 available at https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/they-provide-safe-shelter-to-distressed-women- make-them-job-ready/articleshow/58554240.cms (last visited on 15/07/2022)

[41] ⁴¹ Jennifer Allison, Researching Women's Housing and Shelter Rights, Harvard Law School Library, available at - https://guides.library.harvard.edu/womens_housing_rights , last visited on 15/07/2022

[1] Choudhary, S. (2015). Surrogacy: Policy & Legal Framework in India. SSRN Electronic Journal.doi: 10.2139/ssrn.2612347.

[2] Timms, O. (2018). Ending commercial surrogacy in India: significance of the Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill, 2016. Indian Journal Of Medical Ethics. doi: 10.20529/ijme.2018.019.

[3] Bhaumik, S. (2012).The Legal Standpoint of Surrogacy in India. SSRN Electronic Journal.doi: 10.2139/ssrn.2036499.

[4] Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India, AIR 1978 SC 597

[5] Suchita Srivastava v. Chandigarh Administration, CIVIL APPEAL NO.5845 OF 2009

[6] K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India, AIR 2017 SC 4161

[7] Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India, AIR 2018 SC 4321

[8] Baby Manji Yamada v. Union of India, WRIT PETITION (C) NO. 369 OF 2008.

[9] Baby Manji Yamada v. Union of India, WRIT PETITION (C) NO. 369 OF 2008.

[10] Baby Manji Yamada v. Union of India, WRIT PETITION (C) NO. 369 OF 2008

[11] Jan Balaz v. Union of India, CA No. 8714/2010

[12] Joan Becker v. State and Others, CIVIL APPEAL No.1053 of 2013

[13] D. K. Basu v. State of West Bengal, WITH WRIT PETITION (CRL) NO. 592 OF 1987

[14] Vishakha v. State of Rajasthan, AIR 1997 SC 3011

a) [1]directly or indirectly determines purchase or sale prices;

b) limits or controls production, supply, markets, technical development, investment or provision of services;

c) shares the market or source of production or provision of services by way of allocation of geographical area of market, or type of goods or services, or number of customers in the market or any other similar way;

d) directly or indirectly results in bid rigging or collusive bidding, shall be presumed to have an appreciable adverse effect on competition:

[2] “agreement” includes any arrangement or understanding or action in concert,

(i) whether or not, such arrangement, understanding or action is formal or in writing; or

(ii) whether or not such arrangement, understanding or action is intended to be enforceable by legal proceedings;

a) [3] creation of barriers to new entrants in the market;

b) driving existing competitors out of the market;

c) foreclosure of competition by hindering entry into the market;

d) accrual of benefits to consumers;

e) improvements in production or distribution of goods or provision of services;

f) promotion of technical, scientific and economic development by means of production or distribution of goods or provision of services.

[4] FICCI Multiplex Association of India v United Producers/Distributors Forum and Ors , 25^th May, 2011

[5] Orders by Commission after inquiry into agreements or abuse of dominant position., Where after inquiry the Commission finds that any agreement referred to in section 3 or action of an enterprise in a dominant position, is in contravention of section 3 or section 4, as the case may be, it may pass all or any of the following orders, namely-

(a) direct to discontinue and not to re-enter such agreement or discontinue such abuse of dominant position, as the case may be;

(b) impose such penalty, as it may deem fit

(d) direct that the agreements shall stand modified to the extent and in the manner as may be specified in the order

(e) direct the enterprises to abide by such other orders as the Commission may pass and comply with the directions

(f) recommend to the Central Government for the division of an enterprise enjoying dominant position;

(g) pass such other order as it may deem fit.

IJLRA	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals Volume 5 Issue 8 2022 Page 1-6
IEEE	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, 5(8)

THE FOOTING OF BID RIGGING IN CONTEMPORARY JURISDICTION: A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN EU AND INDIA. BY - NEELANJANA GHOSH

SHOULD INDIA BECAME PARTY ON ICSID: IMPACT OF DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION IN INDIA BY: APARNA DWIVEDI

AN ANALYSIS OF GENDER DISPARITY IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM OF INDIA BY - HRIDIYA SURESH MATHEW

USE OF ARMED FORCES IN INTERNATIONAL LAW BY - DHRUTI DEWANGAN

A CRITICAL STUDY TO DETERMINE THE EFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION OF MIDDAY MEAL SCHEME IN GOVERNMENT SCHOOLS OF CHENNAI DISTRICT, TAMILNADU.BY : M. HARIHARA PRIYA

SAFEGUARDING THE HOUSING OF HOMELESS WOMEN IN INDIA THROUGH LEGAL ALLEVIATION- A CONSTITUTIONAL APPROACH. By - DR. TANAYA PRAMOD KAMLAKAR

SURROGACY ACT: A VIOLATION OF REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS BY - ANJALI NAIN & DHAKA VIRENDAR KUMAR

INVESTIGATION BY POLICE: SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON RE-INVESTIGATION AND FURTHER INVESTIGATION BY - RIYA TRIVEDI & AAROHI SANKLAN

BAR COUNCIL OF INDIA BY - SHRUTI SINGH

COMPETITION LAW AND ECONOMIC THEORY BY - SHUBHANGI SHARMA

LAW JOURNAL

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[14] Terry D. Gill, REMARKS ON THE LAW RELATING TO THE USE OF FORCE IN THE UKRAINE CONFLICT, Lieber Institute Westpoint -Articles of War (Mar. 9, 2022), https://lieber.westpoint.edu/remarks-use-of-force-ukraine-conflict/.

[17] E. F. M. Durbin, John Bowlby, Ivor Thomas, D. P. T. Jay, R. B. Fraser, R. H. S. Crossman, George Catlin, War and Democracy (Routledge 2021).

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