INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

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[1]375. Rape.—A man is said to commit “rape” if he—

Fourthly.—With her consent, when the man knows that he is not her husband and that her consent is given because she believes that he is another man to whom she is or believes herself to be lawfully married.

[2] 90. Consent known to be given under fear or misconception.—A consent is not such a consent as is intended by any section of this Code, if the consent is given by a person under fear of injury, or under a misconception of fact, and if the person doing the act knows, or has reason to believe, that the consent was given in consequence of such fear or misconception;

[3] Vageshwari Deswal, “Whether sex based on promise of marriage amounts to rape?” The Times of India, Aug. 23, 2019.

[4] Aarefa Johari, “Can sex after a false promise of marriage be called rape ?” Scroll.in, Apr.18, 2014.

[5] [114A. Presumption as to absence of consent in certain prosecutions for rape.—In a prosecution for rape under clause (a) or clause (b) or clause (c) or clause (d) or clause (e) or clause (g) of sub-section (2) of section 376 of the Indian Penal Code, (45 of 1860), where sexual intercourse by the accused is proved and the question is whether it was without the consent of the woman alleged to have been raped and she states in her evidence before the Court that she did not consent, the Court shall presume that she did not consent.]

[6] Anubhav Pandey, “Is it rape if your boyfriend has sex with you after promising to marry you but doesn’t fulfill such promise ?” blog.ipleaders.in, Apr. 5, 2017.

[7] “Cheating on the pretext to marry” Tripaksha Litigation, May 19, 2020.

[8] Mehul M Gupta, “Rape by a false promise to marry : A case-law non-offence” Bar & Bench, Jan. 18, 2020.

[9] Deepak Gulati v. State of Haryana (2013) 7 SCC 675.

[10] Mitali Yadav, “Consensual sex by a grown lady is not an act induced by misconception.” Legallyindia, Jun. 09, 2016.

[12] Prof. S.N.Misra, Indian Penal Code 771 (General Law Publications, 21^st edition, 2018)

[14] 376. Punishment for rape.—

(1) Whoever, except in the cases provided for by sub-section (2), commits rape shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which shall not be less than seven years but which may be for life or for a term which may extend to ten years and shall also be liable to fine unless the women raped is his own wife and is not under twelve years of age, in which cases, he shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to two years or with fine or with both: Provided that the court may, for adequate and special reasons to be mentioned in the judgment, impose a sentence of imprisonment for a term of less than seven years.

[15] Damini Singh Chauhan, “Whether sexual intercourse based on promise to marry is rape?”, legalserviceindia.com

[16] Rajeev Sharma v. State of M.P (2018) SCC OnLine MP 355

[17] Saba, “Consent for sexual intercourse under misconception of fact is not free consent”, Case briefs HC, The SCC Online Blog, May 15, 2018.

[4] Center for Reproductive Rights, The International Legal Foundations.

[6] Dr. Carmel Shalev (expert member, CEDAW), Rights to Sexual and Reproductive Health - the ICPD and the

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, 1998

[7] United Nations International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD), 5-13 September 1994 Cairo, Egypt.

[8] National Commission on Population, government of India: National Population Policy, 2000

[11] Devika Biswas v. Union of India, W.P. (C) 9061/2008

[14] Javed & Ors. V. State of Haryana, AIR 2003 SC 3057; State of Haryana & Ors. V. Smt. Santra, (2000) 5 S.C.C. 409.

[15] High Court on its Own Motion v. the State of Maharashtra, W.P. (CRL) NO. 1/2016, Court on its Own MotionLajja Devi v. State, W.P. (CRL) No. 338(2008) (High Court of Delhi)

[1] Judith Butler, Gender Trouble Identity-(module-I, Routledge-1990)

[2] Spence, Helmreich, ‘Negative and positive components of psychological masculinity-and-femininity-(1979)

[3] Janice Habarth, ‘Thinking “Straight”- (2008)

[6] Adrienne Rich, ‘Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence’-(1980)

[7] Gender Equality Law Centre, ‘Gender Stereotyping’

[8] Herek, ‘Psychology of Sexual-Preference’-(2003); Schneider, ‘The Psychology-of-Stereotyping’-(2004)

[11] The-phrase-Sexual-inversion-is-used-by-sexologists to-homosexuality. Sexual inversion was accepted to be an inborn misfortune of gender attributes. Those-referred-to-be ‘inverted males’ were-compared-to-traditional-females-and vice-versa.

[12] Amy-Rees-&-Carol-Doyle, ‘Sexual Orientation, Gender Role Expression, and Stereotyping’

[13] John-Bickford, ‘Stereotype conformity-in-gay-people-and-homosexual-identity’-(1999)

[14] Juliet Richters, ‘The social construction of sexual practice’-(2001)

[16] Human Rights Watch (2017), ‘Medically Unnecessary-Surgeries-on-Intersex-Children’

[17] Thekla-Morgenroth, ‘Gender-Trouble-in-Sociology-Psychology’-(2018)

[18] William Cox, Patricia G. ‘Inferences about Sexual Orientation’ (2016)

[19] ‘Homophobia’ highlights various negative attitudes towards homosexuals, usually expressed at individual, cultural and institutional levels.

[20] Tony-Silva, ‘Straight identity and same-sex desire’-(2018)

[21] Hypermasculinity is a psychological term which believes the exaggeration of male stereotypical traits, like aggression, physical strength, emotionally strong, and tough sexuality.

[23] Kitzinger, ‘Heteronormativity in action’ (2005), [pp-477-498]

[24] Taran Deol, ‘Indian-parents-forcing-queer-children-into ‘conversion therapy’ (2020)

[26] With the Crise Intervention Team of LGBT Collective

[27] Rupam-Jain, ‘Parents-use-‘corrective-rapes’-to-‘straighten-gays’-(2015)-

[1] PRS Legislative Research. 2022. The Industrial Relations Code, 2020. [online] Available at: [Accessed 13 March 2022].

[2] Lawrbit. 2022. THE INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS CODE, 2020. [online] Available at: [Accessed 17 March 2022].

[3] PRS Legislative Research. 2022. The Industrial Relations Code, 2020. [online] Available at: [Accessed 13 March 2022].

[4] Lawrbit. 2022. THE INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS CODE, 2020. [online] Available at: [Accessed 17 March 2022].

[5] Lawrbit. 2022. THE INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS CODE, 2020. [online] Available at: [Accessed 17 March 2022].

[6] Lawrbit. 2022. THE INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS CODE, 2020. [online] Available at: [Accessed 17 March 2022].

[7] PRS Legislative Research. 2022. The Industrial Relations Code, 2020. [online] Available at: [Accessed 24 March 2022].

[8] Yogiam Seth Sharma, Govt introduces three crucial Bills on labour laws in Lok Sabha amid Congress' opposition, THE ECONOMIC TIMES, (Sep 22, 2020, 01:45 PM), https://m.economictimes.com/news/economy/ policy/govt-introduces-three-crucial-bills-on-labour-laws-in-lok-sabha-amid-congressopposition/amp_articleshow/78203977.cms?s=08

[9] Ijlmh.com. 2022. Industrial Relations Code, 2020: The Dawn of the Reformation. [online] Available at: [Accessed 24 March 2022].

[10] PRS Legislative Research. 2022. The Industrial Relations Code, 2020. [online] Available at: [Accessed 24 March 2022].

[11] PRS Legislative Research. 2022. The Industrial Relations Code, 2020. [online] Available at: [Accessed 24 March 2022].

[12] PRS Legislative Research. 2022. The Industrial Relations Code, 2020. [online] Available at: [Accessed 24 March 2022].

[13] Egazette.nic.in. 2022. THE INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS CODE, 2020. [online] Available at: [Accessed 17 March 2022].

[14] Egazette.nic.in. 2022. THE INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS CODE, 2020. [online] Available at: [Accessed 17 March 2022].

[15] Ijlmh.com. 2022. Industrial Relations Code, 2020: The Dawn of the Reformation. [online] Available at: [Accessed 24 March 2022].

[16] Ijlmh.com. 2022. Industrial Relations Code, 2020: The Dawn of the Reformation. [online] Available at: [Accessed 24 March 2022].

[17] Ijlmh.com. 2022. Industrial Relations Code, 2020: The Dawn of the Reformation. [online] Available at: [Accessed 24 March 2022].

[18] Ijlmh.com. 2022. Industrial Relations Code, 2020: The Dawn of the Reformation. [online] Available at: [Accessed 24 March 2022].

[1] Garner, B. A. (Ed.). (2009). BLACK'S LAW DICTIONARY (9th ed., p. 1425). Dallas: West, AThomson Buisness.

[2] Satyadhyan Ghosal v.Deorijin Debi, AIR 1960 SC 941.

[4] Lal Chand v Radha Krishnan, (1977) 2 S.C.C. 88.

[5] Mahesh Kumar Joshi v. Madan Singh Negi, AIR 2015 (SC) 974.

[7] State of Uttar Pradesh v. Nawab Hussain, 1977 AIR 1680, 1977 SCR (3) 428.

[8] Isabella Johnson v. MA Susai through LRs, AIR 1991 SC 993.

[9] Hameeda Begum v. Champa Bai, 2009 (3) MPLJ 472 (492) (DB).

[10] Chandrabhai K. Bhoir v. Krishna A. Bhoir, AIR 2009 SC 1674.

[11] Ragho Prasad Gupta v. Krishna Poddar, AIR 1969 SC 316, 1969 (17) BLJR 426, 1969 1 SCR 834.

[12] Sheoprasad Singh v. Ramnandan Prasad Singh, (1916) L.R. 43 I.A. 91: I.L.R. 43 C. 694: 31 M.L.J. 77 (P.C.).

[13] Daryao vs. the State of UP, 1961 AIR 1457, 1962 SCR (1) 574.

[14] Gulam Abbas v. State of Uttar Pradesh, 1981 AIR 2198, 1982 SCR (1)1077.

[15] Devilal Modi vs. Sales Tax Officer, 1965 AIR 1150, 1965 SCR (1) 686.

[16] Avtar Singh v. Jagjit Singh, 1979 AIR 1911, 1980 SCR (1) 122.

[17] Mathura Prasad v. Dossabai N.B. Jeejeebhoy, 1971 AIR 2355, 1970 SCR (3) 830.

[18] Instalment Supply Private Limited v. Union of India, 1962 AIR 53, 1962 SCR (2) 644.

[19] P. Bandhopadhya and others v. Union of India and others, WRIT PETITION NO.2704 of 2005.

[20] Beliram and Brothers v. Chaudhari Mohammed Afzal, (1948) 50 BOMLR 674.

[21] Talluri Venkata Seshayya vs Thadikonda Kotiswara Rao, (1937) 39 BOMLR 317.

[22] P.C. Ray and Company Private Limited v. Union of India, AIR 1971 Cal 512.

[1] The Maternity Benefit Act, 1961, No. 53, Acts of Parliament, 1963, India.

[2] Municipal Corporation of Delhi v. Female Workers, AIR 2000 SCC 224.

[3] Air India v. Nergesh Meerza, (1981) 4 SCC 335.

[4] Shah v. Presiding Officer, Labour Court, Coimbatore and ors, (1977) 4 SCC 384.

[5] Chandika v. Red Cross Society, 131 (2006) DLT 585.

[1] Percy H. Winfield, Public Policy in the English Common Law 42 Harv. L. Rev. 76 (1928- 29)

[2] Fali S Nariman, ‘Finality in India: The Impossible Dream’ (1994) 10(4) Arbitration International 373, 381

[7] 1996 Act s 34: Application for setting aside arbitral award: (2)An arbitral award may be set aside by the Court only if : (b) the Court finds that: (ii) the arbitral award is in conflict with the public policy of India.

[8] A.Redfern & M. Hunter , Law & Practice of International Commercial Arbitration (London : Sweet & Maxwell, 2004) at 404.

[9] Central Inland Water Transport Corpn. Ltd. v. Brojo Nath Ganguly, (1986) 3 SCC 156 : (1986) 2 LLJ 171

[10] Deutsche Schachtbau-Und Tiefbohrgesellschaft mbH v. R’as Al-Khaimah National Oil Co., (1990) 1 AC 295 : (1987) 3 WLR 1023 : (1987) 2 All ER 769, 779

[11] ONGC Ltd. v. Saw Pipes Ltd., (2003) 5 SCC 705, 719, para 16

[12] McDermott International Inc. v. Burn Standard Co. Ltd., (2006) 11 SCC 181; Centrotrade Minerals & Metals Inc. v. Hindustan Copper Ltd., (2006) 11 SCC 245

[13] Alabh Anant Lal & Soham Banerjee, The Public Policy Doctrine In Arbitration: A Primer On Its Effect On Challenges And Enforcement Of Awards, Indian Arbitration Law Review , Vol I, Pg 60

[14] Gherulal Parakh v. Mahadeodas Maiya & Ors, AIR 1959 SC 781, 21, 23 & 30.

[15] Kedar Nath Motwani v. Prahlad Rai, AIR 1960 SC 213

[16] Muralidhar Aggarwal & Anr v. State of Uttar Pradesh & Ors, (1974) 2 SCC 472, 28 – 32

[17] Central Inland Water Transport Corporation Ltd. v. Brojo Nath Ganguly, (1986) 3 SCC 156, 92

[18] Rattan Chand Hira Chand v. Askar Nawaz Jung (Dead) by LRS and Ors., (1991) 3 SCC 67, 19 & 23

[21] Mayavati Trading Pvt. Ltd. v Pradyut Deb Burman, (2019) 8 SCC 714

[22] THE ARBITRATION AND CONCILIATION (AMENDMENT) ACT, 2019, Section 43C

[23] SubhikshVasudev, The 2019 amendment to the Indian Arbitration Act: A classic case of one step forward two steps backward? KLUWERARBITRATIONBLOG (August 25, 2019) ,

[24] Konkan Railway Co. Ltd. v. Mehul Construction Co. (2000) 7 SCC 201

[25] Vijaya Bank v. Maker Development Services Pvt. Ltd. (2001) 3 Bom. CR 652

[28] ONGC Ltd v Garware Shipping Corporation Ltd [2007] (13) SCC 434; Delhi Development Authority v RS Sharma,[2008] (13) SCC 80

[29] S. Kachwaha, Enforcement of Arbitration Awards in India, (2008) 4 ASIAN INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION JOURNAL 65

[34] Arbitration and Conciliation act, 1996,Section 30

[35] Viplav Sharma, ‘Enforceability of Arbitral Awards in India: Public Policy as Ground for Setting Aside the Award’ (2008) 1(1) Gujarat Law Review 22

[36] Jagmohan Singh Gujral v. Satish Ashok Sabnis (2004) 1 Bom CR 307; Bharat M.N. v. Satish Ashok Sabni (2003) 6 Bom CR 257

[37] ONGC Ltd. v. Western Geco International (2014) 9 SCC 263; McDermott Supra86 ; Hindustan Zinc Ltd. v. Friends Coal Carbonisation (2006) 4 SCC 445

[42] Konkan Railway Corporation Limited v. M/s. Oriental Construction Company Limited (2013) 3 Bom CR 140

[43] Associated Provincial Picture Houses Ltd. v. Wednesbury Corporation, (1947) 2 All ER 680 (CA)

[44] Associate Builders v Delhi Development Authority (2015) 3 SCC 49

[45] ''Public Policy'' – Developments post – Report No. 246, Supplementary to Report No. 246 on Amendments to Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, Law Commission of India, Government of India, February, 2015

[51] Amrit Singh, Pro-Arbitration Policy In M/S Emkay Global Financial Services Ltd. V. GirdharSondhi, RFMLR (Jan 21, 2019)

[55] Konkan Railway Corp Ltd v. Rani Construction Co, AIR 2002 SC 778

[56] Ranjit Shetty and Vatsala Pant, Limited Enquiry Scope By Courts While Appointing An Arbitrator Under Section 11 Of The Arbitration And Conciliation Act, 1996, ARGUS PARTNERS, p.3,

[57] Nakul Dewan, Arbitration in India: An Unenjoyable Litigation Jamboree, 3 ASIAN INT’L ARB. J.111 (2007)

[58] SIAC data for that matter, India topped the foreign users list with 690 matters referred, available at http://www.siac.org.sg/images/stories/articles/annual_report/SIAC_Annual_Report_2020.pdf; last accessed on 17.05.2022

[60] Special Leave Petition (C) 3584-85 of 2020 (Patel Engineering Limited v North Eastern Power Corporation Limited) Paragraph 22

[61] Udita Kanwar, ONGC v. Saw Pipes, (10 March 2011) Legal Services India

[62] Maharashtra State Electricity Board v Sterlite Industries (India) (2001) 8 SCC 482

[63]Eastern and North East Frontier Railway Cooperative Bank Ltd vs B. guha and Co., AIR 1986 Cal 146.

[1] Chritarth Palli ,Abhilaksh Grover “Punish them softly”, Telegraph India, 24 September 2020 ,available at <https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/punish-them-softly/cid/1453338 > (last visited 29 September 2020)

[2] Saurav Dutta “Punjab’s Recommendation of Mandatory Death Penalty for Drug Smuggling Is Problematic”, The Wire, 1 August 2018 ,available at < https://thewire.in/law/mandatory-death-penalty-for-drug-smuggling-why-punjab-governments-recommendation-is-problematic > (last visited 29 September 2020)

[3] Vidhi Centre for Legal Policy, “From Addict to Convict: The Working of the NDPS Act in Punjab” (April 2018).

[4] Outlook Web Bureau, “Courts Sending Drug Addicts In Punjab To Jails Instead Of Rehabs, Finds Study”, The Outlook, 26 August 2018 , available at < https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/courts-sending-drug-addicts-in-punjab-to-jails-instead-of-rehabs-finds-study/315565 > (last visited 29 September,2020)

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[7] See: Raju v. State of Kerala AIR 1999 SC 2139

[8] David Sack “Why Relapse Isn't a Sign of Failure”, Psychology Today, Oct 19 2012, available at < https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/where-science-meets-the-steps/201210/why-relapse-isnt-sign-failure > (last visited 20 October, 2020)

[14] State of Himachal Pradesh v. Pawan Kumar (2005) 4 SCC 350

[15] Narcotic Drugs & Psychotropic Substances Act 1985, (Act 61 of 1985), s. 37(a)

[16] Narcotic Drugs & Psychotropic Substances Act 1985, (Act 61 of 1985), s. 37(b)

[17]State of Rajasthan v. Balchand@Baliay AIR 1977 SC 2447.

[18] UN's Universal Declaration of Human Rights, art.11

[21] Hanif Khan @ Annu Khan v. Central Bureau of Narcotics (4) RCR (Criminal) 250

[22] Baldev Singh v, State of Haryana [ 2015] (4) RCR (Criminal) 1014

[28] Hoffman v. United States 341 US 479, Malloy v. Bogan 12 L.Ed. 2d 653

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[35] Mental Healthcare Act 2017, (Act 10 of 2017), chapter 1(2) (s)

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[38] Mental Healthcare Act 2017, (Act 10 of 2017), section 2(s)

[39] Mohan A, Math SB. “Mental Healthcare Act 2017: Impact on addiction and addiction services” 61 Indian J Psychiatry (2019) < http://www.indianjpsychiatry.org/temp/IndianJPsychiatry6110744-606915_165131.pdf > accessed 28 September,2020

[40] Louis C. Charland,‘Decision making capacity and responsibility in addiction’ in George Graham, Jeffrey Poland

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[43] United Nations Human Rights Website – Treaty Bodies Database – Document – General Comments. available at: http://www. apps.who.int/disasters/repo/13849_files/o/UN_human_rights.htm

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[44] Abhishek Angad,” Report Uncovers Torture, Abuse and Deaths in de-Addiction Centres in Delhi” Indian Express, June 25, 2018, available at

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[49] Ian Freckelton “Choice, Rationality, and Substance Dependence” 2 The American Journal of Bioethics 60-1 (2002)

[50] Soosay I, Kydd R “Mental health law in New Zealand” 13 BJPsych Int 43-5 (2016)

[51] International Convention on Human Rights, art. 6(2)

IJLRA	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals Volume 5 Issue 8 2022 Page 1-6
IEEE	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, 5(8)

Witness Production In The View Of The Indian Judicial System (By-Mrgank Kashyap)

False Promise To Marry And Charges Of Rape – An Integral Assessment (By-Priyanshi Sodani)

LEGAL PROTECTION OF REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH OF WOMEN IN INDIA (By-Ms. Gargi Singh)

Importance, Conservation, Policies And Status Of Wetlands In India (By-Qazi Mohammed Usmaan & Mohammed Faraz Husain)

Compulsory (Hetero) Sexuality Within Homosexual Desire And The Despoilment Of Inner-Self (By-Srishti Gupta)

Brief Anlysis On Industrial Relations Code, 2020 Introduced Recently In Light Of The International Labor Organization Conventions. (By- Aditi Shreenivas Prabhune)

RES JUDICATA: AN ANALYSIS (By- C. Amirdhavarshini)

LEGISLATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE MATERNITY BENEFIT ACT, 1961 (By: Sanya Kanchan Gupta)

Review Of Patent Illegality In Setting Aside Arbitral Award In India (By: Ankita Priya)

Overreaching Penalties and Oversights in NDPSA,1985 in light of the Mental Health Act, 2017: On How Legislative Demonisation of Drug Dependence Overshadows Drug- Associated Mental Health Issues (By-Divyansha Goswami)

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