INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

EFFECTIVENESS CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY BY - MR. ASHISH TIWARI & MR. DEWESH SHARAN

Authors: MR. ASHISH TIWARI & MR. DEWESH SHARAN
Registration ID: 109495 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9495 & IJLRA9496
Year: Mar-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7
Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India
Email Id: ashisht7671@gmail.com & deweshsharan2005@gmail.com
Page No: 13 | No of times Downloads: 0065
DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/03.2025-74678731/EFFECTIVENESS CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY

AN IN-DEPTH ANALYSIS OF THE ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS & INDIAS ADVANCEMENT ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) REGULATIONS - THE WAY FORWARD BY - AKASH RAGHAV, PRATEEK KUMAR RAGHAV & VAIBHAV PANDEY

Authors: AKASH RAGHAV, PRATEEK KUMAR RAGHAV & VAIBHAV PANDEY
Registration ID: 109494 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9494, IJLRA9497 & IJLRA9498
Year: Mar-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7
Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India
Email Id: raghavakash11@gmail.com, raghavprateek11@gmail.com & vaibhav229pandey@gmail.com
Page No: 19 | No of times Downloads: 0065
DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/03.2025-85817446/AN IN-DEPTH ANALYSIS OF THE ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS &

THE SHIFTING TERRAIN: IMPACT OF TRADE WARS ON GLOBAL ECONOMIC LANDSCAPES AND MARKET DYNAMICS BY - HRIDHYA T.V

Authors: HRIDHYA T.V
Registration ID: 109493 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9493
Year: Mar-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7
Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India
Email Id: hridhyavenugopaltv@gmail.com
Page No: 20 | No of times Downloads: 0065
DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/03.2025-55681938/THE SHIFTING TERRAIN: IMPACT OF TRADE WARS ON GLOB

Foreign Investment In Perspective Of Human Rights By - Ishani Pathak

Authors: Ishani Pathak
Registration ID: 109492 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9492
Year: Mar-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7
Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India
Email Id: ishanipathak2001@gmail.com
Page No: 14 | No of times Downloads: 0065
DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/03.2025-33571527/Foreign Investment In Perspective Of Human Rights

THE YASHWANT VARMA SCANDAL: A TEST FOR INDIAS JUDICIARY BY - ISHA UPADHYAY

Authors: ISHA UPADHYAY
Registration ID: 109491 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9491
Year: Mar-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7
Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India
Email Id: ishaupadhyay729@gmail.com
Page No: 15 | No of times Downloads: 0065
DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/03.2025-36945118/THE YASHWANT VARMA SCANDAL: A TEST FOR INDIAS JUDI

DATA AS THE NEW OIL: CAN GOVERNMENTS TAX DIGITAL DATA? BY - ABHYA VARMA

Authors: ABHYA VARMA
Registration ID: 109490 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9490
Year: Mar-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7
Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India
Email Id: varmaabhya@gmail.com
Page No: 17 | No of times Downloads: 0065
DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/03.2025-34637625/DATA AS THE NEW OIL: CAN GOVERNMENTS TAX DIGITAL D

CRIMINAL LIABILITY OF MEDICAL PROFESSIONALS: A LEGAL OVERVIEW BY - MADHUR KAPOOR & ARYAN SINGH RAJPUT

Authors: MADHUR KAPOOR & ARYAN SINGH RAJPUT
Registration ID: 109488 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9488 & IJLRA9489
Year: Mar-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7
Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India
Email Id: madhur.kapoor@law.christuniversity.in & singh.aryan@law.christuniversity.in
Page No: 13 | No of times Downloads: 0065
DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/03.2025-63393267/CRIMINAL LIABILITY OF MEDICAL PROFESSIONALS: A LEG

THE FINANCIAL SIDE OF SEPARATION: HOW ALIMONY WORKS IN INDIAN COURTS? BY - ISHA TIWARI & AAYUSH RAH

Authors: ISHA TIWARI & AAYUSH RAH
Registration ID: 109486 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9486 & IJLRA9487
Year: Mar-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7
Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India
Email Id: isha.tiwari@nusrlranchi.ac.in & aayush.raj@nusrlranchi.ac.in
Page No: 17 | No of times Downloads: 0065
DOI Link: ttps://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/03.2025-89246341/THE FINANCIAL SIDE OF SEPARATION: HOW ALIMONY WORK

THE ROADBLOCKS TO COMMUNITY SERVICE AS PUNISHMENT AND HOW TO OVERCOME THEM BY - K.BHARATH CHANDRA & PROF. (DR.) K. SITA MANIKYAM

Authors: K.BHARATH CHANDRA & PROF. (DR.) K. SITA MANIKYAM
Registration ID: 109485 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9484 & IJLRA9485
Year: Mar-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7
Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India
Email Id: judgebharathchandra@gmail.com & bharathchandra2011@gmail.com
Page No: 15 | No of times Downloads: 0065
DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/03.2025-44234563/THE ROADBLOCKS TO COMMUNITY SERVICE AS PUNISHMENT

HISTORY OF HINDU WOMENS INHERITANCE RIGHTS AND TRANSITION FROM MALE-DOMINANCE TO EQUAL RIGHTS BY - ANUSHKA PALIJA

Authors: ANUSHKA PALIJA
Registration ID: 109481 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9481
Year: Mar-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7
Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India
Email Id: palija.anushka@gmail.com
Page No: 09 | No of times Downloads: 0065
DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/03.2025-79274681/HISTORY OF HINDU WOMENS INHERITANCE RIGHTS AND TRA

International journal for legal research and analysis

Abbreviation:IJLRA

ISSN:2582-6433

Website:https://www.ijlra.com/

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[10] Companies (CSR Policy) Amendment Rules, 2021[10]:

[11] Align with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

[2] https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2090271

[1]Harley Davidson Inc. "Hazrley-Davidson, Inc. to Vigorously Defend Its Position Following Aggressive EU Tariff Ruling accessed 24 october 2023.

[2] ‘Tariff Tracker: Tracking the Economic Impact of Tariffs’, ‘Tariff Tracker: Tracking the Economic Impact of Tariffs’ accessed 20 July 2024.

[1] 1. Judicial Ethics & Misconduct – K. Veeraswami (1991) allowed prosecution of judges; SCAORA (2015) questioned Collegium transparency. Delhi HC report (2025) and Fire Dept. confirmed allegations against Justice Varma.

2. Appointments & Transparency – Second Judges Case (1993) established Collegium primacy. Justice Ruma Pal (2011) criticized its opacity. Judicial Standards Bill (2010) proposed reforms but lapsed.

[2] 1. Testimonies from first responders as recorded in official reports.

2. Statement issued by Justice Varma during preliminary inquiries.

3. Restatement of Values of Judicial Life, adopted by the Supreme Court in 1997.

4. K. Veeraswami v. Union of India, (1991) 3 SCC 655.

5. Analysis of judicial accountability mechanisms in India.

6. Overview of the Collegium system as established in the Supreme Court Advocates-on-Record Association v. Union of India, (2015) 11 SCC 1.

[4] 1. S.P. Gupta v. Union of India, 1981 AIR 149; Supreme Court Advocates-on-Record Association v. Union of India, (1993) 4 SCC 441; In re Special Reference No. 1 of 1998, (1998) 7 SCC 739 – Established the Collegium system.

2. Supreme Court Advocates-on-Record Association v. Union of India, (2015) 11 SCC 1 – Struck down NJAC, reaffirming the Collegium system.

3. Justice J. Chelameswar’s dissent in the NJAC case – Criticized the Collegium’s secrecy and lack of transparency.

4. Madras Bar Association v. Union of India, (2014) 10 SCC 1 – Emphasized merit-based judicial appointments.

5. The Judicial Standards and Accountability Bill, 2010 (lapsed) and the Second Administrative Reforms Commission (2007) proposed judicial financial disclosures, but no law mandates them.

[6] 1. Public asset declarations and independent audits can prevent financial irregularities (Supreme Court Advocates-on-Record Association v. Union of India, 1993).

2. A Judicial Accountability Commission could enhance oversight (K. Veeraswami v. Union of India, 1991).

3. Justice V. Ramaswami's impeachment failed due to political interference (Parliamentary Debates, 1993).

4. Article 124(4) – Impeachment of Supreme Court judges.

5. Article 217(1)(b) – Removal of High Court judges.

6. Article 235 – High Court control over lower judiciary.

[7] 1. The Collegium System was established through the Second Judges Case (1993), giving primacy to the judiciary in judicial appointments.

1. The NJAC Act, 2014, introduced under Article 124A, aimed to increase transparency by involving the executive in judicial appointments.

2. The Supreme Court struck down the NJAC (2015), ruling that it violated the basic structure by compromising judicial independence.

3. The First Judges Case (1981) gave the executive the final say in judicial appointments, limiting the judiciary’s role to advisory.

4. The Second Judges Case (1993) overruled this, establishing the Collegium System, granting judicial primacy.

5. The Third Judges Case (1998) mandated a five-member Collegium for judicial appointments.

6. The Fourth Judges Case (2015) reaffirmed judicial independence, striking down the NJAC.

7. The NJAC included executive and non-judicial members, unlike the Collegium, which is solely judiciary-based.

8. The Collegium excludes government interference, ensuring autonomy, while the NJAC sought broader accountability.

9. Critics argue the Collegium lacks transparency, while the NJAC risked executive overreach.

[8] 1. Supreme Court Advocates-on-Record Association v. Union of India, (1993) 4 SCC 441.

2. Ibid.

3. Ibid.

4. Ibid.

5. Ibid.

6. Ibid.

7. Ibid.

8. In Re: Presidential Reference, (1998) 7 SCC 739.

9. Ibid.

[10] 1. Supreme Court Advocates-on-Record Association v. Union of India, (1993) 4 SCC 441 – Expanded the Collegium to five members and made its recommendations binding unless reconsidered and reiterated.

2. Supreme Court Advocates-on-Record Association v. Union of India, (2015) 11 SCC 1 – Struck down the NJAC Act, 2014, restoring the Collegium system to uphold judicial independence.

[12] 1. Second Judges Case (1993) – Supreme Court Advocates-on-Record Association v. Union of India, (1993) 4 SCC 441.

2. Collegium System – Established through the Second Judges Case (1993) and further refined in the Third Judges Case (1998) – Re: Presidential Reference, (1998) 7 SCC 739.

3. Binding Nature of Collegium Recommendations – Supreme Court Advocates-on-Record Association v. Union of India, (1993) 4 SCC 441; Re: Presidential Reference, (1998) 7 SCC 739.

4. Fourth Judges Case (2015) – NJAC Judgment – Supreme Court Advocates-on-Record Association v. Union of India, (2016) 5 SCC 1.

5. NJAC Act, 2014 – The Constitution (99th Amendment) Act, 2014, and the National Judicial Appointments Commission Act, 2014, were struck down in the Fourth Judges Case (2015).

¹³1. Supreme Court Advocates-on-Record Association v. Union of India, (2015) 6 SCC 408.

2. K. Veeraswami v. Union of India, (1991) 3 SCC 655.

3. Indian Constitution, Article 50 – Separation of judiciary from the executive.

4. Law Commission of India, Reform of Judicial Appointments: A Critical Review, Report No. 230 (2010).

5. Justice J.S. Verma, Report on Judicial Accountability and Reforms (2012).

6. Press Trust of India, "Collegium System Faces Criticism Over Transparency, Says Law Minister," The Hindu, January 10, 2024.

7. National Judicial Appointments Commission Act, 2014 (struck down in 2015).

8. Supreme Court Advocates-on-Record Association Case (2015) – Paragraphs 207-215 discuss the risks of political influence in judicial appointments.

9. Yashwant Varma Case – Allegations of judicial misconduct and financial irregularities raised concerns over the accountability of judges.

10. Transparency International Report (2023) – Ranking of India’s judiciary in terms of perceived corruption and need for reforms.

^{^[1]} C Liem and G Petropoulos, ‘The economic value of personal data for online platforms, firms, and consumers’ (London School of Economics and Political Science, 19 January 2016) http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/businessreview/2016/01/19/the-economic-value-of-personal-data-for-online-platforms-firms-and-consumers/ accessed 28 October 2024.

^{^[2]} OECD, Measuring the Value of Data and Data Flows (OECD 2022) 9.

^{^[3]} Corporate Finance Institute, ‘Market Valuation Approach’ (2022) https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com accessed 30 October 2024.

^{^[4]} OECD, Measuring the Value of Data and Data Flows (OECD 2022) 7-8.

^{^[5]} James Manyika et al., The Value of Data: Implications for Insight and Innovation (McKinsey Global Institute, 2017).

^{^[6]} Viktor Mayer-Schönberger & Thomas Ramge, Reinventing Capitalism in the Age of Big Data (John Murray, 2018).

^{^[7]} David J. Hand, The Improbability Principle: Why Coincidences, Miracles, and Rare Events Happen Every Day(Macmillan, 2014).

^{^[8]} OECD, Measuring the Digital Transformation: A Roadmap for the Future (OECD Publishing, 2019).

^{^[9]} Vicky E. Barham and Stephen E. King, The Economics of Data Taxation (Oxford University Press 2020) 125-26.

^{^[10]} "Data valuation: Understanding the value of your data assets," Deloitte (2024) https://deloitte.com accessed 28 October 2024.

^{^[11]} Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data (General Data Protection Regulation) [2016] OJ L119/1.

^{^[12]} Tax Foundation, 'Digital Tax Update: 2024 Digital Services Taxes in Europe' (2023) Tax Foundation https://taxfoundation.org accessed 28 October 2024.

^{^[13]} “Maryland Digital Ad Tax Bill,” National Law Review (2021) https://www.natlawreview.com/article/maryland-digital-ad-tax-bill accessed 28 October 2024.

^{^[14]} CLOUD Act, Consolidated Appropriations Act 2018, Pub L No 115-141, 132 Stat 348.

^{^[15]} Duff & Phelps, "Expansion of India’s Equalisation Levy to Impact More Tech Companies," Transfer Pricing Times (First Quarter 2021) https://www.kroll.com accessed 28 October 2024.

^{^[17]} California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018, Cal Civ Code §§ 1798.100–1798.199.100 (2018).

^{^[18]} Digital Personal Data Protection Act 2023 (India) https://www.dpdpa.in accessed 30 October 2024.

^{^[19]} Data Protection and Digital Privacy Act 2024, s 7.

^{^[20]} Data Protection and Digital Privacy Act 2024, s 5.

^{^[21]} Data Protection and Digital Privacy Act 2024, s 12.

^{^[22]} David G. Blanchflower and Andrew J. Oswald, ‘Taxation, the Politics of Data, and Artificial Intelligence’ (2019) 23(4) International Tax and Public Finance 1234.

^{^[23]} M A Albrecht, 'Blockchain and the Future of Taxation' (2018) 42(1) Journal of Taxation 55 https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/26529805 accessed 28 October 2024.

[1] https://vlex.co.uk/vid/r-v-misra-amit-793066645

[2] https://ipsaloquitur.com/criminal-law/cases/r-v-jordan-james-clinton/

[4] https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/859/5/1396632/

[5] https://www.casebriefs.com/blog/law/torts/torts-keyed-to-epstein/intentionally-inflicted-harm-the-prima-facie-case-and-defenses/mohr-v-williams/

[7] https://case-law.vlex.com/vid/people-v-murray-b237677-889158022

[2] Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act, 1956 (India).

[3] Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 (India).

[4] Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, S 125, Acts of Parliament, 1974 (India).

[8] Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, S 24, Acts of Parliament, 1955 (India).

[9] Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, S 25, Acts of Parliament, 1955 (India).

[12] Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act, 1956 (India).

[13] Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 (India).

[14] Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, S 125, Acts of Parliament, 1974 (India).

[15] Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, S 24, Acts of Parliament, 1955 (India).

[16] Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, S 25, Acts of Parliament, 1955 (India).

[17] Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, S 26, Acts of Parliament, 1955 (India).

[18] Parvin Kumar Jain v. Anju Jain, 2024 INSC 961.

[19] Kusum Sharma v. Mahinder Kumar Sharma, A.I.R. 2015 Del. 53.

[21] Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, S 24, Acts of Parliament, 1955 (India).

[22] Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, S 25, Acts of Parliament, 1955 (India).

[1] Research Scholar, Dr. B.R. AMBEDKAR COLLEGE OF LAW,ANDHRA UNIVERSITY& Civil Judge(Junior Division) Kanigiri, Prakasam District, Andhra Pradesh

[2] Principal, Dr. B.R. AMBEDKAR COLLEGE OF LAW ANDHRA UNIVERSITY, VISAKHAPATNAM

[3] BHARATIYA NYAYA SANHITA, 2023 (Act 45 OF 2023)

[4] Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (Act 46 of 2023)

[6] Crime and Criminal Tracking Network & Systems (CCTNS)

[7] Inter Operable Criminal Justice System (ICJS)

[8] sub section (5) of section 8 BNSS : If the offence is punishable with fine or c ommunity service, the imprisonment which the Court imposes in default of payment of the fine or in default of community service shall be simple.

[1] Doniger, W., & Smith, B. K. (1991). The Laws of Manu. Penguin Classics

[2] Prachi Dutta, Gender Inequality and Hindu Personal Laws, India Law Journal, https://www.indialawjournal.org/archives/volume8/issue-1/article10.html

[3] Mulla, D. F. (2016). Principles of Hindu Law. LexisNexis

[4] Mulla, D. F. (2016). Principles of Hindu Law. LexisNexis

[5] Agarwal, B. (2005). "Women’s Inheritance Rights in India: A Long Road to Equality." Economic and Political Weekly.

[6] Sharma, U. (2013). Women, Work and Property in North-West India. Routledge

IJLRA	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals Volume 5 Issue 8 2022 Page 1-6
IEEE	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, 5(8)

EFFECTIVENESS CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY BY - MR. ASHISH TIWARI & MR. DEWESH SHARAN

AN IN-DEPTH ANALYSIS OF THE ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS & INDIAS ADVANCEMENT ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) REGULATIONS - THE WAY FORWARD BY - AKASH RAGHAV, PRATEEK KUMAR RAGHAV & VAIBHAV PANDEY

THE SHIFTING TERRAIN: IMPACT OF TRADE WARS ON GLOBAL ECONOMIC LANDSCAPES AND MARKET DYNAMICS BY - HRIDHYA T.V

Foreign Investment In Perspective Of Human Rights By - Ishani Pathak

THE YASHWANT VARMA SCANDAL: A TEST FOR INDIAS JUDICIARY BY - ISHA UPADHYAY

DATA AS THE NEW OIL: CAN GOVERNMENTS TAX DIGITAL DATA? BY - ABHYA VARMA

CRIMINAL LIABILITY OF MEDICAL PROFESSIONALS: A LEGAL OVERVIEW BY - MADHUR KAPOOR & ARYAN SINGH RAJPUT

THE FINANCIAL SIDE OF SEPARATION: HOW ALIMONY WORKS IN INDIAN COURTS? BY - ISHA TIWARI & AAYUSH RAH

THE ROADBLOCKS TO COMMUNITY SERVICE AS PUNISHMENT AND HOW TO OVERCOME THEM BY - K.BHARATH CHANDRA & PROF. (DR.) K. SITA MANIKYAM

HISTORY OF HINDU WOMENS INHERITANCE RIGHTS AND TRANSITION FROM MALE-DOMINANCE TO EQUAL RIGHTS BY - ANUSHKA PALIJA

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