INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

THE JOURNEY OF CRIMINAL PROFILING AND ITS ROLE IN TRANSFORMING CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEMS AUTHORED BY - RAHAMATHULLA S & DR. M.A SALEEM AHMED

Authors: RAHAMATHULLA S & DR. M.A SALEEM AHMED

Registration ID: 109135 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9135 & IJLRA9136

Year: Feb-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: rahamathullas_law_july2024@crescent.education & saleemahmed.law@crescent.education

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THE NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS ACT, 1881 WITH RECENT AMENDMENTS BY - SUBODH KUMAR SARKAR

Authors: SUBODH KUMAR SARKAR

Registration ID: 109134 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9134

Year: Feb-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: sarkarsk1958@gmail.com

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NORMATIVE CHARACTERIZATION OF SELF-DETERMINATION IN INTERNATIONAL LAW BY – DEEPIKA. S

Authors: DEEPIKA. S

Registration ID: 109132 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9132

Year: Jan-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: s.d.manian@gmail.com

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DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2025-19392971/NORMATIVE CHARACTERIZATION OF SELF-DETERMINATION I

SOCIAL SECURITY FOR UNORGANISED SECTOR WORKERS BY: RADHIKA AGGARWAL

Authors: RADHIKA AGGARWAL

Registration ID: 109131 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9131

Year: Feb-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: radhikaballb20@gmail.com

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DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2025-84349327/SOCIAL SECURITY FOR UNORGANISED SECTOR WORKERS

MILITARIZED SEXUAL VIOLENCE AND HIV/AIDS ORIENTED DISABILITY: AN EFFORT TO ALLEVIATE VICTIMIZATION IN THE POST-CONFLICT REGIME BY - V. KAMALA PRIYA

Authors: V. KAMALA PRIYA

Registration ID: 109130 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9130

Year: Feb-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: kamaliblhons@gmail.com

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THE IMPORTANCE OF DNA IN CRIMINAL INVESTIGATIONS BY - ARYA S NAIR

Authors: ARYA S NAIR

Registration ID: 109129 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9129

Year: Feb-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: aryas091198@gmail.com

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DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2025-99667695/THE IMPORTANCE OF DNA IN CRIMINAL INVESTIGATIONS

REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS OF GIRLS AND WOMEN WITH DISABILITIES: A SOCIO-LEGAL STUDY BY: MS. MEHENDI MAZUMDAR

Authors: MS. MEHENDI MAZUMDAR

Registration ID: 109128 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9128

Year: Feb-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: mehendim01@gmail.com

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UNION MARINE CLASSIFICATION SERVICES LLC V. CAMOROS (2015, EWHC 508) BY - TRIPTI & TANISHA RANJAN

Authors: TRIPTI & TANISHA RANJAN

Registration ID: 109127 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9127 & IJLRA9133

Year: Feb-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

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Email Id: nikkint281997@gmail.com & tanisharanjanadv@gmail.com

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COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE MONOPOLISTIC RESTRICTIVE TRADE PRACTICES ACT, 1969 AND COMPETITION ACT 2002 BY - SIBIYA.S

Authors: SIBIYA.S

Registration ID: 109125 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9125

Year: Feb-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: sibiyaadv@gmail.com

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VOLUNTARY LICENSING: A NECESSARY ALTERNATIVE TO COMPULSORY LICENSING IN THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY BY - SHIVENDRA PRATAP SINGH

Authors: SHIVENDRA PRATAP SINGH

Registration ID: 109124 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9124

Year: Feb-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: pratap.shiven@gmail.com

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DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2025-88199613/VOLUNTARY LICENSING: A NECESSARY ALTERNATIVE TO CO

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[1] Kaustubh Phalke, Criminal profiling and how it is used, blog.ipleader.

[4] From crime scene to Conviction- Criminal profiling in India, Jyothi Judiciary, (Oct,17,2024,10 AM).

[6] Behavioral profiling and penology of crime, ijlmh, (Oct 18, 2024, 10 AM),

[7] Kaustubh Phalke, Criminal profiling and how it is used, blog.ipleader , (Oct,17,2024,10 AM)

[8] Criminal profiling understanding the Criminal Minds, legaserivce of india, (Oct 17,2024, 11AM), https://www.legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-12673-criminal-profiling-understanding-the-criminal-minds.html

[9] Prof.Dr Priya Sepaha, Criminal profiling of pshycopaths, 3,2022

[11] Criminal profiling understanding the Criminal Minds, legaserivce of india, (Oct 17,2024, 11AM),

[12] Criminal profiling understanding the Criminal Minds, legaserivce of india, (Oct 17,2024, 11AM),

[13] Kaustubh Phalke, Criminal profiling and how it is used, blog.ipleader, (Oct.17.2024,10 AM)

[14] [14] Prof.Dr Priya Sepaha, Criminal profiling of pshycopaths, 3,2022

[15] Mukesh & Anr. v. State (NCT of Delhi), (2017) 6 SCC 1.

[16] Adya aditi Samal, minds in the Shadow – forensic profiling , 36, 2021

[17] FIR No. 10/2018, Police Station Hiranagar, Jammu and Kashmir (No specific Supreme Court case citation, as it primarily involved state proceedings, but it garnered significant media coverage).

[1] Union Finance Ministry Proposes to Decriminalisation host minor offence under 19 legislation. The Hindu. PTI. 10 June 2020.ISSN_0971_751X. Retrieved 22 July 2020.s

[2] Negotiable instruments Act1881 edited by TN Shukla Advocate 2023 Kamal Law Publications Kolkata

[3] Negotiable instruments Act1881 edited by TN Shukla Advocate 2023 Kamal Law Publications Kolkata page -1

[4] Professional’s Bare Act book publisher Delhi page no2

[5] Professional’s Bare Act book publisher Delhi page no2

[6] Professional’s Bare Act book publisher Delhi page no3

[7] Professional’s Bare Act book publisher Delhi page no28

[8] Professional’s Bare Act book publisher Delhi page no14

[9] Professional’s Bare Act book publisher Delhi page no30

[10] Professional’s Bare Act book publisher Delhi page no33

[11] Professional’s Bare Act book publisher Delhi page no32

[12] Kamal’s N I ACT, 1881edited by T N Sukla published bny Kamal Law House Kolkata page no-91

[13] Kamal’s N I ACT, 1881edited by T N Sukla published bny Kamal Law House Kolkata page no-91

[1] The notion of the RSD included in the Charter was proposed at the San Francisco Conference with three aspects, namely i) Respect of the principal forms basis for the development of friendly relations; ii) measure to strengthen universal peace, iii) essential aspect is that of the free and genuine expression of the will of the people.

[2] UNGA resolution 41/128 titled as ‘Declaration on the Right to Development’, adopted on 4 December 1986;

UNGA resolution 53/144 titled as ‘Declaration on the Right and Responsibility of Individuals, Groups and Organs of Society to Promote and Protect Universally recognized Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms’ adopted on 9 December 1998; UNGA resolution 55/2 titled as ‘United Nations Millennium Declaration’, adopted on 8 September 2000.

[3] The Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Cooperation among States in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations (hereinafter referred to as the ‘Friendly Declaration’) adopted by the UNGA Resolution 2625 (XXV) which accords the RSD as a separate and basic principle of international law (Principle V).

[4]Conclusions of the work of the Study Group on the Fragmentation of International Law: Difficulties arising from the Diversification and Expansion of International Law, 2006 Adopted by the International Law

Commission.

[5] The salient issues inter alia include: (i) Methodology setting for identifying normative regimes; (ii) Historical evolution of the peremptory norms; (iii) Relevance of the two schools of thought natural law and positive law; (iv) Elementary considerations of jus cogens; (v) Legal nature of jus cogens; (vi) Impact of the ICJ on peremptory norms; (vii) Derogation of jus cogens and its legal effect.

[6] Though the ICJ is not the first court and it is the successor the Permanent Court of International Justice, by way of its juridical status as the principal judicial arm of the UN (Article 92 of the Charter of the UN), its literature is widely referred by the international legal actors. Andreas Zimmermann, Christian J. Tomuschat, Karin Oellers-Frahm (2006), The Statute of the International Court of Justice: A Commentary, Oxford University Press: Oxford.

[7] Refer, the UN General Assembly’s Draft International Covenants of Human Rights prepared by the UN Secretary

General, adopted on the Tenth Session, 1 July 1955. Chapter IV of the draft deals about the rights of the Peoples

and nations to Self-determination (pages 38 to 45). The draft contains the analytical summaries of the debates on

all Articles of the human rights covenants. Precisely, it is a consolidation of the views of the governments with

pointed issues. In particular, it projects the substantial questions of law on the relevant draft provisions raised by

the representatives of the governments. Also, the relevant documents are enlisted.

[8] Aureliu Cristescu, Special Rapporteur of the Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, Report on the Right to Self-determination: Historical and Current Development on the Basis of United Nations Instruments, 1981, United Nations Publications: New York, Page Number 123, para. 714.

[9] Refer, Separate Opinion of Judge Christopher Gregory Weeramantry, Case Concerning Application of the

Convention on Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia),

Preliminary Objections, Judgement of the International Court of Justice, 11 July 1996, I.C.J. Reports 1996, p.595.

[10] UN General Assembly resolution 1803 (XVII) of 14 December 1962, titled as ‘Permanent Sovereignty

Over Natural Resources’. It is also to be noted that the significance of the right to the PSNR was also chiefly

attested by series of international instruments on the conceptual theme of NIEO. That is with the objective to

achieve and promote the economic and trade related growth of the developing and that of the least developing countries. In particular, by way of fostering the principles of economic integration and economic independence.

A classic example is the Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States, UN General Assembly resolution 3281 (XXIX) of 12 December 1974.

[11] Legal Concsequeces for states of the continued presence of South Africa in Namibia (South West Aftica)

notwithstanding Security Council Resolution 276, Advisory opinion, 21 June 1971, I.C.J. Reports 1971, at 44.

[12] Case Concerning the Barcelona Traction, Light and power company, Limited (New Application 1962) (Belgium v. Spain), 5 February 1970, ICJ Rep 3, 32.

[13] Case Concerning East timor (Portugal v. Australia), Judgement, I.C.J. Reports 1995, at 90.

[14] Legal Consequences of the Construction of a wall in the occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion, 9 July 2004, I.C.J. Reports 2004, p. 136.

[15] Accordance with International Law of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence in Respect of Kosovo, Advisory Opinion, 22 July 2010, I.C.J. Reports 2010, p.403.

[16] Great attention is paid to Advisory opinion concerning the Chagos island because it recognized the erga omnes character of the obligation to respect self-determination and find an obligation, binding on all states cooperating with the UN complete the decolonization of Mauritius. However, it was interpreted that member states cooperating to finalize the decolonization are not generally accepted functions of erga omnes obligation. This is a consequence of a breach of obligation erga omnes with serious violations of a peremptory norm. Legal Consequences of the Separation of the Chagos Archipelago from Mauritius in 1965, Advisory Opinion, 25 February 2019, I.C.J. Reports 2019 at 95.

[1] ISST, Anweshaa Ghosh, Risha Ramachandran, Mubashira Zaidi - 2022 - osf.io. ''Women Workers in the Gig Economy in India'': An Exploratory Study. osf.io

[2] Hussmanns, Ralf, "The 'Informal Sector'," International Labour Review, Vol. 129, No. 6 (1990), pp. 609-629.

[13] pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1986238

[1] Working as an Assistant professor in the faculty of law, Dr.MGR Educational and Research Institute, Chennai.Mobile no: 9025398411, Email- kamaliblhons@gmail.com

[2] War which spurs actual violence against fellow human beings is not actually a war, which depicted as war in the formal society.

[3] See, Frits Kalshoven, Liesbeth Zegveld “Constraints on the Waging of War, An introduction to IHL, Cambridge University Press, 4^th ed, 2011.

[4] Sexual violence is defined as acts of sexual nature imposed by force, threat of force or coercion owing to the threat of violence, psychological oppression or abuse of power, which may be perpetrated against persons. Sexual violence includes rape, sexual slavery, forced prostitution, forced pregnancy, forced sterilization, or any other form of sexual violence of comparable gravity. It is not limited to physical violence and does not have to include physical contact. It can encompass anal and vaginal rape; forced nudity; forced masturbation; forced raping of others; being forced to witness the rape of others, including family, friends pr co-detainees; use of instruments on genitals; trauma, for example through beatings with sticks, wire etc; and verbal sexual threats. See, ICRC guidelines on Mental Health and Psychosocial support.

[5] “Conflict-related sexual violence “as used in the present report, refers to rape, sexual slavery, forced prostitution, forced pregnancy, forced abortion, enforced sterilization, forced marriage, and any other form of sexual violence of comparable gravity perpetrated against women, men, girls or boys that is directly or indirectly linked to a conflict. The term also encompasses trafficking in persond when committed in situations of conflict for the purpose of sexual violence/exploitation. See, Report of the secretary-general Antonio Guterres on “Conflict-Related Sexual Violence”, 15^th April, 2017(S/2017/249)

[6] Zaryab Iqbal, and Christopher Zorn,“Violent conflict and spread of HIV/AIDS in Africa”, 72 The Journal of Politics, (2010), pp. 149-162.

[7] Over 37.9 million people globally were living with HIV at the end of 2018, and around 570000-1.1million have died of HIV in 2018. More than 70% young women were living with HIV/AIDS than men in Africa In sub-Saharan Africa, four in five new infections among adolescents aged 15-19 years are in girls and 15-24years are twice living with HIV than men. For more reference see, Global HIV/AIDS statistics – 2019 fact sheet https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/fact-sheet (Accessed on 15th December 2019).

[8] United Nations Development Fund for Women, report on “Women, War and Peace- The Independent Experts’ Assessment on the Impact of Armed Conflict on Women and Women’s Role in Peace-building”. Editor-Gloria Jacobs (2002).

[9] Sexual violence perpetrated against tutsi women as a means of dehumanizing and subjugating tutsi, it was inflicted by the hutu to degrade not just individual women but the larger group of which she is a part. See, International Panel of Eminent Personalities report on “Rwanda: The Preventable Genocide”

[10] Refer, Amnesty International report on “Mass rape: Time for Remedies” in Democratic Republic of Congo (2004).

[11] Sierra Leonean society places high value on virginity. So, the intentional action of men over women depicts the reality of inequality, discrimination placed against women and they were forced to dead in post-conflict regimes. See, Human rights watch repot on “We Will Kill You If You Cry” sexual violence in Sierra Leone conflict, Vol.15, No.1, 2003.

[12] Peacekeeepers raped women and make it as a consensual transaction by offering money, food to the victims of rape. Here rape termed as “rape disguised as prostitution”. For detail analysis, refer UN General Assembly resolution A/59/710 where Prince Zied Ra’ad zied al-Hussain report on “A comprhensive strategy to eliminate future sexual exploitation and abuse in United Nations peacekeeping operations.

[13] Many married infected women faces discrimination in their community and in the family itself. Husbands of the women, after knowing their wife are HIV infected isolated them from the family. Even though they are not infected as a result of rape, they assumed to be so due to widespread acts of genocide in the so called war. See Amnesty International report on “Marked for Death”, rape survivors living with HIV/AIDS in Rwanda (2004).

[14] Already they stigmatized on basis of sexual violence, HIV infection exacerbates the situation of the survivors and reduce the physical, medical capacity to cope up with the disease, alarms them they are ‘marked for death’. See Amnesty International report on “Marked for Death”, rape survivors living with HIV/AIDS in Rwanda (2004).

[15] Survivors of sexual violence often named as ‘dirt or shame’ because of the type of violence used against them. The honour paradigm always associated with violence against women especially rape. It is not the honour of women but the honour of men who rapes is questioned. Refer, Amnesty International report on “Mass rape: Time for Remedies” in Democratic Republic of Congo (2004).

[16] Human rights watch report on “policy paralysis: A call for action on HIV/AIDS-Related Human rights Abuses against Women and Girls in Africa” (2003).

[17] For detail analysis, refer UN General Assembly resolution (UNGA) A/59/710 where Prince Zied Ra’ad zied al-Hussain report on “A comprhensive strategy to eliminate future sexual exploitation and abuse in United Nations peacekeeping operations.

[18] Evelyne Josse, “They came with two guns: the consequences of sexual violence for the mental health of women in armed conflicts, International Review of Red Cross, (2010) vol.92, no.877.

[19] Geneva Centre for Democratic controlled of Armed forces report on “Women in an Insecure World” violence against women facts, figures and analysis, edited by Marie Vlachovd and Lea Biason, 2005.

[20] Persons with introduced disability: women who were not disabled out of birth or accident during lifetime but were intentionally infected with HIV by combatant. This HIV infected women were termed as disabled in accordance with Article 1 of Convention on Rights of Persons with disabilities which states that “persons with disabilities includes those who have long-term physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairments which in interaction with various barriers may hinder their full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others.

[21] Refer, Human rights watch report on “shattered lives” sexual violence during Rwandan genocide and its aftermath, 1996.

[22] Refer, Amnesty International report on “Mass rape: Time for Remedies” in Democratic Republic of Congo (2004).

[23] Childrens are more vulnerable as same as their mother. It is the responsibility of the society to protect them, but here children’s are cursed by the society. See Amnesty International report on “Marked for Death”, rape survivors living with HIV/AIDS in Rwanda (2004).

[24] Preamble paragraph (e) of CRPD, Recognises that disability is an evolving concept and is a state of participation restriction resulted from interaction between an individual with impairments and environmental barriers. Article 11 of CRPD, obligates the state parties under international law to include international humanitarian law and international human rights law and to take measures for the protection and safety of persons with disabilities in the situations of armed conflict.

[25] For brief commentary on the convention, see, Ilias Bantekas, Michael Asheley Stein (ed), “The Convention on Rights of Persons with Disabilities” – A Commentary (2018), oxford university press, pg. 12.

[26] Article 6 of CRPD recognises women and girls with disabilities is subjected to multiple discrimination, and obligate state parties to take measures for the fulfilment of human rights and fundamental freedoms. Similarly, Article 7 of CRPD mandates state parties to take measures in the best interest of the children with disabilities.

[27] Article 1 of CRPD gives inclusive definition of “Persons with disabilities” where it includes persons having long-term physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairments which in interaction with various barriers may hinder their full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others. The convention does not explicitly refer to HIV/AIDS in the definition of disability. However, persons living with HIV have impairments which, in interaction with the environment, results in stigma, discrimination or other barriers to their participation, they can fall under the protection of the Convention. For detailed reference, see, UNAIDS, WHO and OHCHR policy brief: Disability and HIV (2009).

[28]For example, Russian Federation defines ‘persons with disabilities’ as persons whose health is impaired by a lasting deterioration of the functions of the organism resulting from disease, injury or deficiencies which affect their daily life. Similarly, in persons with disabilities Australia encompassed all impairment groups, inclusing health conditions such as HIV/AIDS under the definition of disability. See, Ilias Bantekas, Michael Asheley Stein (ed), “The Convention on Rights of Persons with Disabilities” – A Commentary (2018), oxford university press, pg. 12.

[29] Article 17 stipulates that physical and mental integrity of the person with disability have to be respected. From this context, first the status of mental integrity of the conflict based HIV infected women to be known. Intentional violence over women intrudes into the integrity of minds: stress, depression, phobia and disfunctioning of organs occurred. According to which this convention has applied to the women with introduced disability.

[30] All the four Geneva Conventions under the IHL is to regulate the warfare during armed conflict. Paragraph 2 denounces certain practices which occurred, for example, during the last world war, when innumerable women of all ages, and even children, were subjected to outrages of the worst kind: rape committed in occupied territories, brutal treatment of every sort, mutilations etc. In areas where troops were stationed or through which they passed, thousands of women were made to enter brothels against their will or were contaminated with venereal diseases, the incidence of which often increased on an alarming scale. Refer, ICRC “commentary on fourth Geneva Convention, 1949” https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Comment.xsp?action=openDocument&documentId=25179A620578AD49C12563CD0042B949(Accessed on 16/12/19).

[31] Article 7 (1) (g) gives meaning to the term, Crimes against humanity which means rape and other of sexual violence committed widespread and systematic attack against civilian population is a crime.

[32] For brief understanding, see Otto Trifftere, Kai Ambos, “The Rome Statute of International Criminal Court – A Commentary”, 3^rd edition, 2015.

[33] This rule mandates state parties to include it as norm of customary international law applicable in both international and non-international armed conflicts. Refer https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule93 (Accessed on 16/12/19).

[34] The, Then Secreatary-General, Kofi A.Annan asked Mr. Lakhdar Brahimi to give a report of peace keeping operations, so the report of the panel on United Nations Peace Operation was passed in the UNSC resolution (A/55/305) and asked Prince Zied Ra’ad zied al-Hussain (permanent representative of Jordan ) to submit report on “A comprhensive strategy to eliminate future sexual exploitation and abuse in United Nations peacekeeping operations” later passed under UN General Assembly resolution A/59/710.

[35] It laids three principle activities for UN peace operations are; peace-makiing, peace-keeping and peace-building. Peace-making means addressing the conflicts in progress by using tools of mediation and arbitration. Peace-keeping is the primary military model of observing cease-fires and military, civilians’ works together to build peace aftermath of the civil wars. Peace-building is for providing technical assistance for democratic development and promote conflict resolution and reconciliation techniques. Essential complements to effective peacebuilding include support for the fight against corruption, emphasis on HIV/AIDS, education and control and action against other infectious diseases. For brief comments, see UNSC resolution(A/55/305) where Lakhdar Brahimi report on “A comprhensive strategy to eliminate future sexual exploitation and abuse in United Nations peacekeeping operations”.

[36] Following recommendations were given in this report, i) the prohibitions against sexual exploitation and abuse for all categories of peacekeeping personnel is set out in the 2003Secretary-General’s bulletin. ii)General assembly shall authorize the establishment of professional investigative to investigate the allegations of sexual exploitation and abuse, iii) personnel who violate the bulletin should be subjected to disciplinary action and should be fined and pay for the victims. For detail analysis, refer UN General Assembly resolution (UNGA) A/59/710 where Prince Zied Ra’ad zied al-Hussain report on “A comprhensive strategy to eliminate future sexual exploitation and abuse in United Nations peacekeeping operations.

[37] In the Case Concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua resolution 2625 (XXV) on Friendly Relations and Cooperation among states for the law on the use of force and intervention was relied.

[38] UNSC resolution 1325 adopted at its 4213 meeting on, 31^st October 2000.

[39] UNSC resolution 1820 adopted at its 5916 meeting on, 19^th June 2008.

[40] UNSC resolution 1888 and 2106 adopted at its 6195 and 6984 meeting on, 2009 and 2013.

[41] UNSC resolution 2475 adopted at its 8556 meeting on, 20^th June 2019.

[42] UNSC resolution 1308 adopted at its 4172 meeting on, 17^th July2000 on “Responsibility of the Security Council in the Maintenance of International Peace and Security: HIV/AIDS and International Peacekeeping Operations.

[43] Theodor Maron, “Rape as a crime under International Humanitarian Law”, The American Journal of International law, (1993), Vol. 87, No. 3, pp. 424-428.

[44] Human rights watch report on “Seeking Justice, the Prosecution of Sexual Violence in the Congo War”,(2005).

[45] The absence of anti-retoviral treatment stills the rule not the exception in Africa, means that people are dying, not living, with AIDS.

[46] Ministry of Foreign Affairs Copenhagen, “Warburton Mission II report” EC investigative mission into the treatment of muslim women in the Former Yugoslavia: Report to EC foreign ministers, (1993).

[47] Unnatural things are nothing but the things which are not natural for example, humans are not born criminals, according to the nature they are smooth, soft. Intrusion of external things such greed, power, lust corrupts them and make unnatural to the creation.

[48] Zaryab Iqbal, and Christopher Zorn,“Violent conflict and spread of HIV/AIDS in Africa”, 72 The Journal of Politics, (2010), pp. 149-162.

[49] During the training, the condoms were being distributed as a life-saving measure to prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS. For detail analysis, refer UN General Assembly resolution (UNGA) A/59/710 where Prince Zied Ra’ad zied al-Hussain report on “A comprhensive strategy to eliminate future sexual exploitation and abuse in United Nations peacekeeping operations.

[50] For detailed reference, see, Radhika coomaraswamy, “15 years of The United Nations Special Rapporteur on Violence Against Women” its causes and consequences- A critical review,(1994-2009), pg. 15, 16.

[51] For brief understanding, see Otto Trifftere, Kai Ambos, “The Rome Statute of International Criminal Court – A Commentary”, 3^rd edition, 2015. Pg. 208.

[1] Grette Sara Titus,” The Role and Importance of DNA Evidence in the Indian Criminal Justice System”, Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, 2023;17(4).

[3] FORENSIC DNA PROFILING: A LEGAL AND ETHICAL PERSPECTIVE IN THE INDIAN CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM, available at https://icrep.cusat.ac.in/journal/d/64a2eac7-0737-44fc-b809-255f9dd4cd1f , last visited on (Feb 2,2025)

[9] Dr. Nirpat Patel, “The Role of DNA in Criminal Investigation – Admissibility in Indian Legal System and Future Perspectives”, International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention, 2013, 2(7).

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^{^[1]} Assistant Professor, KMC College of Law,Tirupur,Tamil Nadu, India.

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[2] Cf lain M Cockburn, Intellectual Property Right and Pharmaceuticals: Challenges and Opportunities for Economic Research, Wipo's The Econs. Of Intell. Prop. 150, 160-161 (2009)

[5] JH Reichman, Compulsory Licensing of Patented Pharmaceutical Inventions: Evaluating the Options, The Yale Law Journal, 46 (8) (2009).

[8] Kristina M. Lybecker, Elisabeth Fowler, Compulsory licensing in Canada and Thailand: comparing regimens to ensure legitimate use of the WTO rules, 37 J. Law Med. Ethics 222 (2009).

[9] Sara M. Ford, Compulsory Licensing Provisions under the TRIPS Agreement: Balancing Pills and Patents,15(4) American University International Law Review 941, 953 (2000).

[10] Bayer Corporation v. Natco Pharma Ltd., Order No. 45/2013, 40 (Intellectual Property Appellate Board, Chennai), available at http://www.ipab.tn.nic.in/045-2013.html.

[11] Amiti Sen, US Protests Patent Issuance to Natco to Sell Copied Versions of Nexaver, The Economic Times March 27, 2012, available at http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes. com/2012-03-27/news/31245102 compulsory-licence-patent-owner-indian-patent-office. Last accessed 13 September 2024.

[12] Sahni, The Economic Times, ‘US Threatens take India to WTO over Nexavar Generic’, 5 July, 2012.

[13] Tahir Amin, ‘Voluntary Licensing Practices in the Pharmaceutical Sector: An Acceptable Solution To Providing Access To Affordable Medicines’, Oxfam Gb At 3 (2007).

[14]Clair Cassedy, Transcript of Bayer CEO Marjin Dekkers quote at the December 3, 2013, FT Event, regarding India compulsory license of Nexavar, Knowledge Ecology Int'l (Feb. 7, 2014), available at http://keionline~org/node/1924. Last accessed 13 September 2024.

[15] Bayer Corporation v. Natco Pharma Ltd., (n 10)

IJLRA	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals Volume 5 Issue 8 2022 Page 1-6
IEEE	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, 5(8)

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