INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

UNDERTRAIL PRISONERS IN INDIA: DELAYED JUCTICE AND PROLONGED INCARCERATION. BY - PARAG MODI

Authors: PARAG MODI

Registration ID: 107154 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA7154

Year: April-2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

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SECULARISM IN INDIA: CONSTITUTIONAL PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE BY - HARSHIT SINGH

Authors: HARSHIT SINGH

Registration ID: 107153 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA7153

Year: April-2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

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A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF FARMERS RIGHTS IN INDIA BY - KAUSTUBH MURKUTE

Authors: KAUSTUBH MURKUTE

Registration ID: 107152 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA7152

Year: April-2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

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WOMEN’S ACCESS TO JUSTICE: UNDERSTANDING THE BARRIERS FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE VICTIMS BY - NEHA KUMARI

Authors: NEHA KUMARI

Registration ID: 107151 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA7151

Year: March-2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

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Doi Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/12.2025-47329212/WOMEN’S ACCESS TO JUSTICE: UNDERSTANDING THE BAR

ADAPTING TO SUSTAINABILITY: NAVIGATING THE OBSTACLES OF TECHNOLOGICAL SHIFTS IN GREEN ECONOMY BY: PRIYANSHI

Authors: PRIYANSHI

Registration ID: 107150 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA7150

Year: March-2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

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ADMINISTRATIVE DISCRETION – POLICE- UTTAR PRADESH BY: PEEHU BHARDWAJ

Authors: PEEHU BHARDWAJ

Registration ID: 107149 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA7149

Year: March-2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

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ROLE OF AI IN CYBER CRIME AND HAMPERING NATIONAL SECURITY BY: AKANKSHA CHAUHAN

Authors: AKANKSHA CHAUHAN

Registration ID: 107148 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA7148

Year: March-2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

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ANIMAL PROTECTION: A STUDY OF A RIGHTS-DUTIES BASED APPROACH. BY - ASHISH MATHALY, TIA SIKKA & MIHIR N SINGH

Authors: ASHISH MATHALY, TIA SIKKA & MIHIR N SINGH

Registration ID: 107145 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA7145, IJLRA7146 & IJLRA7147

Year: March-2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: tia.sikka@law.christuniversity.in

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COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CITIZIENSHIP IN INDIA AND U.S.A BY - PRADNYA P. DABHADE

Authors: PRADNYA P. DABHADE

Registration ID: 107144 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA7144

Year: March-2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: dabhadepradnya19@gmail.com

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PARLIMENTARY PRIVILIGES AND ANTI DEFECTION LAW IN INDIAN CONSTITUTION BY - MITHIL M. BURANDE

Authors: MITHIL M. BURANDE

Registration ID: 107143 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA7143

Year: March-2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: mithilburande36@gmail.com

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International journal for legal research and analysis

Abbreviation:IJLRA

ISSN:2582-6433

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[1] https://nykdaily.com/2020/12/history-and-origin-of-secularism

[2] https://secularismandnonreligion.org/articles/10.5334/snr.113

[5] https://vajiramandravi.com/quest-upsc-notes/secularism/

[9] M. P. Singh, V. N. Shukla's Constitution of India

[10] Upendra Baxi. The Indian Constitution: Oxford India Short Introductions. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2008.

[1] Anil Gupta & Ronald R. Reichman, "Intellectual Property Rights for Plant Biotechnology: International Agreements and National Laws," 4 Int'l J. Biotech. 669 (2002), available at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286755545_Intellectual_Property_Rights_for_Plant_Biotechnology_I nternational_Agreements_and_National_Laws. Last seen on 31/03/2024

[2] See Vandana Shiva, "The Plunder of Agriculture in India," 10 Alternatives 623 (1983), available at https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/40643860. Last seen on 31/03/2024

[3] International Union for Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV), available at https://www.upov.int/. Last seen on 31/03/2024

[4] For more information on the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV), see the official UPOV website: https://www.upov.int/en/about/upov. Last seen on 31/03/2024

[5] For more information on the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGFRA), see the official Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) website: https://www.fao.org/plant- treaty/overview/en/. Last seen on 31/03/2024

[6] World Trade Organization. (n.d.). Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). Retrieved from https://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/27-trips_04c_e.htm. Last seen on 01/04/2024

[7] Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights Act (PPVFRA), 2001, No. 53, Acts of Parliament, 2001 (India)

[8] Jayashree Watal, Intellectual Property Rights in Indian Agriculture, ICRIER (July 1998).

[9] Mrinalini Kochipillai- “The PPV& FR act-2001: Historical and Implementation incentives”.

[10] Srividhya Ragavan & Jamie M. O'Shields, Has India Addressed Its Farmers' Woes? A Story of Plant Protection Issues, Geo. Int'l Envtl. L.Rev.20:97 (2007).

[11] Elizebeth Verkey, “Law of plant varieties protection”, Eastern Book Company, 8th March,2007.

[12] Barton, John H and Peter Berger, “Patenting Agriculture” Issues in Science and Technology, (4th ed. 2001).

[13] Pankhuri Agarwal, the ‘Farmers’ Rights’ Law Lays the IPR Trap, Spicyip (April 21, 2019).

[1] Ph.D. Scholar at Faculty of Law, University of Delhi.

[2] Kaifulla Ibrahim, F.M., J., Rule of Law & Access to Justice, 2014, Tamil Nadu State Judicial Academy.

[3] Sarkar Lotika (1995) Women’s Movement and the Legal Process Occasional Paper No. 24 CWDS, New Delhi p. 1-2.

[4] Report of the Special Rapporteur on Violence against Women, its Causes and Consequences, Radhika Coomaraswamy, Addendum 1: International, regional, and national developments in the area of violence against women 1994-2003, UN Doc. E/CN.4/2003/75/Add.1, 27 February 2003.

[5] Shalu Nigam, “Understanding Justice Delivery System from the Perspective of Women Litigants as Victims of Domestic Violence in India” Centre for Women Development and Studies (2005) available at: https://www.cwds.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/UnderstandingJustice.pdf (last visited on April, 14, 2023).

[7] R. Kaur and S. Garg, “Addressing domestic violence against women: An unfinished agenda” 33(2) Indian Journal of Community Medicine 73-78 (2008).

[8] Maria Federica Moscati, The Role of Transitional Justice and Access to Justice in Conflict Resolution and Democratic Advancement 9 (2015), available at: https: www.democraticprogress.org/wpcontent/uploads/2015/06/MOSCATI_TRANSITIONALJUSTICE-Proof.pdf (last visited April 8, 2023).

[9] The Hague Inst. for Innovation of Law, Trend Report/Part 1: Towards Basic Justice Care for Everyone 5, 8, 17 (2012) [hereinafter Hiil]; The Comm’n on Legal Empowerment of the Poor & United Nations Dev. Program [UNDP], 2 Making the Law Work for Everyone 25–27, 42–53 (2008) [hereinafter Comm’n on Legal Empowerment]; UNDP, Programming for Justice: Access for All 60–100 (2005) [hereinafter UNDP 2005].

[10] Francesco Francioni, The Rights of Access to Justice under Customary International Law, in ACCESS TO JUSTICE AS A HUMAN RIGHT 1, 8 (Francesco Francioni ed., 2007) (arguing that there is no customary international norm granting individuals universal standing before international institutions).

[12] The International Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural Rights was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 16th December 1966, it entered into force on 3rd January 1976.See Brownlie, Ian(ed.), Basic Documents on Human Rights, Third Edition, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1998, p. 114.

[13] Dias Kadwani Ayesha & Welch Gita (eds.), Justice for the Poor, Perspectives on Accelerating Access, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2009, p. 24.

[14] Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16 December 1966, available at: http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/a_ccpr.htm (last visited on April 4, 2023).

[15] See General Recommendation No. 33 of the UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women issued on the 23rd July 2015, CEDAW/C/GC/33. 18 See General Recommendation No. 33 of the UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women issued on the 23rd July 2015, CEDAW/C/GC/33.

[18] The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India.

[19] Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth. — (1) The State shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them.

[20] Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from making any special provision for women and children.

[21] Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment.

[22] Article 21. No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law, nor shall any person be denied equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India.

[23] Article 39- Certain principles of policy to be followed by the State—The State shall direct its policy towards securing— (a) that the citizens, men, and women equally, have the right to an adequate means of livelihood.

[24] Article 39(d)-The State shall direct its policy towards securing—(d) that there is equal pay for equal work for both men and women.

[25] Equal justice and free legal aid. —The State shall secure that the operation of the legal system promotes justice, on a basis of equal opportunity, and shall provide free legal aid, by suitable legislation or schemes or in any other way, to ensure that opportunities for securing justice are not denied to any citizen by reason of economic or other disabilities.

[26] Provision for just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief. —The State shall make provision for securing just and humane conditions of work and for maternity relief.

[27] Article 46 Promotion of educational and economic interests of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other weaker sections. —The State shall promote with special care the educational and economic interests of the weaker sections of the people, and, in particular, of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes, and shall protect them from social injustice and all forms of exploitation.

[28] Article47- Duty of the State to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve public health. —The State shall regard the raising of the level of nutrition and the standard of living of its people and the improvement of public health as among its primary duties and, in particular, the State shall endeavour to bring about prohibition of the consumption except for medicinal purposes of intoxicating drinks and of drugs which are injurious to health.

[29] Article 51A. Fundamental duties. —It shall be the duty of every citizen of India—(e) to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities; to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women.

[37] Sakshita Khosla, “List of states with most & least domestic violence against women released” inshorts, May 8, 2022, available at: https://inshorts.com/en/news/list-of-states-with-most-least-domestic-violence-againstwomen-released-1652004873638 (last visited on April 22, 2023).

[1] R.v Vestry of St Pancras, (1890), 24 Q.B.D. 371

[2] G.E.Treves, Administrative Discretion and Judicial Control, The Modern Law Review , Jul., 1947, Vol. 10, No. 3 (Jul., 1947), pp. 278

[3] H. KENEETH HIBBELN and DOUGLAS H. SHUVAMON, Methods of structuring administrative discretion, Vol. 15, pp 124-129, state and local government review, 1983

[5] The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, Acts of Parliament (India)

[6] Criminal Law Amendment 2005, Act No. 25 of 2005, Acts of Parliament (India)

[7] Criminal Law Amendment 2009, Act No. 5 of 2009, Acts of Parliament (India)

[8] Criminal Law Amendment 2013, Act No. 5 of 2013, Acts of Parliament (India)

[9] Joginder Singh vs State of Punjab, 1994 AIR 1349

[10] Lalita Kumari vs Govt of UP, AIR, 2014, SC 187

[11]Arnesh Kumar vs State of Bihar, (2014) 8 SCC 273

[13] Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, No. 10 of 1994, Acts of Parliament (India)

[14] Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, No. 10 of 1994, Acts of Parliament (India)

[16] State of Madhya Pradesh Vs. Shyamsunder Trivedi & Ors. 1995 (3) Scale, 343

[18] INJURIES IN POLICE CUSTODY, 113rd Report, Law Commission of India, 1985. Accessible at: https://lawcommissionofindia.nic.in/101-169/Report113.pdf

^{^[1]}Badruddin and Anis Ahmad (2017), Cyber Security Challenges: Some Reflections on Law and Policy in India, The Haryana Police Journal,Volume 1 No. 1, October.

^{^[2]} McCarthy, J. "What Is Artificial Intelligence ?". http://www- formal.stanford.edu/jmc/whatisai.pdf accessed November 2, 2022

^{^[3]}Burgess, Matt, “Police built an AI to predict violent crime. It was seriously flawed”, WIRED, https://www.wired.co.uk/article/police-violence-prediction-ndasaccessed October 28, 2022.

^{^[4]}Known as the Y2K bug, where the computer programmers feared that as the year 2000 approached the computer might not be able t interpret the two digit code 00 as 2000 but as 1900. This resulted in fear that activates that were programmed on a daily or yearly basis (interest rate, flight schedule, routine maintenance) could be damages. Y2K Bug, NAT’L GEOGRAPHIC, http://www.nationalgeoggraphic.org/encyclopedia/Y2K-bug/

^{^[5]}California Department of Motor Vehicles developed an Autonomous Vehicle Tester Program. Testing of autonomous vehicles, STATE OF CAL. DEP’T OF MOTOR VEHICLES, https://www.dmv.cagov/portal/dmv/detail/vr/autonomus/testing)

^{^[6]}Sensors and actuators embedded in physical object_ from roadways to pacemakers-are linked through wired and wireless networks, often using the same Internet Protocol (IP) that connects the Internet. These network churn out huge volumes of data that flow to computers for analysis. When objects can both sense the environment and communicate, they become tools for understanding complexity and responding to it swiftly.

Michael Chui et al., The Internet of Things, MCKINSLEY&COMPANY (Mar. 2010), http://www.mvkinsmckinsey.com/industries/high-tech/our-insights/the-internet-of-things

^{^[7]}“WHO reports fivefold increase in cyberattacks, urges vigilance”World Health Organization (WHO)(April 23, 2020), available at: https://www.who.int/news/item/23-04-2020-who-reports-fivefold-increase-in-cyber-attacks-urges-vigilance

^{^[8]}“Cyber Attack Suspected in German Woman’s Death”,The New York Times, September 18, 2020, available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/18/world/europe/cyber-attack-germany-ransomeware-death.html.

^{^[9]}Supply Chain, “Lessons Learned from the Vaccine Supply Chain Attack”,available at: https://www.supplychaindigital.com/supply-chain-risk-management/lessons-learned-vaccine-supply-chain-attack

^{^[10]}Prakarsh andKhanna R, “Artificial Intelligence and Cybercrime- A curate’s Egg”, Medium, https://medium.com/the-%C3%B3pinion/artificial-intelligence-and-cybercrime-a-curates-egg-2dbaee833be1accessed accessed October 28, 2022

^{^[11]}“The Dark Side of Latin America: Cryptocurrency, Cartels, Carding and the Rise of Cybercrime”, INSIGHTS p.6, : https://wow.intsights.com/rs/071-ZWD-900/images/Dark%20Side%20of%20Latin%20America.pdf. See also, “The Next, El Chapo is Coming for your Smartphone”, https://www.ozy.com/the-new-and-the-next/the-next-el-chapo-might-strike-your-smartphone-and-bank/273903/.)

^{^[12]}J.Kietzmann, J. Paschen, and E. Treen, ‘‘Arti?cial intelligence in advertising: How marketers can leverage arti?cial intelligence along the consumer journey,’’ J. Advertising Res., vol. 58, no. 3, pp. 263–267, 2018.[47] J. Paschen, M. Wilson, and J. J. Ferreira, ‘‘Collaborative intelligence:How human and arti?cial intelligence create value along the B2B salesfunnel,’’ Bus. Horizons, vol. 63, no. 3, pp. 403–414, May 2020

^{^[13]}Gorman C, “Recent Developments in AI and National Security: What You Need to Know”, Lawfare, 3 March 2022.

^{^[14]}Allen G and Chan T, “Artificial Intelligence and National Security”, BelferCenter for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School, 2017.

^{^[16]}Peter L. Jones, Ricky Waddell, Wilson Jr C. Blythe and Thomas Pappas, “Unclassified Summary of the US Army Training and Doctrine Command Russian New Generation Warfare Study”, TRADOC Ft. Eustis United States, 2017.)

^{^[17]}Indrani Bagchi, “China Mounts Cyber Attacks On Indian Sites”, The Times of India, 5 May 2008.) PM’s Office in 2010 (Ashish Khetan, “Chinese Hackers Target PMO”, India Today, 14 January 2010.

[1] Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960, Section 11.

[3] Martha Nussbaum (2003) CAPABILITIES AS FUNDAMENTAL ENTITLEMENTS: SEN AND SOCIAL JUSTICE, Feminist Economics, 9:2-3, 33-59

[5] Margarida Narciso & Yassir Ahmed, Animal Rights, 1 Ct. Uncourt 14 (2014).

[6] Ashish Sharma, Laws and Judicial Contribution for Animal Rights in India, 5 Issue 1 Indian J.L. & Legal Rsch. 1 (2023).

[7] Hariom Tiwari, Sanjeevani Sethi & Vedanti Gharat, Regulations Governing Animal Rights in India, 3 Indian J. Integrated Rsch. L. 1 (2023).

IJLRA	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals Volume 5 Issue 8 2022 Page 1-6
IEEE	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, 5(8)

UNDERTRAIL PRISONERS IN INDIA: DELAYED JUCTICE AND PROLONGED INCARCERATION. BY - PARAG MODI

SECULARISM IN INDIA: CONSTITUTIONAL PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE BY - HARSHIT SINGH

A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF FARMERS RIGHTS IN INDIA BY - KAUSTUBH MURKUTE

WOMEN’S ACCESS TO JUSTICE: UNDERSTANDING THE BARRIERS FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE VICTIMS BY - NEHA KUMARI

ADAPTING TO SUSTAINABILITY: NAVIGATING THE OBSTACLES OF TECHNOLOGICAL SHIFTS IN GREEN ECONOMY BY: PRIYANSHI

ADMINISTRATIVE DISCRETION – POLICE- UTTAR PRADESH BY: PEEHU BHARDWAJ

ROLE OF AI IN CYBER CRIME AND HAMPERING NATIONAL SECURITY BY: AKANKSHA CHAUHAN

ANIMAL PROTECTION: A STUDY OF A RIGHTS-DUTIES BASED APPROACH. BY - ASHISH MATHALY, TIA SIKKA & MIHIR N SINGH

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CITIZIENSHIP IN INDIA AND U.S.A BY - PRADNYA P. DABHADE

PARLIMENTARY PRIVILIGES AND ANTI DEFECTION LAW IN INDIAN CONSTITUTION BY - MITHIL M. BURANDE

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