INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

IMPORTANCE AND EFFECT OF JUDICIAL REVIEW AGAINST ACTION FOR RE-ASSESSMENT – ANALYSIS AND STUDY OF EMERGING TRENDS BY - SANJAY BANSAL & DR. ANNU BAHL MEHRA

Authors: SANJAY BANSAL & DR. ANNU BAHL MEHRA

Registration ID: 105794 Published Paper ID: IJLRA5794 & IJLRA5795

Year : June -2023 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

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Email Id: bansalsenioradvocate@gmail.com

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COMPENSATION SCHEME: A CRITICAL STUDY ON SURVIVORS OF SEXUAL OFFENCES BY - SHARDA & DR. AJEET KUMAR SINGH

Authors: SHARDA & DR. AJEET KUMAR SINGH

Registration ID: 105792 Published Paper ID: IJLRA5792 & IJLRA5763

Year : June -2023 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

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Email Id: sharda_kv@yahoo.in

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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN LEGAL SECTOR BY: A. TAIBAH FATHIMA

Authors: A. TAIBAH FATHIMA

Registration ID: 105791 Published Paper ID: IJLRA5791

Year : June -2023 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

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Email Id: taibah.amjath2911@gmail.com

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AN OVERVIEW OF GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS FOR INDIAN GOODS BY - RASHI MAKHIJA

Authors: RASHI MAKHIJA

Registration ID: 105790 Published Paper ID: IJLRA5790

Year : June -2023 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: rashimakhija369@gmail.com

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Doi Link: https://doi-ds.org/doilink/06.2023-49636669/AN OVERVIEW OF GEOGRAPHICAL

LEGAL CONFINES OF CYBERBULLYING EXPLORING THE COUNTERACCUSATIONS AND COUNTERMEASURES BY - NISHIKA MIGLANI

Authors: NISHIKA MIGLANI

Registration ID: 105789 Published Paper ID: IJLRA5789

Year : June -2023 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

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Email Id: nishikamiglani@gmail.com

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ACCESS TO JUSTICE FOR MARGINALIZED COMMUNITIES: EXPLORING THE BARRIERS AND SOLUTIONS. BY - MISS PRITY BISWAS

Authors: MISS PRITY BISWAS

Registration ID: 105788 Published Paper ID: IJLRA5788

Year : June -2023 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

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Email Id: pritybiswas.2002@gmail.com

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Doi Link: https://doi-ds.org/doilink/06.2023-63985249/ACCESS TO JUSTICE

THE DARK SIDE OF THE WEB: AN EXAMINATION OF THE LEGAL CHALLENGES IN REGULATING THE DARK WEB IN INDIA BY - SURYADEVARA MOUNISH CHANUKYA

Authors: SURYADEVARA MOUNISH CHANUKYA

Registration ID: 105787 Published Paper ID: IJLRA5787

Year : June -2023 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

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Email Id: mounish.chanukya@gmail.com

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Doi Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/06.2023-89182576/HE DARK SIDE OF THE WEB

A STUDY ON PROMOTION OF SUSTAINABLE CONSUMPTION BY COMBATING FOOD WASTAGE BY - MADHUMITHA C L

Authors: MADHUMITHA C L

Registration ID: 105786 Published Paper ID: IJLRA5786

Year : June -2023 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

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Email Id: madhu303782@gmail.com

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AN OVERVIEW OF ORGANIZATION AND FUNCTIONS OF INTERPOL AS AN INTERNATIONAL LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCY BY - DR. SAMBEETA DABRAL

Authors: DR. SAMBEETA DABRAL

Registration ID: 105785 Published Paper ID: IJLRA5785

Year : June -2023 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

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Email Id: sambeetadabral@hotmail.com

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Doi Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/06.2023-15542437/AN OVERVIEW

“RIGHTS OF VCTIM AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATION” BY - PRAGYATA SINGH

Authors: PRAGYATA SINGH

Registration ID: 105784 Published Paper ID: IJLRA5784

Year : June -2023 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

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Email Id: pragyatarajput10@gmail.com

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Doi Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/06.2023-73656886/RIGHTS OF VCTIM

International journal for legal research and analysis

Abbreviation:IJLRA

ISSN:2582-6433

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[1] State of Bihar & Ors v. Subhash Singh, (1997) 4 SCC 430 : JT 1997 (2) SC 463

[2] Observed by Lord Wilberforce in the case of Rossminster Ltd., (1979) 52 TC 160 : (1980) I All ER 80 (p. 84 of 1 All ER)

[3] Wade’s Administrative Law, 8^th Edition (pg. 33 – 35)

[4] (1961) 41 ITR 191 (SC) : (1961) 2 SCR 241 : AIR 1961 SC 372

[5] Techspan India (P.) Ltd. v. Income-tax Officer, (2007) 158 Taxman 182 (Delhi) : (2006) 283 ITR 212 (Delhi) : (2006) 203 CTR 550 (Delhi) affirmed by the Hon'ble Supreme Court of India in Income Tax Officer v. TechSpan India (P.) Ltd., (2018) 92 taxmann.com 361 (SC) : (2018) 255 Taxman 152 (SC) : (2018) 404 ITR 10 (SC) : (2018) 302 CTR 74 (SC)

[7] (2005) 8 SCC 264. See also: State of H.P. and Others v. Gujarat Ambuja Cement Ltd. and Another, (2005) 6 SCC 499.

[8] (1996) 100 STC 457 (P&H) : ILR (1996) 1 P&H 323

[10] Amar Nath Om Prakash v. State of Punjab AIR 1985 SC 218.; Haryana Financial Corporation v. Jagadamba Oil Mills (2002) 110 Comp. Cas. 20 (SC); Indian Charge Chrome Ltd. v. Union of India (2003) 2 SCC 533; Rekha Mukherjee v. Ashish Kumar Das AIR 2004 SC 443; General Electric Co. v. Renusagar Power Co. (1987) 4 SCC 137; Rajeswar Prasad Misra v. State of West Bengal AIR 1965 SC 1887; CIT v. K. Ramakrishnan (1993) 202 ITR 997 (Ker.)

[11] L. Chandra Kumar v. Union of India (1997) 3 SCC 261 : AIR 1997 SC 1125

[12] Engineering Professional Co. (P.) Ltd. v. Deputy Commissioner of Income-tax (2020) 115 taxmann.com 288 (Gujarat) : [2020] 424 ITR 253 (Guj)

[13] Jeans Knit P. Ltd. Deputy Commissioner of Income Tax and Other (2014) 367 ITR 773 (Karn); Judgment rendered by the Hon'ble High Court of Madras in Joint Commissioner v. Kalanithi Maran (2014) 366 ITR 453 (Madras) also set aside.

[14] (2008) 12 SCC 675; See also: Genpact India (P.) Ltd. v. Deputy Commissioner of Income Tax (2019) 111 taxmann.com 402 (SC) : (2020) 268 Taxman 299 (SC) : (2019) 419 ITR 440 (SC)

[15] North Eastern Electric Power Corporation v. Principal Commissioner of Income-tax (2019) 104 taxmann.com 268 (Meghalaya) : (2019) 416 ITR 425 (Meghalaya); See also: Mrs. Kanchan Agarwal v. Income Tax Officer (2019) 106 taxmann.com 23 (Karnataka) : (2019) 263 Taxman 682 (Karnataka)

[16] Hanon Automotive Systems India (P.) Ltd. v. Dy. CIT (2019) 101 taxmann.com 514 (Madras)

[17] Kovalam Santhana Krishnan Mohan v. Income-tax-Officer (2017) 88 taxmann.com 239 (Madras) : (2018) 252 Taxman 289 (Madras) : (2018) 404 ITR 597 (Madras); Scan Holding (P.) Ltd. v. Asstt. CIT (2018) 90 taxmann.com 396 (Delhi); Home Finders Housing Ltd. v. Income Tax Officer (2018) 93 taxmann.com 371 (Madras); Raninder Singh v. Commissioner of Income-tax, Patiala (2019) 101 taxmann.com 210 (Punjab & Haryana) : (2019) 261 Taxman 214 (Punjab & Haryana)

[18] (2006) 287 ITR 1 (Bombay) : (2006) 206 CTR 401 (Bombay)

[19] (2007) 159 Taxman 330 (Delhi) : (2006) 287 ITR 337 (Delhi) : (2006) 205 CTR 569 (Delhi)

[20] (2004) 140 Taxman 381 (Delhi) : (2005) 274 ITR 186 (Delhi) : (2005) 193 CTR 84 (Delhi)_

[22] (2014) 44 taxmann.com 304 (Bombay) : (2014) 224 Taxman 13 (Bombay)(Mag.) : (2014) 362 ITR 403 (Bombay) : (2014) 267 CTR 228 (Bombay)

[23] (2015) 59 taxmann.com 333 (Bombay) : (2015) 233 Taxman 98 (Bombay) : (2015) 378 ITR 596 (Bombay)

[24] Jay Bharat Maruti Ltd. v. Assistant Commissioner of Income-tax (2013) 33 taxmann.com 361 (Delhi) : (2013) 215 Taxman 113 (Delhi)(Mag.) : (2013) 351 ITR 342 (Delhi) : (2013) 258 CTR 462 (Delhi)

[25] Pransukhlal Bros. v. Income-tax Officer (2015) 54 taxmann.com 327 (Bombay) : (2015) 229 Taxman 444 (Bombay)

²⁶. Techspan India (P.) Ltd.(supra)

[1] Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power, available at: http://www.un.org.

[2] Code of Criminal (Amendment) Act, 2008, Sec 2(wa)

[5] Smt. Bhavri Devi v. State of Rajasthan (1997) 1 WLC 42

[6] Mukesh and Anr v. State for NCT of Delhi and Ors. (2017) 6 SCC 1

[7] Government of India, Committee on Reforms of Criminal Justice System (Ministry of Home Affairs,2003) available at: http://mha.nic.in

[13] The declaration of basic principles of justice for victims of crime and abuse of power available at: http//www.un.org.

[14] Sexual Harassment of Woman at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013.

[15] Sexual Harassment of Woman at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013.

[2]The Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999, s. 2(1) (g).

[3]Agreement on Trade - Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, 1994, art. 22(1).

[4]The Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999, s. 2(1) (f).

[5]Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Rights, 1883, art. 1(3).

[6]WIPO, “Frequently Asked Questions: Geographical Indications”, available at https://www.wipo.int/geo_indications/en/faq_geographicalindications.html.

[8]The Madrid Agreement for the Repression of False or Deceptive Indications of Source of Goods Act, 1891, art. 1(1).

[9]The Lisbon Agreement for the Protection of Appellations of Origin and their International Registration, 1958, art. 2(1).

[10]Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Rights, 1883, art. 10.

[11]Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Rights, 1883, art. 9.

[12] The Madrid Agreement for the Repression of False or Deceptive Indications of Source of Goods, 1891, art. 1(1); WIPO, The Madrid Agreement for the Repression of False or Deceptive Indications of Source, 1891, available at (https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_261.pdf).

[13]The Madrid Agreement for the Repression of False or Deceptive Indications of Source of Goods, 1891, art. 1(2); Supra.

[14] The Madrid Agreement for the Repression of False or Deceptive Indications of Source of Goods, 1891, art. 3(b).

[15]Lisbon Agreement for the Protection of Appellations of Origin and their International Registration, 1958, art. 3.

[16]Lisbon Agreement for the Protection of Appellations of Origin and their International Registration, 1958, art. 1.

[17]Dr. Varun Shukla, “Historical development of geographical indications law under International arena” 2 International Journal of India 01-04 (2016).

[19]Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, 1994, art. 22.

[20]Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, 1994, art. 23.

[21]Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, 1994, art. 23(1).

[22]Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, 1994, art. 23(2).

[23]Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, 1994, art. 24.

[24]Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999, s. 5.

[25]Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999, s. 3.

[26]Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999, s. 8(2).

[27]Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999, s. 2(1)(n).

[28]Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999, s. 2(1) (b).

[29]Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999, s. 18.

[30]Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999, s. 9(a).

[31]Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999, s. 9(b).

[32]Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999, s. 9(c).

[33]Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999, s. 9(d).

[34]Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999, s. 9(e).

[35]Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999, s. 9(f).

[36]Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999, s. 9(g).

[37]Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999, s. 66.

[38]Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999, s. 22(4).

[39]Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999, s. 20(1).

[40]Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999, s. 20(2).

[41]Scotch Whiskey Association & Others v. Golden Bottling Ltd., 2006 (32) PTC 656 (Del).

[42]Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999, s. 50.

[43]Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999, s. 24.

[45]Tea Board of India v. ITC Ltd., C.S. Number 250 of 2010, MANU/ WB/ 0277/ 20.

[46]GI Application Number 1 & 2, Application Details, Report on Darjeeling Tea, (http://ipindiaservices.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/2).

[47]GI Application Number 46, Application Details, Report on Kashmir Pashmina, (http://ipindiaservices.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/46).

[48]Sanjiv Singh “Geographical Indications; A Case Study of Kashmir Pashmina (Shawls)” 1 New Man International Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 97 (2014).

[49]GI Application Number 533, Application Details, Report on Banglar Rasogolla, (http://ipindiaservices.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/533).

[50]GI Application Number 612, Application Details, Report on Odisha Rasagola, (http://ipindiaservices.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/612).

[1] Soumya Sundar Chowdhury, “Crime on the Dark Web: An Investigation into the Use of Bitcoin for Illegal Activities,” Journal of Financial Crime 27, no. 1 (2020): 218-234.

[2] Cyber Crime Cell, “Dark Web,” Mumbai Police, https://mumbaipolice.gov.in/cyber-crime-cell/regular-web-and-dark-web (last visited Mar. 27, 2023).

[3] T. R. Andhavarapu, “Cyber Crimes on Deep Web in India,” International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews 6, no. 3 (2019): 443-452.

[4] Information Technology Act, 2000, s. 66, 67C, available at https://www.meity.gov.in/writereaddata/files/it_act2000.pdf (last visited March 27, 2023).

[7] Canada's Criminal Code, Sections 342.1 to 342.4, 430(1.1), 467.1 and 487.016, available at https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/c-46/page-73.html (last visited Mar. 27, 2023); UK Investigatory Powers Act 2016, available at https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2016/25/contents/enacted (last visited Mar. 27, 2023); Australia's Criminal Code Amendment (Misuse of Digital Devices) Act 2013, available at https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2013A00152 (last visited Mar. 27, 2023).

[8] The Telegraph, “What is the dark web, and how does it work?” September 29, 2020, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/0/dark-web-work/ (last visited Mar. 27, 2023).

[9] PTI, “Govt to block websites selling drugs, guns and child porn,” Times of India, February 8, 2016, https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Govt-to-block-websites-selling-drugs-guns-and-child-porn/articleshow/50872246.cms (last visited Mar. 27, 2023).

[10] Shashank Bengali, “The ‘dark web’ is where criminals go to be anonymous. It's where all your data will end up,” Los Angeles Times, May 14, 2017, https://www.latimes.com/world/mexico-americas/la-fg-global-dark-web-20170514-story.html (last visited Mar. 27, 2023).

[11] Hindustan Times, "6 arms syndicates busted, 6 militants arrested," September 6, 2018, https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ (last accessed April 3, 2023).

[14] Indian Kanoon, “Section 43 (Punishment and Compensation for damage to computer, computer system, etc.,)”, https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1474729/ (last accessed April 3, 2023).

[15] Mukesh Chaudhary and Saumya Tyagi, “Regulating the Transnational Crime: A Study of Dark Web-based Drug Trafficking,” Society and Economy 42, no. 2 (2020): 239–56.

[17] J. Latif, “Demystifying Tor: A Beginner's Guide to the Deep Web/Darknet,” Techopedia, March 2017, available at https://www.techopedia.com/demystifying-tor-a-beginners-guide-to-the-deep-webdarknet/2/33029 (last visited Jun. 20, 2021).

[18] R. Kumar, S. Gupta, and M. Tyagi, “Dark Web and its challenges in digital forensics,” Computing, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 104-111, Apr 2020.

[19] N. Christin, “Traveling the Silk Road: a measurement analysis of a large anonymous online marketplace,” Proceedings of the 22nd international conference on World Wide Web, pp. 213-224, May 2013.

[20] S. Boyd, “Anonymous communication on the internet,” University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2014.

[21] S. A. Mason and A. J. Monaghan, “Cybercrime and Its Victims,” Taylor & Francis Group, London, 2011.

[22] K. B. Chidambaram, N. Edalat, A. H. Aghvami, “Digital forensics in the dark web: A survey,” Computers & Security, vol. 96, pp. 101970, Oct 2020.

[23] C. Fang, X. Fan, X. Li, and K. Ren, “BLOTTER: A Hybrid AI System for Detecting Criminal Activity in the Darknet,” IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing, 2021, doi: 10.1109/TDSC.2021.3062313.

[24] A. Squicciarini, J. O. Kephart, M. C. Mascolo, “An Overview of Blockchain and Its Use for Cybersecurity,” IEEE Security & Privacy, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 27-34, Jan-Feb 2019.

[25] Ritu Vats, “Regulating the Dark Web – Legal Challenges and Way Forward,” Indian Journal of Science and Technology, vol. 9, no. 28 (2016): 1-3.

[26] United Nations Human Rights Council, The promotion, protection and enjoyment of human rights on the Internet, A/HRC/32/L.20 (2016).

[27] Justice K. S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) and Anr. v. Union of India and Ors., (2017) 10 SCC 1.

[28] Internet Democracy Project, National Consultation on Regulation of the Dark Web in India (2019).

[29] Security Gladiators, “Is Tor Legal or Illegal? Complete Guide on Tor Browser Legality” https://securitygladiators.com/is-tor-legal-illegal-complete-guide-tor-browser-legality/ (last accessed April 3, 2023).

[30] EUR-Lex, “General Data Protection Regulation,” https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32016R0679 (last accessed April 3, 2023).

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[32] Rahul Chaturvedi, "What is the Dark Web and Why Should You Care?" (2019), Techopedia, https://www.techopedia.com/2/33186/internet/web-browsers/what-is-the-dark-web-and-why-should-you-care (last accessed April 3, 2023).

[33] SentinelOne, “The Dark Web: How Cybercriminals Operate in the Web’s Wild West,” (2019), https://www.sentinelone.com/blog/the-dark-web-how-cybercriminals-operate-in-the-webs-wild-west (last accessed April 3, 2023).

[34] Information Technology Act, 2000, sec. 69A; Indian Penal Code, sec. 503.

[35] Vanessa Smith, “The Dark Web: What is it and How to Access It,” (2021), Comparitech, https://www.comparitech.com/blog/vpn-privacy/the-dark-web-what-is-it-and-how-to-access-it (last accessed April 3, 2023).

[38] Ravi Mandalia, “Managing the Dark Web: Indian Government Sets up Centre for Information Security Supervision,” (2019), AlphaStreet, https://news.alphastreet.com/managing-the-dark-web-indian-government-sets-up-centre-for-information-security-supervision (last accessed April 3, 2023).

[1] Author is a Student pursuing LL.M in the Department of Intellectual Property Law at School Of Excellence in Law, The TamilNadu Dr. Ambedkar Law University

[2] Lucifero, N. Food loss and waste in the EU law between sustainability of well-being and the implications on food system and on environment, J Sci Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 2016; 8: 282-289

[17] G. Soltani-Fesaghandis and A. Pooya, “Design of an artificial intelligence system for predicting success of new product development and selecting proper market-product strategy in the food industry,” International Food and Agribusiness Management Review, vol. 21, no. 7, pp. 847–864, 2018.

[18] S. Tripathi, S. Shukla, S. Attrey, A. Agrawal, and V. S. Bhadoria, “Smart industrial packaging and sorting system,” in Strategic System Assurance and Business Analytics, pp. 245–254, Springer, Singapore, 2020.

[19] T. Dewi, P. Risma, and Y. Oktarina, “Fruit sorting robot based on color and size for an agricultural product packaging system,” Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 1438–1445, 2020

[20] B. Melander, B. Lattanzi, and E. Pannacci, “Intelligent versus non-intelligent mechanical intra-row weed control in transplanted onion and cabbage,” Crop Protection, vol. 72, pp. 1–8, 2015.

[21] V. Filimonau, E. Todorova, A. Mzembe, L. Sauer, and A. Yankholmes, “A comparative study of food waste management in full service restaurants of the United Kingdom and the Netherlands,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 258, Article ID 120775, 2020.

[1] Sheptycki, James. 2017b. Transnational Organization, Transnational Law and the Ambiguity of Interpol in a World Ruled with Law. Brill Research Perspectives in Transnational Crime 2–3: 65–86

[2] Official Website of INTERPOL, http://www.INTERPOL.int/INTERPOL's distinctive signs.htm

[3] Official Website of INTERPOL, http://www.INTERPOL.int/History.htm

[5] Official Website of INTERPOL, http://www.INTERPOL.int/About INTERPOL.htm

[7] Official Website of INTERPOL, http://www.INTERPOL.int/Notices.htm

[9] Official Website of INTERPOL, http://www.INTERPOL.int/INTERPOL - United Nations special Notices.htm

[10]https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/bharti-yadav-returns-finally/story SyiSOeB56pbpIRM8Q5E6XO.html

[11] by ANI, Friday October 6, 05:44 PM, Yahoo! India News Stories

[12] Official Website of INTERPOL, http://www.INTERPOL.int/Legal Materials - Co-operation Agreements.htm

[13] INTERPOL Radio Network, International Criminal Police Review, August/September 1956, p.215

[14] Official Website of INTERPOL, http://www.INTERPOL.int/INTERPOL’s global police communications system.htm

[15] Official Website of INTERPOL, http://www.INTERPOL.int/Core functions - Databases and services.htm

[16] Official Website of INTERPOL, http://www.INTERPOL.int/Core functions - Operational police support.htm

[17] Official Website of INTERPOL, http://www.INTERPOL.int/INTERPOLeCCC.htm

[18] https://www.INTERPOL.int/en/How-we-work/Criminal-intelligence-analysis2

[19] Official Website of INTERPOL, http://www.INTERPOL.int/Incident response teams.htm

[20] Official Website of INTERPOL, http://www.INTERPOL.int/Regional activities.htm

[21] Official Website of INTERPOL, http://www.INTERPOL.int/Mission statement of the INTERPOL Group of Experts on Corruption (IGEC).htm

[1] Michael Rand and Shannan Catalano, Criminal Victimization, 2006 (Washington DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2007), 3, http://www.ojp.usdoj .gov/bjs/pub/pdf/cv06.pdf

[2] Jana L. Jasinski, “Police Involvement in Incidents of Physical Assault: Analysis of the Redesigned National Crime Victimization Survey,” Journal of Family Violence 18 (2003): 143–50.

[3] Jana L. Jasinski, “Police Involvement in Incidents of Physical Assault: Analysis of the Redesigned National Crime Victimization Survey,” Journal of Family Violence 18 (2003): 143–50

[5] Stephen G. Spitzer, Joseph Luorno, and Léon-Paul Noël, “Isolated Subconjunctival Hemorrhages in Nonaccidental Trauma,” Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus 9 (2005): 53–56.

[6] . C. Henry Kempe et al., “The Battered-Child Syndrome,” Journal of the American Medical Association 181 (1962): 17–24.

[7] Hope Toffel, “Crazy Women, Unharmed Men, and Evil Children: Confronting the Myths About Battered People Who Kill Their Abusers, and the Argument for Extending Battering Syndrome Self-Defenses to All Victims of Domestic Violence,” Southern California Law Review 70 (1996): 350.

[8] Kristi Baldwin, “Battered Child Syndrome as a Sword and a Shield,” American Journal of Criminal Law 29 (2001): 59–82.

[9] Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Uniform Crime Reports,” http://www.fbi.gov/ ucr/ucr.htm.

[10]Jerry K. Daday et al., “Individual, Neighborhood, and Situational Factors Associated with Violent Victimization and Offending,” Criminal Justice Studies 18, no. 3 (2005): 215–35.

[11] Zick Rubin and Letitia Anne Peplau, “Who Believes in a Just World?” Journal of Social Issues 31, no. 3 (1975): 65–89.

[12] Marvin Wolfgang, Patterns in Criminal Homicide (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1958), 245–64.

[13] Menachem Amir, Patterns in Forcible Rape (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971), 259–64, 275–76.

[14] Helen Eigenberg, “Victim Blaming,” in Controversies in Victimology, ed. Laura J. Moriarty (Cincinnati, OH: Anderson, 2003), 15–24; Doug A. Timmer and William H. Norman, “The Ideology of Victim Precipitation,” Criminal Justice Review 9, no. 2 (1984): 63–68.

[15] Kirsten Holmberg and Anders Hjern, “Bullying and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in 10-Year-Olds in a Swedish Community,” Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 50, no. 2 (2008): 134–38.

[16]American Psychological Association (APA), “School Bullying is Nothing New, But Psychologists Identify New Ways to Prevent It,” APA, http://www.psychologymatters .org/bullying.html.

[17] Kenneth W. Merrell et al., “How Effective are School Bullying Intervention Programs? A Meta-Analysis of Intervention Research,” School Psychology Quarterly 23, no. 1 (2008): 26–42.

[18] . Federal Bureau of Investigation, “UCR Data,” http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/ucr.htm.

[19] Caroline McGraw and Vari Drennan, “Assessing the Needs of Older Burglary Victims: A Link Nurse Scheme,” British Journal of Community Nursing 11 (2006): 414–19.

[20] Personal account of author during a 1995 internship with the Sault Ste. Marie (Ontario) City Police Department.

[21] U.S. Department of Justice, “NCVS Data,” African Americans show declining risk around $25,000 a year income and then a dramatic increase as income rises.

[22] Frank Schmallager, Criminal Justice Today (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2009).

[23]Burglary Investigations,” International Journal of the Sociology of Law 27 (1999): 413–31; Mike Maguire, “The Impact of Burglary Upon Victims,” British Journal of Criminology 20 (1980): 261–75.

[24] Christina Maslach, Wilmar Schaufeli, and Michael Leiter, “Job Burnout,” Annual Review of Psychology 52 (2001): 397–422.

[25] A. M. Rosenthal, Thirty-Eight Witnesses: The Kitty Genovese Case (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964).

[26] . John M. Darley and Bibb Latane, “Bystander Intervention in Emergencies: Diffusion of Responsibility,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 8, no. 4 (1968): 377–83.

[28] Bibb Latane and John M. Darley, “Group Inhibition of Bystander Intervention in Emergencies,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 10, no. 3 (1968): 215–21.

[29] Patrick M. Markey, “Bystander Intervention in Computer-Mediated Communication,” Computers in Human Behavior 16 (2000): 183–88.

[30] United States of America v. Miami University of Ohio, 91 F. Supp. 2d. 1132 (2000), later reaffirmed in 2002 by the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals (294 F.3d 797).

[31]. U.S. Department of Justice, Criminal Victimization in the United States, 2006 (Washington DC: Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics. NCJ-223436, 2008)

[32] U.S. Department of Justice, National Estimates of Missing Children: An Overview (Washington DC: Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics. NCJ-196465, 2002).

[33] Richard J. Gelles, “Social Change and Change in Family Violence from 1975 to 1985 as Revealed by Two National Surveys,” Journal of Marriage and Family 48 (1986): 465–79.

[34] Murray A. Straus, Richard J. Gelles, and Suzanne K. Steinmetz, Behind Closed Doors: Violence in the American Family (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1980).

[35]Ronald L. Simons, Leslie G. Simons, and Lora E. Wallace, Families, Delinquency, and Crime: Linking Society’s Most Basic Institution to Antisocial Behavior (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004).

[36] Gelles, and Suzanne K. Steinmetz, Behind Closed Doors: Violence in American Families (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 2006).

[37] Mario Gaboury, “Financial Assistance for Victims of Crime,” National Victim Assistance Academy, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/ovc/assist/nvaa99/chap5-1.htm.

[38] Office for Victims of Crime, “Civil Remedies,” U.S. Department of Justice, http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/ovc/new/directions/pdftxt/chap16.pdf.

[39] Office for Victims of Crime, “Civil Remedies,” U.S. Department of Justice,http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/ovc/new/directions/pdftxt/chap16.pdf.

[40] Susan Kiss Sarnoff, Paying for Crime: The Policies and Possibilities of Crime Victim Reimbursement (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1996)

[41]Dean J. Champion, Probation, Parole, and Community Corrections, 4th ed. (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2002).

[42] Andrew Karmen, Crime Victims: An Introduction to Victimology (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1990), 307.

[43] National Association of Crime Victim Compensation Boards (NACVCB), “Crime Victim Compensation: An Overview,” NACVCB, http://www.nacvcb.org/articles/ Overview_prn.html.

[44]. Washington State Department of Labor & Industries, “About Crime Victims Compensation,” Washington State Department of Labor & Industries, http://www.lni .wa.gov/ClaimsIns/CrimeVictims/About/default.asp.

[45] Susan S. Siverman, “The Effect of Victim Compensation Programs Upon Conviction Rates,” Sociological Symposium 25 (1979): 40.

[46] Eric J. Fritsch, Tory J. Caeti, and Peggy M. Tobolowsky, “Police Referrals of Crime Victims to Compensation Sources: An Empirical Analysis of Attitudinal and Structural Impediments,” Police Quarterly 7 (2004): 372.

[47] Robert Elias, The Politics of Victimization: Victims, Victimology, and Human Rights (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), 212.

[48] Andrew Karmen, Crime Victims: An Introduction to Victimology, 6th ed. (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 2006), 319–22.

[49] Frank Schmalleger and John Ortiz Smykla, Corrections in the 21st Century, 2nd ed. (Blacklick, OH: McGraw Hill, 2005), 512.

[50] Edward Rhine, ed., Excellence in Corrections: Best Practices (Alexandria, VA: American Correctional Association Press, 1998), 471.

[51] The National Center for Victims of Crime, “For Victim Services in Corrections,” http://www.ncvc.org.

[52] Kip Kautzky, Victim Impact Panels: The Restorative Justice Way (Middletown, CT: ASCA Press, 2000), 141.

[53] The National Center for Victims of Crime, “For Victim Services in Corrections,” http://www.ncvc.org, 14.

[54] Michael Johnston, Political Corruption and Public Policy in America (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1982).

[55] Lawrence W. Sherman, Police Corruption: A Sociological Perspective (New York: Doubleday, 1974); Johnston, Political Corruption, ch. 4.

[56] John Stossel, “Government Corruption is Legal Thievery,” Tyler Morning News, December 20, 2008, 4A.

[57] . United States Congress, Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (42 USC 5101 et seq; 42 USC 5116 et seq, 1974).

[58] National CASA Association, Annual Report (Seattle, WA: National Court Special Advocate Association, 2007).

[59]National CASA Association, “About Us,” http://www.nationalcasa.org/about_us/mission .html.

[60] Pat Litzelfelner, “Consumer Satisfaction with CASAs (Court Appointed Special Adcovates),” Children and Youth Services Review 30, no. 2 (2008): 173–86.

[61] Donald N. Duquette, Advocating for the Child in Protection Proceedings (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1990).

[62] Albert Eglash, “Beyond Restitution: Creative Restitution,” in Restitution in Criminal Justice, eds. Joe Hudson and Burt Galaway (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1975).

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