INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

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[1] Surrogacy from a feminist perspective‘ by Malini Karkal, published in Indian Journal of Medical Science (IJME), Oct.- Dec. 1997 – 5(4), link; http//www. Issuesinmedicalethics.org/054mi15.html. Also in Nelson Hilde Lindemann, Nelson James Lindemann: Cutting motherhood in two: some suspicions concerning surrogacy. In: Holmes Helen Bequaert, Purdy Laura (Eds.): Feminist perspectives in medical ethics. New York: Hypatia Inc., 1992.

[2] The Assisted Reproductive Technologies (Regulation) Bill-2014, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Ministry of Health &Family Welfare, Govt. of India, pg. 4 (aa).

[3] American Law Reports, Validity and Construction of Surrogate Parenting Agreement, 77 A.L.R. 4 70. (1989) see also Warnock Report of the Committee of Inquiry into Human Fertilisation and Embryology_1984 which defined surrogacy as the practice whereby one woman carries a child for another with the intention that the child should be handed over after birth. It implies a contract between a woman known as surrogate mother who undertakes to conceive and deliver a child on behalf of the intending parents styled as commissioning parents and handover the child after delivery to the latter

[8] Venugopal B. S. Law And Surrogacy: A Critical Analysis Of Indian Experience, Indian Streams Research Journal, Volume-3, Issue-6, July-2013

[15] http://oxforddictionaries.com ( last accessed on 5 April 2022)

[16] http://oxforddictionaries.com (last accessed on 5 April 2022). Water is given as an example of a precious commodity

[17] The Australian Pocket Oxford Dictionary, first Australian edition (1976).

[18] Such as, eg, a company exploiting a legal loophole, http://oxforddictionaries.com (last accessed on 10 July 2022

[19] For example, women exploited in the workplace, http://oxforddictionaries.com (last accessed on 30 July 2022).

[20] http://oxforddictionaries.com (last accessed on 30 July 2022). Here, the example given is the exploitation of migrant workers.

[21] Christine L. Kerian , Surrogacy: A Last Resort Alternative for Infertile Women or a Commodification of Women’s Bodies and Children, 12 Wis. Women's L.J. 113 ( 1997)

[1] National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India (2014) 5 SCC 438

[2] Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India (2018) 10 SCC 1

[3] Justice K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India (Puttaswamy) (2017) 10 SCC 1

[4] Perrin, E. C., Green, A. E., & Spitzer, R. F. (2016). LGBT-parent families. Pediatrics, 138(3), e20161158. doi: 10.1542/peds.2016-1158.

[5] Van Gelderen, L., Gartrell, N., Bos, H., Hermanns, J., & Perrin, E. (2015). Stigmatization and resilience in adolescents with same-sex parents. Journal of Family Psychology, 29(5), 688–698. doi: 10.1037/fam0000111.

[6] Farr, R. H., Forssell, S. L., & Patterson, C. J. (2010). Parenting and child development in adoptive families: Does parental sexual orientation matter? Applied Developmental Science, 14(3), 164–178. doi: 10.1080/10888691.2010.500822.

[7] Fedewa, A. L., Black, W. W., & Ahn, S. (2015). Children of lesbian mothers: A comparative study of parenting practices, child adjustment, and the role of social stereotypes. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(6), 2056–2067. doi: 10.1007/s10826-014-9981-1.

[8] Bos, H. M. W., Gartrell, N. K., Peyser, H., & Van Balen, F. (2008). Children in planned lesbian families: A cross-cultural comparison between the United States and the Netherlands. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 78(2), 211–219. doi: 10.1037/a0013300.

[9] Riggs, D. W., & Due, C. (2017). Same-sex parenting and children’s outcomes: A closer examination of the American psychological association’s brief on lesbian and gay parenting. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 13(1), 1-22. doi:10.1080/1550428X.2016.1206131

[10] "Thomas Beatie, the Pregnant Man, Gives Birth to Third Child," ABC News, July 14, 2010, https://abcnews.go.com/Health/thomas-beatie-pregnant-man-birth-child/story?id=11160346.

"Lesbian Couple Wins Right to Appear on Children's Birth Certificates," Los Angeles Times, July 31, 1993, https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-07-31-mn-18775-story.html.

[11] "Second-Parent Adoptions" by Lambda Legal: https://www.lambdalegal.org/know-your-rights/article/second-parent-adoptions

[12] "Hogue v. Hogue, 200 Wis. 2d 450, 546 N.W.2d 870 (1996)" by the Wisconsin State Law Library: https://wilawlibrary.gov/court.html?circuit=sc&case=1996AP000651&pn=1&yr=1996

[13] Perrin, E. C., Siegel, B. S., & Huerta, M. F. (2013). The importance of legalizing same-sex marriage for the well-being of children. Journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics, 131(4), 790-793. doi: 10.1542/peds.2012-3716

[14] Ryan, C., Huebner, D., Diaz, R. M., & Sanchez, J. (2009). Family rejection as a predictor of negative health outcomes in white and Latino lesbian, gay, and bisexual young adults. Pediatrics, 123(1), 346-352. doi: 10.1542/peds.2007-3524

[15] Biblarz, T. J., & Stacey, J. (2010). How does the gender of parents matter?. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72(1), 3-22.

[16] The Williams Institute at UCLA School of Law "Parenting by LGBT Adults: A Population-Based Study" (2013) and "LGBT Parenting in the United States" (2019).

[17] "All Children – All Families: A Resource Guide for LGBTQ+ Families" (2021) and "Supporting and Caring for LGBTQ Children and Youth: A Guide for Parents" (2018.

[18] "Lesbian and Gay Parenting" (2005) and "Same-Sex Parenting and Children’s Outcomes: (2017)..

[19] Human Rights Watch, “World Report 2022: Rights Trends in the United States” (2022).

[20] United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner, “LGBTI Core Group joint statement at the Human Rights Council on the renewal of the mandate of the Independent Expert on SOGI” (2021).

[21] United Nations Human Rights Council, “Discriminatory laws and practices and acts of violence against individuals based on their sexual orientation and gender identity” (2011).

[22] The Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act, 1956.

[23] Ministry of Women and Child Development, Draft Model Rules for Adoption of Children, 2019.

[24] Indian Express, “Mumbai: Two men adopt child, become first same-sex couple to do so via legal adoption route” (2019).

[25] Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015.

Assisted Reproductive Technology (Regulation) Act, 2020.

[27] Ministry of Women and Child Development, Draft Model Rules for Adoption of Children, 2019.

[28] Indian Express, “Mumbai: Two men adopt child, become first same-sex couple to do so via legal adoption route” (2019).

[29] The Print, "Gay couple in Delhi opens doors to foster care for abandoned children" (2021).

[30] Times of India, "Same-sex couples in India still facing adoption hurdles" (2021).

[1] LexCampus. (n.d.). Patentability of Computer Related Inventions. Retrieved from https://www.lexcampus.in/patentability-of-computer-related-inventions/

[2] Dwivedi, D. 2015. “Trips Agreement And Protection Of New Plant Varieties: Issues And Implications For Agricultural Sector In India.” Vidhigya 10 (1): 1.

[3] Mondaq. (2018, July 6). Case Analysis: Alice Corp. v. CLS Bank, 134 S. Ct. 2347 (2014). Retrieved from https://www.mondaq.com/india/patent/731008/case-analysis-alice-corp-v-cls-bank-134-s-ct-2347-2014

[4] ITATOnline. (n.d.). Tata Consultancy Services v. State of AP [2004] 271 ITR 401 [192 CTR 257] [141 Taxman 132] 137 STC 620. Retrieved, from https://itatonline.org/digest/tata-consultancy-services-v-state-of-ap-2004-271-itr-401-192-ctr-257-141-taxman-132-137-stc-620sc-2005-1-scc-308-sc-air-2005-sc-371/

[5] SpicyIP. (2016, July 22). Ericsson v. Lava: Delhi HC passes interim injunction for Lava to stop manufacture and sale. Retrieved April , from https://spicyip.com/2016/07/ericsson-v-lava-delhi-hc-passes-interim-injunction-for-lava-to-stop-manufacture-and-sale.html

[6] India’s Information Technology Industry: A Tale of Two Halves - Springer. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-13-8102-7_5

[7] IPR Law India. (2019, December 12). Ferid Allani v. Union of India Decided on 12th December 2019. Retrieved , from https://iprlawindia.org/ferid-allani-v-union-of-india-decided-on-12th-december-2019/

[8] In brief: patent prosecution in India - Lexology. https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=6c8faaab-0abb-4c30-bce2-70c70aaf4a8e

[9] IPleaders Blog. (2021, March 1). Intellectual Property Attorneys Association v. The Controller General of Patents, Designs, Trade Marks & Anr. Retrieved, from https://blog.ipleaders.in/intellectual-property-attorneys-association-v-the-controller-general-of-patents-designs-trade-marks-anr/

[1] Raghavan, D. (2017). Competition Law and Intellectual Property Law in India: An Overview. Journal of Intellectual Property Rights, 22(3), 151-158.

[2] Raghavan, D. (2017). Competition Law and Intellectual Property Law in India: An Overview. Journal of Intellectual Property Rights, 22(3), 151-158.

Gupta, N. (2016). Competition Law and Intellectual Property Rights in India: Need for a Coherent Policy. Journal of Intellectual Property Rights, 21(5), 284-290.

[3] Gupta, N. (2016). Competition Law and Intellectual Property Rights in India: Need for a Coherent Policy. Journal of Intellectual Property Rights, 21(5), 284-290.

Shanbhag, P. (2019). Patent Law and Competition Law: An Indian Perspective. Manupatra Intellectual Property Reports, 3(2), 25-30.

[4] Shanbhag, P. (2019). Patent Law and Competition Law: An Indian Perspective. Manupatra Intellectual Property Reports, 3(2), 25-30.

[5] Shanbhag, P. (2019). Patent Law and Competition Law: An Indian Perspective. Manupatra Intellectual Property Reports, 3(2), 25-30.

[6] Singh, A. K., & Verma, R. (2016). Trademarks and Competition Law in India. Indian Journal of Law and Technology, 12(2), 45-56.

[7] Singh, A. K., & Verma, R. (2016). Trademarks and Competition Law in India. Indian Journal of Law and Technology, 12(2), 45-56.

Saxena, S. (2018). Copyright and Competition Law: An Indian Perspective. Journal of Intellectual Property Rights, 23(3), 139-147.

[8] Bansal, V. (2019). Technology Licensing and Competition Law in India. Journal of Intellectual Property Rights, 24(4), 197-204.

Nambiar, A. (2018). The Competition Commission of India and Intellectual Property Rights. International Review of Intellectual Property and Competition Law, 49(2), 205-223

^{^[2]} Ragini Kulkarni, Ethical Dilemmas in Surrogacy, Hektoen International (2017).

^{^[3]} Bhimji, S., Womb for Rent: Ethical Aspects of Surrogate Motherhood, CMAJ, Vol. 137 (1987).

^{^[4]} Pikee Saxena, Archana Mishra and Sonia Malik, Surrogacy: Ethical and Legal Issues, Indian Journal of Community Medicine (2012), Issue 37(4), pp. 211-213.

^{^[5]} Black‘s Law Dictionary, Bryan A. Garner, 8th Edn. 2004, p. 4529.

^{^[6]} Dr Devdutt Pattanaik, ‘Infertility, Artificial Insemination and Surrogate Mother in Hindu Mythology’ accessed 27 March 2022.

^{^[8]} C. Surrogacy, LTD. (August 2016). Parents, available programs for intended parents.Gestatetional.Surrogacy.[Online].Avai lable:http://www.circlesurrogacy.com/paren ts/programs.

^{^[9]} Abbey,L. J. Halman, and F.M. Andrews, "Psychosocial, treatment, and demographic predictors of the stress associated with infertility," vol. 57, pp. 122–128, 1992.

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^{^[5]}http://hbv-awareness.com/india-and-pakistan-account-for-2000-honour-killings-every-year/#:~:text=Honour%20killing%20is%20the%20murder,Based%20Violence%20Awareness%20(HBVA).

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[1] Jaynes, T.L. Legal personhood for artificial intelligence: citizenship as the exception to the rule. AI & Soc 35, 343– 354 (2020).

[2] Claudio Novelli, Giorgio Bongiovanni & Giovanni Sartor, A conceptual framework for legal personality and its application to AI, An International Journal of Legal and Political Thought Volume 13, 2022 - Issue 2, Pages 194-219 (2021).

[3] S. K. Stepanov, Deconstruction of the legal personhood of artificial intelligence, DOAJ Vol. 2, no. 2 pp. 14 – 30 (2021).

[4] Chitwandeep Kaur & Shivam Nayyar, Interaction of Intellectual Property and Artificial Intelligence, Upscale Legal (September 14, 2022), https://upscalelegal.com/interaction-of-intellectual-property-and-artificial-intelligence/.

[5] Peter Archer, AI inventors: can AI own intellectual property rights?, Raconteur (December 10, 2021), https://www.raconteur.net/technology/ai-intellectual-property-rights/.

[8] On correlatives see Wesley N Hohfeld, ‘Some Fundamental Legal Conceptions as Applied in Judicial Reasoning’ [1913] Yale Law Journal 16.

[9] A similar point has been raised by Tomasz Pietrzykowski, who recognises an intermediate category of legal entities which he calls nonpersonal subjects of law, in Tomasz Pietrzykowski, ‘The Idea of Non-personal Subjects of Law’ in Visa A. J. Kurki and Tomasz Pietrzykowski (eds), Legal Personhood: Animals, Artificial Intelligence and the Unborn (Springer International Publishing 2017).

[12] Aldo Alvarez-Risco, Shyla Del-Aguila-Arcentale, A Note on Changing Regulation in International Business: The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) and Artificial Intelligence, The Multiple Dimensions of Institutional Complexity in International Business Research, 4 March 2021.

[14] Ryan N. Phelan, Artificial Intelligence & the Intellectual Property Landscape, Marshall Gerstein & Borun LLP, published by Lexology; (September 14, 2019), https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=8c2b5986-95bb- 4e8e-9057-e4481bfaa471 .

[16] Stefano Zaccaria, AI-written articles are copyright-protected, rules Chinese court, World Intellectual Property Review (WIPR); (January 10, 2020) https://www.worldipreview.com/news/ai-written-articles-are-copyright- protected-rules-chinese-court-19102).

[17] EPO refuses DABUS patent applications designating a machine inventor, European Patent Office; (December 20, 2019), https://www.epo.org/news-issues/news/2019/20191220.html.

[18] Laura Butler, World first patent applications filed for inventions generated solely by artificial intelligence, University of Surrey; (August 1, 2019), https://www.surrey.ac.uk/news/world-first-patent-applications-filed- inventions-generated-solely-artificial-intelligence.

[19] Rohan Seth, Contemporary and Upcoming Issues In the Field of Intellectual Property Rights, The Peninsula Foundation (September 10, 2020), https://www.thepeninsula.org.in/2020/09/10/contemporary-and-upcoming-issues- in-the-field-of-intellectual-property-rights/.

[20] Colin R. Davies, An evolutionary step in intellectual property rights – Artificial intelligence and intellectual property, Computer Law & Security Review Volume 27, Issue 6, Pages 601-619 (2011).

[22] Andres Guadamuz, Artificial intelligence and copyright, Wipo Magazine (October 2017) https://www.wipo.int/wipo_magazine/en/2017/05/article_0003.html.

SURROGACY: LEGAL AND ETHICAL ISSUES By - DAYA SHANKAR TIWARI

ANALYZING THE TRADEMARK PROVISIONS OF THE PARIS CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY: A LEGAL PERSPECTIVE BY - SHEHEEN MARAKKAR, THUSHAR V SENAN & FEBA ELIZABETH REJI

DATA PRIVACY AND ITS PROTECTION BILL BY: SHOBHNA BHUSHAN

AN ANALYTICAL STUDY ON THE LEGISLATIONS GOVERNING THE TYPES OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IN THE INDIAN FILM INDUSTRY. BY - PRARRTHANA GOPI

BREAKING BARRIERS AND BUILDING FAMILY: ADOPTION RIGHTS FOR LGBTQ+ BY - KAMYA THAKUR

A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF PATENTABILITY OF SOFTWARES UNDER INDIAN PATENTS ACT 1970 BY - SHASHANK B V

INTERSECTION BETWEEN COMPETITION LAW AND IP LAWS IN INDIAN PERSPECTIVE BY - AKSHY VARSHANTH B

CRITICAL ANALYSIS ON SURROGACY REGULATION ACT,2021 BY - SACHIN K S

HONOUR KILLING IN TAMILNADU BY - MANI BALAJI S

“CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS OF AI AND ITS EFFECT ON IPR” BY: A YUVRAJ

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