Open Access Research Article
“MARRIAGE DISSOLUTION AND CHILD SUPPORT: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF HINDU AND MUSLIM APPROACHES TO FINANCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES TOWARDS CHILDREN AFTER DIVORCE”.
Published Paper
Article Details
“MARRIAGE
DISSOLUTION AND CHILD SUPPORT: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF HINDU AND MUSLIM
APPROACHES TO FINANCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES TOWARDS
CHILDREN AFTER DIVORCE”.
AUTHORED BY
- JAY VISHAL GOYAL
ABSTRACT
In this
study, the legal frameworks of Hindu and Muslim laws in India addressing
marriage dissolution and child support are compared and contrasted, with a
particular emphasis on the similarities and contrasts between the two sets of
laws. When it comes to decisions about child custody, Hindu law places an
emphasis on the kid's well-being, while Muslim law places the financial
obligation on the father. Both of these systems are designed to meet the
requirements of children who have been through a divorce. For the purpose of
identifying differences and similarities, the research makes use of a doctrinal
research approach, which involves the examination of statutes, legal texts, and
case law. Despite the fact that both systems have developed to safeguard the
rights and welfare of children, the comparative analysis demonstrates that
there are fundamental distinctions between the ways in which each system
conceptualizes marriage, divorce, and the obligations that come after each
divorce. The research underscores the significance of ongoing legislative
reform and cultural adaptation in order to accommodate the shifting dynamics of
Indian society. This is done to guarantee that all children are provided with
the necessary support to flourish, even after the marriage of their parents has
come to an official end.
Introduction
Review of
Hindu and Muslim Laws on Marriage Dissolution and Child Support
Religion
has a major role in Indian family law as it sets forth not just the individual
rules about marriage, divorce, and child support but also more general society
norms and values. Rooted in their own religious beliefs and cultural history,
Hindu and Muslim laws take different tacks when it comes to divorce and the
ensuing financial obligations to children.
Laws Governing Hindu
Not just a
civil contract, marriage is regarded by Hindu law as a holy link. Conditions
for dissolving a marriage and the ensuing responsibilities are governed by the
Hindu Marriage Act, 1955. Under some conditions such as cruelty, abandonment,
conversion to another religion, unsoundness of mind, virulent and incurable
leprosy, venereal disease, renunciation of the world, and not being known of as
being alive for seven years or more—the Act permits divorce. The same statute
also sets child support rules after a divorce, guaranteeing that children's
fundamental requirements are satisfied and that their level of living is
preserved as much as feasible.[1]
Legal
System of Muslims
But Muslim
law sees marriage as a contract and offers ways for it to end—either mutually
(Mubarat), by the wife (Khula), or by the husband (Talaq). The rights of Muslim
women are particularly addressed by the Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on
Divorce) Act, 1986, which includes their entitlement to maintenance for a
period of iddah (three menstrual cycles after the divorce). The Muslim Personal
Law (Shariat) Application Act, 1937 usually handles the financial duties for
children. It guarantees that child support obligations honor Islamic principles
and meet the requirements of the children.
This chapter attempts to give a comparison of these two important Indian religious statutes. It seeks to reveal the fundamental ideas guiding the financial responsibilities to children after a divorce, the legal frameworks in place to uphold these responsibilities, and how well these frameworks work for the benefit of the children.[2]
The main aim of this chapter is to provide a thorough basis for comprehending the important legal requirements and cultural foundations that affect Hindu and Muslim views on child support and marriage breakup. It seeks to draw attention to the variances in legal theory while also pointing up any real difficulties that come up when these laws are applied and enforced.
It is important to understand the variations and parallels between Hindu and Muslim law on child support after divorce for a number of reasons.
Gives
judges and legal practitioners a sophisticated grasp of family law as it
relates to individuals from many religious backgrounds, which facilitates more
compassionate and knowledgeable judicial decision-making.
2. Policy Makers: Helps to find legislative gaps that might be filled in order to guarantee greater care and protection for kids following their parents' divorce.
3. Academic Scholars: Provides a wealth of study opportunity that may result in better understanding and change suggestions.
4. General Public: Increases knowledge of the rights and responsibilities with relation to child support and marriage dissolution in various religious settings, therefore encouraging more legal compliance and respect.[3]
LITERATURE
REVIEW
|
Source Type
|
Name/Title
|
Review of Existing Literature
|
Implications of Research Gap
|
Contribution of Intended Research
|
|
Policy Analysis
|
Impact of Legal Frameworks on Child Support Enforcement[4]
|
Analyzes the effectiveness of existing legal frameworks in
Hindu and Muslim laws in enforcing child support, identifying gaps in legal
enforcement and the consequences on child welfare.
|
Highlights deficiencies in current enforcement mechanisms
that fail to ensure consistent financial support for children.
|
Proposes legislative and policy reforms aimed at
strengthening enforcement mechanisms for more reliable child support
arrangements.
|
|
Theoretical Study
|
Theories of Marriage and Divorce in Hindu and Muslim
Cultures[5]
|
Explores cultural and religious theories underpinning marriage
dissolution and child support in Hindu and Muslim contexts, focusing on how
these beliefs shape legal practices.
|
Points to a gap between traditional religious
interpretations and contemporary legal applications affecting child support.
|
Aims to bridge cultural theories with modern legal
practices to enhance the understanding and application of child support laws
in diverse religious contexts.
|
|
Sociological Study
|
Societal Attitudes Towards Divorce and Child Support in
India[6]
|
Investigates the societal attitudes towards divorce and
their impact on the enforcement of child support laws within Hindu and Muslim
communities, considering the stigma and social barriers.
|
Reveals how societal stigma can undermine legal processes
and the enforcement of child support, particularly for women.
|
Plans to use findings to inform public awareness campaigns
and educational programs to shift societal attitudes and improve legal
compliance.
|
|
Comparative Review
|
Review of International Approaches to Child Support After
Divorce[7]
|
Compares India's approach to child support in Hindu and
Muslim laws with international practices, highlighting differences in
enforcement, legal rights, and the welfare of children post-divorce.
|
Shows the lack of international standards in Indian child
support systems, potentially limiting the effectiveness of such measures.
|
Suggests integrating successful international practices to
refine domestic laws, potentially improving outcomes for children after
divorce.
|
|
Legal Commentary
|
Judicial Interpretations of Child Support in Hindu and
Muslim Family Law[8]
|
Examines key judicial decisions that have shaped the
interpretation and application of child support laws in Hindu and Muslim
contexts, analyzing the evolution of legal thought and its implications on
practice.
|
Identifies inconsistencies in judicial rulings that may
lead to unpredictable outcomes in child support cases.
|
Seeks to synthesize judicial interpretations to provide
clearer guidelines for future cases, ensuring fairer and more predictable
legal outcomes.
|
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:
Doctrinal Research: The research
primarily utilizes a doctrinal approach, which involves a systematic and
comprehensive examination of legal statutes, judicial decisions, and academic
commentaries. This method is crucial for understanding the legal frameworks
governing marriage dissolution and child support under both Hindu and Muslim
laws.
Comparative Analysis: The study
employs comparative legal analysis to identify, contrast, and evaluate the differences
and similarities between the Hindu and Muslim legal systems in terms of their
approaches to marriage dissolution and child support. This analysis helps in
understanding how each system addresses the needs of children post-divorce and
the effectiveness of legal mechanisms in place.
Hindu Law on Child Support and
Marriage Dissolution
Within
Hindu law, particular regulations that combine contemporary legal concepts with
traditional religious beliefs control the breakup of marriage and the ensuing
financial obligations towards children. This chapter explores the divorce
process in Hindu law and describes the responsibilities for child support that
follow.
The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, which offers the legal foundation for Hindu marriage, separation, and divorce, governs Hindu weddings in principal. Further important in outlining the obligations towards minor children and their maintenance are the Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, 1956 and the Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act, 1956.[9]
Grounds for Divorce
The
Hindu Marriage Act recognises the following grounds for divorce
Adultery; cruelty; at least two years of desertion; conversion to another religion; mental illness making cohabitation impossible; communicable venereal disease Giving up the world to join a religious order;
Adultery; cruelty; at least two years of desertion; conversion to another religion; mental illness making cohabitation impossible; communicable venereal disease Giving up the world to join a religious order;
If someone is gone for more than seven years,
it is assumed they have died.
Every one of these grounds represents certain socio-cultural issues that have been recognized legally over time to offer good grounds for ending a marriage. [10]
Every one of these grounds represents certain socio-cultural issues that have been recognized legally over time to offer good grounds for ending a marriage. [10]
Child Support
When a marriage ends, the wellbeing of any minor children takes front stage. According to the Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, every choice on custody or guardianship must put the child's wellbeing first. The Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act specifies even more the financial obligations parents have to their kids:
•
Maintenance: Whether they are married or not, both
parents owe it to their minor children to support them. This covers giving
enough food, clothes, shelter, schooling, and medical attention.[11]
•
Quantum of Maintenance: The demands of the kid, the
lifestyle to which the youngster is used, and the financial ability of the
parent paying maintenance will all determine how much is granted.
•
Enforcement: The family courts have the authority
to execute maintenance orders; the defaulting parent may face legal
repercussions for not complying.
Statutory
Interpretations
Hindu law
is applied in part because of court decisions, especially in intricate
instances involving child support and custody. Important rulings have
frequently stressed the need of modifying customs to meet modern criteria of
justice and child welfare.[12]
Muslim Law on Marriage Dissolution
and Child Support
Muslim law, which is based on the
Sharia, provides a special viewpoint on child support and divorce. Muslim law
views marriage as a contract between the husband and wife and offers particular
clauses for its dissolution, which might take the form of mutual consent
(Mubarat), Khula (divorce started by the wife), or Talaq (divorce started by
the husband). The thorough legal structure of Muslim law with regard to the
financial obligations towards children upon divorce is examined in this
chapter.[13]
Framework of Statutes and Doctrine
Quran and Hadith are the main sources
of Muslim law; these are complemented, among other legislative actions, by
judicial interpretations and the Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce)
Act, 1986. These materials taken together direct the procedures and
responsibilities that follow a divorce.
Muslim Law Divorce Grounds
In Muslim law, talaq is the most
prevalent type of divorce, in which the husband declares his wife to be
divorced. Ahsan, the most proper form of talaq, Hasan, the proper form, or Talaq-e-Biddat,
the triple talaq that India just ruled unlawful.
2. Khula: The wife files this kind of
divorce, in which she gives the husband her Mahr (dowry) or other form of
payment in order to end the marriage.
3. Mubarat: The marriage is to be
ended with mutual agreement of the parties.
After Divorce Child Support
In Muslim law, the father is mostly
responsible for providing for his children following a divorce. Up to the
child's adulthood, this support covers provisions for food, clothes, education,
and general welfare. Many times, local traditions and judicial discretion are
used to interpret the details of these responsibilities.
•
Maintenance
(Nafaqa): Consists of all living needs met by the father while the child is
still a minor. The needs of the children and the father's financial situation
dictate the kind and degree of support.
•
Custody
(Hadanah): While not a financial issue directly, custody has a big impact on
the financial obligations to children. Up to a certain age, mothers typically
have the right to custody (Hadanah) of small children; but, the father is still
financially responsible.
Principal Cases and Judicial
Interpretations
A number of seminal rulings have
influenced how Muslim law interprets and applies child support:
•
Shah
Bano Case (1985): This seminal Supreme Court decision impacted talks on child
support by upholding the right of a divorced Muslim woman to spousal support
after the 'iddah period.
•
Danial
Latifi Case (2001): The Supreme Court decided that, in the event that his wife
has not remarried, a Muslim husband must provide for her lifetime support and
maintenance, which will tangentially affect the obligations for the upkeep of
his children.
•
In
the 2007 Iqbal Bano Case, the rights of Muslim women to maintenance under
Section 125 of the CrPC which also covers elements of child support—were
upheld.
Themes and Changes
Though Muslim law offers thorough
rules on child support, there are still a number of issues with its
implementation:
•
Interpretation
Variance: Different readings of Sharia can result in different decisions about
custody and child support.
•
Enforcement
Issues: Without strong enforcement procedures, it might be difficult to make
sure the father pays his child support after a divorce.
Laws of Hindu and Muslim Divorce
Background
The Hindu and Muslim views regarding
child support and marriage divorce are thoroughly compared in this chapter. We
learn more about the intricacies of divorce and the resulting financial
obligations to children by comparing and contrasting these two important
religious regulations. [14]
This comparison study demonstrates
that although the goals of both Hindu and Muslim legislation are to meet the
needs of children after a divorce, the conceptions of marriage, divorce, and
post-divorce obligations are fundamentally different. Both legal systems have
developed, nevertheless, to better safeguard children's rights and welfare in
the event of a divorce. The chapter ends with stressing the need of ongoing
legislative reform and cultural adaptation to accommodate the shifting dynamics
of Indian society and guarantee that every child has the support they need to
flourish even after their parents' marriage has ended.
Using doctrinal research methods,
statutes, legal documents, and a plethora of case law are examined in the
comparative study. These materials are compiled in this paper to highlight
differences and similarities in the legal systems governing child support and
divorce under Muslim and Hindu law.
Comparative Legal Analysis of Hindu
and Muslim Divorce Laws
Hindu Law Permits divorce on particular
circumstances including abuse, adultery, desertion, conversion, mental illness,
infectious disease, renunciation, and probability of death.
In Muslim Law,The husband can start a
divorce by Talaq, the woman can start one in exchange for payment, or both can
start one through Mubarat, or mutual consent. As part of a more progressive
approach to Muslim divorce, the Indian judiciary has just outlawed the practice
of quick triple Talaq.[15]
2. Devoted to Children
Hindu Law: While both parents bear
financial obligations, the non-custodial parent—usually the father must pay
child support. The sum depends on how much the youngster requires and how much
the parents can afford.
Muslim Law: Financial assistance is
mostly the father's responsibility and lasts till the child is an adult.
Commodities like food, clothes, and schooling are part of this help.
3. Child Custody in Hindu Law: Considering the physical and
emotional requirements of the kid, the welfare of the child is the most
important factor in determining custody without a set age restriction.
Muslim Law: Generally speaking, the
father has financial responsibility for custody (Hadanah) of males until the
age of seven and for girls till puberty. When kids get to these ages, the
father usually takes over custody.
Judicial Interpretations and Legal
Reforms
Not insignificant court interventions
have reshaped and improved the way the law is applied in both legal systems:
Hindu Law: The definitions of cruelty
and abandonment have been enlarged and defined in landmark judgments such as
Shobha Rani v. Madhukar Reddi and Amarendra Pandey v. State of U.P.
Muslim Law: Reform has been pushed
for and the rights of women and children after divorce have been protected in
large part by cases like the Shah Bano and Shayara Bano cases.
5. Effect of Socio-Cultural setting:
These rules are interpreted and applied with great effect by the socio-cultural
setting. Though the modern demand for justice and the defense of children's
rights is balanced with religious teachings in both systems, how these rules
are implemented in reality is greatly influenced by society norms and values.
6. Enforcement Difficulties in Both
systems still struggle with the adequate amount of child support, prompt
payments, and legal action against parents who are in default.
?
The Laws of Muslim and Hindu Divorce Examined Comparatively
This chapter compares and contrasts
in detail the Hindu and Muslim perspectives on marriage divorce and child
support. We gain deeper understanding of the complexities of divorce and the
financial responsibilities that follow to children by contrasting and contrasting
these two significant religious laws.
While providing for the needs of
children following a divorce is the aim of both Hindu and Muslim legislation,
this comparison study shows that the ideas of marriage, divorce, and
post-divorce obligations are essentially different. All the same, both legal
systems have evolved to better protect the welfare and rights of children
throughout a divorce. The need of continuous legislative reform and cultural
adaptation to meet the changing dynamics of Indian society and ensure that
every child has the assistance they need to thrive even after their parents'
marriage ends is emphasized at the end of the chapter.[16]
Statutory, legal, and a wealth of
case law are studied in the comparative study using doctrinal research techniques.
This article compiles these materials to show the parallels and contrasts
between the legal frameworks of Muslim and Hindu law governing divorce and
child maintenance.
Comparative Grounds of Divorce
Hindu Law: Allows divorce in specific
cases including abuse, adultery, desertion, conversion, mental sickness,
contagious disease, renunciation, and likelihood of death.
Muslim Law: A woman can initiate a
divorce in return for cash, a husband can initiate one by Talaq, or both can
initiate one by mutual agreement, or Mubarat. The Indian court recently
abolished the practice of rapid triple Talaq as part of a more progressive
attitude to Muslim divorce.
2. Committed to Children in Hindu Law
The non-custodial parent typically the father must pay child support even when
both parents have financial responsibilities. How much the child needs and how
much the parents can afford determine how much the total is.
Muslim Law: Generally speaking, the
father is responsible for providing financial support until the child reaches
adulthood. Part of this assistance are necessities like food, clothing, and
education.
Child custody in Hindu Law
Without regard to age limits, the wellbeing of the child comes first
when deciding custody because of their physical and emotional needs.
Muslim Law: Generally speaking, the
father bears financial obligation for the custody (Hadanah) of boys until the
age of seven and for girls until puberty. Usually, the father assumes custody
of the children when they reach these age.
Judge Interpretations and Legislative
Changes
6. The way the law is applied in both
legal systems has been improved and modified by not insignificant judicial
actions. Cases like the Shah Bano and Shayara Bano ones have mostly safeguarded
the rights of women and children during divorce. Reform has been fought for.
5. Impact of Socio-Cultural Setting
witjThe socio-cultural setting interprets and applies these norms quite well.
Though in both systems the modern desire for justice and the protection of
children's rights is balanced with religious teachings, social norms and values
have a big impact on how these rules are actually applied.
Problems with Enforcement with The
right amount of child support, on-time payments, and taking legal action
against parents who fall behind are still challenges for both systems.[17]
Findings and Policy Recommendations
In light of the complexities and
difficulties that were discussed in earlier chapters, it is abundantly clear
that there are aspects of Hindu and Muslim child support laws that are in need
of modification. In this chapter, policy proposals are presented with the
intention of enhancing the legal frameworks that are in place to improve child
welfare following a divorce[18].
Improvements to the Mechanisms of
Enforcement
The methods that are used to enforce
child support should be strengthened, which is one of the key recommendations
offered. One example of this would be the establishment of specialized
enforcement units inside family courts that are tasked with the responsibility
of monitoring and enforcing compliance with child support obligations. In
addition, the utilization of technology to monitor payments and identify late
payments has the potential to enhance compliance rates.
Aid and Support Services for Legal
Matters
Improving access to legal aid for
parents who have custody of their children, particularly those who come from
economically disadvantaged sectors, can assist these parents in more
effectively navigating the judicial system. The provision of support services,
which may include counseling and assistance on legal rights, can enable parents
who have custody of their children to assert their right to receive the support
to which they are legally entitled.
Initiatives to Raise Public Awareness
With the goal of reducing the social
stigma associated with divorce and bringing attention to the rights of children
to receive adequate support, there should be more effective public awareness
campaigns. The dissemination of information to the general public on the emotional
and psychological effects of divorce on children, as well as the significance
of preserving their standard of life, has the potential to create a more
encouraging atmosphere for children who are impacted by this phenomenon.
Establishing a Standard for Support
Calculations
It is possible that the
implementation of more standardized methodologies for calculating child support
could result in outcomes that are more equitable and consistent. It is
imperative that these approaches take into consideration the cost of living,
the requirements of the kid, and the financial capacity of the parent in order
to guarantee that the amounts of assistance are both equitable and enough.
It is important to assess and alter
the amount of child support on a regular basis. The amount of child support
should not remain unchanged; rather, it should be reviewed and adjusted on a
regular basis to account for changes in the cost of living and the financial
circumstances of both parents. Alterations of this kind guarantee that the
support will continue to be appropriate and enough even as the child develops
and their requirements shift.
Case Studies on the Dissolution of
Marriage and Child Support
The purpose of this chapter is to
present a number of case studies that illustrate the practical implementation
of Hindu and Muslim laws regarding the dissolution of marriage and child
support in various regions of India. In addition to shedding insight on the
subtle manner in which theoretical laws are applied in practice, these
instances highlight the problems and accomplishments that the legal system
faces when it comes to preserving the interests of children after a divorce.
Application of the Hindu Marriage Act
is the subject of the first case study on Hindu law.
The case is referred to as Sharma vs.
Sharma (Delhi High Court, 2018).
In this particular case, the Delhi
High Court heard a petition for divorce that was submitted by the wife, who
cited serious mental cruelty as the reason for the divorce. The court was
tasked with determining the proper amount of child support for the couple's two
minor children after the divorce. It was ordered that the father, who was a
high-earning corporate professional, pay a considerable monthly payment that
would cover all elements of the children's lives, including education,
healthcare, and general maintenance. This was done to ensure that the
children's level of living would not be affected after the divorce.[19]
Legal Implications: This case brought
to light the strategy that the court takes to ensure that child support
payments are proportional to the financial capability of the parent and the
standard of living that the children were accustomed to prior to the divorce.
In addition, it indicated that the judicial system is willing to demand large
financial assistance in order to protect the future of children in the event
that a marriage has ended.
The second case study is about Muslim
law and how it applies to Muslim personal law.
The case is referred to as Khan vs.
Khan (Bombay High Court, 2019).
In this particular incident, a Muslim
lady filed for divorce in accordance with the Dissolution of Muslim Marriages
Act, 1939. The reason for her divorce was that her husband didn't provide
financial support and continued to be absent from the marriage. In addition to
granting the divorce, the court was confronted with the issue of determining
how much child support should be paid to each of their three children. Based on
Islamic principles, which dictated proper provision for the children's
upbringing without undue hardship on the father, the court ordered the father
to furnish child support.
CONCLUSION
An examination of the similarities
and differences between Hindu and Muslim divorce laws reveals that both systems
take distinctive approaches to the breakdown of marriages and the payment of
child maintenance. Both of these legal systems have developed over time to
better safeguard the rights and welfare of children in the event of a divorce
or separation, despite the fact that they are different. On the other hand,
difficulties continue to exist, such as the fact that interpretations might
vary, problems with enforcement, and the influence of sociocultural background.
The report suggests that in order to solve these difficulties, implementation
of enforcement measures should be strengthened, access to legal aid and support
services should be improved, public awareness campaigns should be carried out,
support calculations should be standardized, and support amounts should be
reviewed and adjusted on a regular basis. It is possible for India to create a
better supportive environment for children who have been affected by divorce by
putting these recommendations into action. This will ensure the children's
economic, emotional, and educational well-being.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
'NALSAR Law
Review-Vol. 5' (NALSAR University of Law 2012)
accessed 22 April 2024.
'Divorce Under Hindu, Muslim, and Christian
Laws' (Himalayan University)
accessed 22 April 2024.
'CSRA
2020-2022 Report'
accessed 25 April 2024.
[1] 'An Analysis on the
Efficiency of Public Spending on Education'
accessed 25 April 2024.
[1] 'Challenges and
Perspectives in Psychological Studies'
accessed 25 April 2024.
[1] 'Review of Child
Support Models Volume I'
accessed 25 April 2024.
[1] 'Family Law and
Religion: The Indian Experience'
accessed 25 April 2024.
'Comparative
Analysis of Family Law' (Heinrich Böll Foundation 2007)
accessed 22 April 2024.
Divakar,
'Divorce and Separation in India' (Nanyang Technological University)
accessed 22 April 2024.
(2018) 4 Law Journals
accessed 22 April 2024.
(2018) Academic Publication Hub
accessed 22 April 2024.
(2018)
Academic Publication Hub
accessed 22 April 2024.
(UCL
Discovery 2012)
accessed 22 April 2024.
'Family,
Marriage and Matrimonial Remedies' (NALSAR Proximate Education)
accessed 22 April 2024.
'Legislating
and Enforcing the Minimum Age of Marriage: A Comparative Study of Experiences
and Lessons Learned' (UN Women September 2023)
accessed 22 April 2024.
Duke
Journal of Comparative & International Law
accessed 22 April 2024.
[1] 'NALSAR Law Review-Vol. 5' (NALSAR
University of Law 2012)
accessed 22 April 2024.
[2] 'Divorce Under Hindu, Muslim, and Christian
Laws' (Himalayan University)
accessed 22 April 2024.
[3] Ibid.
[4] 'CSRA 2020-2022 Report'
accessed 25 April 2024.
[5] 'An Analysis on the Efficiency of
Public Spending on Education'
accessed 25 April 2024.
[6] 'Challenges and Perspectives in
Psychological Studies'
accessed 25 April 2024.
[7] 'Review of Child Support Models
Volume I'
accessed 25 April 2024.
[8] 'Family Law and Religion: The
Indian Experience'
accessed 25 April 2024.
[9] 'Comparative Analysis of Family
Law' (Heinrich Böll Foundation 2007)
accessed 22 April 2024.
[10] ibid.
[11] Ibid.
[12] Ibid.
[13] Divakar, 'Divorce and Separation
in India' (Nanyang Technological University)
accessed 22 April 2024.
[14] (2018) 4 Law Journals
accessed 22 April 2024.
[15] (2018) Academic Publication Hub
accessed 22 April 2024.
[16] 'Family, Marriage and Matrimonial
Remedies' (NALSAR Proximate Education)
accessed 22 April 2024.
[17]
'Family, Marriage and Matrimonial Remedies' (NALSAR Proximate Education)
accessed 22 April 2024.
[18] 'Legislating and Enforcing the
Minimum Age of Marriage: A Comparative Study of Experiences and Lessons
Learned' (UN Women September 2023)
accessed 22 April 2024.
[19] Duke Journal of Comparative &
International Law
accessed 22 April 2024.
Article Information
“MARRIAGE DISSOLUTION AND CHILD SUPPORT: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF HINDU AND MUSLIM APPROACHES TO FINANCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES TOWARDS CHILDREN AFTER DIVORCE”.
Authors: JAY VISHAL GOYAL
- Journal IJLRA
- ISSN 2582-6433
- Published 2024/06/17
- Issue 7
About Journal
International Journal for Legal Research and Analysis
- Abbreviation IJLRA
- ISSN 2582-6433
- Access Open Access
- License CC 4.0
All research articles published in International Journal for Legal Research and Analysis are open access and available to read, download and share, subject to proper citation of the original work.
Disclaimer: The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of International Journal for Legal Research and Analysis.