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[1] Mr. Nehru‘s declaration in the course of a speech delivered on 20th June 1916 in protest against the Press Act, 1910.

[2] Mr. Nehru‘s declaration in the course of a speech delivered on 20th June 1916 in protest against the Press Act, 1910.

[6] Rattiram Vs. State of M.P. through Inspector of Police, AIR 2012 SC 1485

[1] Sampak P. Garg, Law and Religion: The Divorce Systems of India, 6 Tulsa J. COMP. & INT'l L. 1 (1998).

[2] Kimberly Y. Schooley, Comment, Cultural Sovereignty, Islam, and Human
Rights: Toward a Communitarian Revision, 25 CUMB. L. REV. 651,672-75 (1995).

[3] It has been noted that customary law is the source of the right of repudiation; the
Qur'an's function is to tell husbands not to abuse the power.

[4] This policy allowing talaq to be valid despite coercion or intoxication is unique to Hanafites and is contrary to the Hanbali, Maliki, and Shafii rules.

[5] Mohd. Shamsuddin v. Noor Jahan, 1955 A.I.R. (Hyd.) 144.

[6] M.A. MANNAN, MULLA: PRINCIPLES OF MAHOMEDAN LAW 327 (Pak. ed., 1984).

[7] SHIV SAHAI SINGH, UNIFICATION OF DIVORCE LAWS IN INDIA 257-58
(1993) (discussing post-independence goals of the Indian government); Deshpande.

[8] Coulson, Islamic Law, in AN INTRODUCrION TO LEGAL SYSTEMS 54, 54 (J.
Duncan M. Derrett ed., 1968).

[9] Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act, No. 26, § 2 (1937) (lndia) (amended
1943).

[11] IBID 1 also SHIV SAHAI SINGH, UNIFICATION OF DIVORCE LAWS IN INDIA 257-58
(1993) (discussing post-independence goals of the Indian government); Deshpande.

[12] AL-QUR'AN, at 2:231.

The two branches of Islamic thought are the Shi'a and Sunni. See JAMES S.E. OPOLOT,
WORLD LEGAL TRADITIONS AND INSTITUTIONS 144 (rev. ed. 1981). Most Muslims follow the
Sunni branch of Islam. See JOHN L. ESPOSITO, WOMEN IN MUSLIM FAMILY LAW 135 n.2
(1982). The Sunni branch, itself, is divided into four schools of thought. See id. at 2. These
schools are the: Hanafi, Maliki, Shafli, and Hanbali.The majority of Muslims in India
are Hanafite. See Paras Diwan, Family Law, in THE INDIAN LEGAL SYSTEM 633, 635 (Joseph
Minattur ed., 1978); ASAF A.A. FYZEE, OUTLINES OF MUHAMMADAN LAW 77 (4" ed. 1974);
OPOLOT, supra, at 145 (Muslims in Pakistan are also Hanafites); ARCHANA PARASHAR,
WOMEN AND FAMILY LAW REFORM ININDIA 151 (1992). The part of this paper that discusses
Islam in India will address Hanafite law.

[13] IBID Also ANGELES J. ALMENAS-LIPOWSKY, THE POSITION OF WOMEN IN LIGHT OF
LEGAL REFORM 57 (1975).

DAVID PEARL, A TEXTBOOK ON MUSLIM LAW 90-
91(1979).

[14] AL-QUR'AN, supra note 12, at 2:228.

Buffatan Bibi v. Abdul Salim 1950 A.IR.
(Cal.) 304.

[18] Such husbands, who have falsely accused their wives of adultery, do not go free of punishment. See AL-QURAN, supra note 12, at 24:11-26. The Quran reminds such husbands that God, though forgiving, is omniscient and can punish them for blaspheming faithful women. IBID.

[19] When a wife suspects her husband is adulterous, her only recourse is to the Dissolu-
tion of Muslim Marriages Act, § 2(ix), which accepts grounds that Muslim law recognizes Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act, No. 8, § 2(ix) (1939) (lndia);
Traditional Hanafite law recognizes adultery as a ground for divorce. See IBID.
Thus, Islamic women in India have recourse for adulterous husbands.

[21] Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act, No. 8 (1939) (India);

[22] Because the DMMA adopts non-traditional grounds
for divorce for Muslims, it is considered a departure from Shari'a

[23] Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act, No. 8, § 2 (1939) (India).

[25] See Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act, No. 8, § 2 (1939) (India).

[30] Before enactment of the Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act, the Hanafi school allowed for a wife to obtain a judicial separation only if her husband was impotent. The other schools provided additional grounds, which the Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act now gives to Hanafites.

[34] Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act, No. 8, § 2(ii) (1939) (India).

[39] Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act, No. 8, § 4 (1939) (India).

[42] AL-QUR'AN, supra note 15, at 2:221. This is clear from the Qur'an, which states:
Do not marry idolatrous women unless they join the faith. A maid servant who is a believer is better than an idolatress even though you may like her. And do not marry your daughters to idolaters until they accept the faith. A servant who is a believer is better than an idolater even though you may like him

Id. Another verse of the Qur'an states, in relevant part: "Do not retain your (marriage) ties
with unbelieving women."

^[1] What is Metaverse, Binance Academy (Sep.21, 2021), https://academy.binance.com/en/articles/what-is-the-metaverse?

^[2] Steven J. Horowitz, Competing Lockean Claims to Virtual Property, 20 HARV. J.L. & TECH. 443 (2007)

^[4] Transfer of Property Act, 1882, sec.5, No.4, Acts of Parliament, 1882 (India)

^[6] The Sale of Goods Act, 1930, sec. 2(7), No.3, Acts of Parliament, 1930 (India)

^[7] TATA Consultancy Services v. State of Andhra Pradesh, A.I.R. 2005 S.C. 371

^[8] Peter Brown and Richard Raysman, Property Rights in Cyber Space Games and Other Novel Legal Issues in Virtual Property, 2 Ind. J. L. & Tech. 88 (2006)

^[9] Indian Contracts Act, 1872, sec.10, No.9, Acts of Parliament, 1872 (India)

^[11] Internet Mobile Association of India v. Reserve Bank of India, (2020), 10 SCC 274

^[12]Selvam and Selvam, Breaking the fourth wall-Virtual Property and Intellectual Property Rights in India, May 6, 2016 https://selvams.com/blog/breaking-fourth-wall-virtual-property-intellectual-property-rights-india/

[3] Merriam Webster’ (Merriam-Webster Dictionary) < “Status quo ante.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/status%20quo%20ante.> Accessed 3^rd November 2022.

[4] Special Marriage Act, 1954 (Act No.43 of 1954)

[1] The author is an Advocate at Orissa High Court

[1] Ekta Ahlawat, Understanding the concept of Body Corporate, CA Club India, .

[2] Shubham Ojha, Why choose LLP? Ability of an LLP to contract and sue, LegalWiz, .

[3] Who can be a member of Limited Liability Partnership, LLP Wala (June 5^th 2018), .

[4] Designated Partner Identification Number (DPIN), India Filings, .

[5] Vihanka Narasimhan, all you need to know about a Limited Liability Partnership, iPleaders Blog (February 28^th 2022), .

[6] FAQs on Nature of Limited Liability Partnership, Ministry of Corporate Affairs; Government of India, .

[7] Dr. Sanjiv Agarwal, LIMITED LIABILITY PARTNERSHIP-PART-XII - (Unlimited Liability in case of Fraud), Tax Management India (March 29^th2010), .

[8] FAQs On Partners' Contribution and Transactions of Partners With LLP, Ministry of Corporate Affairs; Government of India, .

[2] Protection of Civil Rights Act, Act no 22 of 1955

[4] People’s Union for Democratic Rights v. Union of India, AIR 1982 SC

[5] State of Karnataka v. Appa Balu Ingale and Others (1992), AIR 1993 SC 1126

[8] Shri Ventataramana v. State of Mysore, (1958) AIR 255

[9] R.S. Raghunath v. State of Karnataka and another, 1992 AIR 81 1991 SCR Supl

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