INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

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[1] An algorithm is a set of ordered instructions or commands used to carry out a particular work in a pre-defined manner. A trading strategy is basically a plan or a set of rules which are defined to conduct the process of buying and selling while trading in order to achieve a particular outcome like increasing profitability, better execution, etc.^{^[1]}

[2] Algorithmic trading is trading by using computer programmes, which follow a defined set of instructions for doing a trade so as to generate fast and frequent profits.

[3] High Frequency Trading (HFT) is a subset of Algo-Trading. It is done within time-frames of nano & milli seconds. Some HFT strategies depend on price discrepancies & make profit taking their advantage. Others function by forecasting movements on the basis of trends, using Machine Learning & Artificial Intelligence.

[4] Front-running is described as utilizing the information on a big, incoming order to take a trading decision which can put the trader in a better position than others in respect of that incoming order. The two principal methods by which HFT firms obtain a speed, and thus informational advantage, is by utilizing direct data feeds and co-location.

[5] A co-location is a data centre facility in the exchange premises where the exchange’s servers are on the same network. It is used to rent space to trading firms to locate their servers and other computing hardware. Co-location facility provides the power, bandwidth, IP address and cooling systems. Space is generally rented in terms of racks and units. Co-location helps in reducing the latency by minimizing the travel time between your server and the exchange’s matching engine.

[6] The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance Volume 84, May 2022, Pages 337-344

[7] What’s hidden behind bulk deals? A study on Indian stock market, Managerial Finance, ISSN: 0307-4358

[8] A comprehensive study on bid-ask spread and its determinants in India, Cogent Economics & Finance, 9:1, DOI: 10.1080/23322039.2021.1898735

[9] Does time-varying illiquidity matter for the Indian stock market? Evidence from high-frequency data, Australian Journal of Management, Volume: 47 issue: 2, page(s): 251-272.

[10] Algorithmic Trading Efficiency and its Impact on Market-Quality. Asia-Pac Financ Markets (2021).

[11] Purba Mukerji, Christine Chung, Timothy Walsh and Bo Xiong, The Impact of Algorithmic Trading in a Simulated Asset Market, 12, Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 68 (2019).

[12] See, e.g., Computerized Trading: What Should the Rules of the Road Be?:

Hearing Before the Subcomm. on Sec., Ins. and Inv. of the S. Comm. on Banking

and Urban Affairs, 112th Cong. 20 (2012) (statement of David Lauer)

[16] See, e.g., Holly A. Bell, High Frequency Trading: Do Regulators Need to

Control this Tool of Informationally Efficient Markets?, CATO INSTITUTE

POLICY ANALYSIS (July 22, 2013)

[22]. CA Aseema Dake Kulkarni, High Frequency Trading: Review of Regulatory Initiatives in the Indian Capital Market, International Journal of Money, Banking and Finance, IJMBF/Volume 7/ Issue 3 /July-December 2018.

[23] CA Aseema Dake Kulkarni, High Frequency Trading: Review of Regulatory Initiatives in the Indian Capital Market, International Journal of Money, Banking and Finance, IJMBF/Volume 7/ Issue 3 /July-December 2018.

[26] Holly A. Bell and Harrison Searles, An analysis of Global HFT regulation, motivations, market failures, and alternative outcomes; Working Paper, Mercatus Center, George Mason University, No. 14-11, April 2014

[27] Holly A. Bell and Harrison Searles, An analysis of Global HFT regulation, motivations, market failures, and alternative outcomes; Working Paper, Mercatus Center, George Mason University, No. 14-11, April 2014

[30] Holly A. Bell and Harrison Searles, An analysis of Global HFT regulation, motivations, market failures, and alternative outcomes; Working Paper, Mercatus Center, George Mason University, No. 14-11, April 2014

[34] Holly A. Bell and Harrison Searles, An analysis of Global HFT regulation, motivations, market failures, and alternative outcomes; Working Paper, Mercatus Center, George Mason University, No. 14-11, April 2014

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