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[1] Standard Vacuum Refinery Company Vs. their workmen 1960 AIR 948

[4] Contract Labour (Regulation & Abolition) Act 1970

[7] Gammon India Ltd v. Union of India 1947 AIR 960

[1] M.A (Criminology) LL.B (Hons.), LL.M in Criminal Law (Pursing)

Sardar Patel University of Police, Security and Criminal Justice, Jodhpur

E-Mail: - 21lm03@policeuniversity.ac.in

Mob: +919446034401

[2] Famous American journalist Monica Crawley, a political commentator and lobbyist who is also a

contributor for Fox News about equality.

[3]Dr. ISH KUMAR et.al., NATIONAL DATABASE OF SEXUAL OFFENDERS,1 NCRB, 37, 37(2018), http://ncrb.gov.in/NCRB_Journal/NCRB_Journal_October_2018.pdf.

[4] S.511 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860, No.45, Acts of Parliament, 1860 (India) – Punishment for attempting to commit offences punishable with imprisonment for life or other imprisonment.— (1)Whoever attempts to commit an offence punishable by this Code with imprisonment for life or imprisonment, or to cause such an offence to be commit-ted, and in such attempt does any act towards the commission of the offence, shall, where no express provision is made by this Code for the punishment of such attempt, be punished with imprisonment of any description provided for the offence, for a term which may extend to one-half of the imprisonment for life or, as the case may be, one-half of the longest term of imprison-ment provided for that offence, or with such fine as is provided for the offence, or with both.

[5] Gurvinder Kalra & Dinesh Bhugra, Sexual violence against women: Understanding cross-cultural intersections, 55(3) INDIAN J PSYCHIATRY,244,244-245(2013). Also See.1. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2002. World Health Organization. World report on violence and health, (September 6, 2022, 10:20AM) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3777345/.

[6] World Health Organisation, Guidelines for medico-legal care for victims of sexual violence, WHO, 1 (September 5, 2022, 10:20AM) https://www.who.int/violence injury prevention/resources/publications/en/guidelines chap2.pdf.

[7] Gloria Gaggioli, Sexual violence in armed conflicts: A violation of international humanitarian law and human rights law, ICRC, (September 5, 2022, 09:28 AM) https://www.icrc.org/en/internationalreview/article/sexual violence armed conflicts violation international humanitarian.

[8] International Committee of the Red Cross, Advancement of women: ICRC statement to the United Nations, 2014,ICRC(September 5, 2022,03:30 PM)https://www.icrc.org/en/document/advancement women icrc statement united nations 2014.

[13] Caoilte Ó Ciardha & Tony Ward, Theories of Cognitive Distortions in Sexual Offending: What the Current Research Tells Us, RESEARCHGATE, (September 5, 2022,04:50 PM) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233964912_Theories_of_Cognitive_Distortions_in_Sexual_Offe nding_What_the_Current_Research_Tells_Us .

[14] Tony Ward &Thomas Keenan, Child molesters’ implicit theories. 14(8) Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 821,821-823(1999).

[15] Devon L. L Polaschek & Tony Ward, The implicit theories of potential rapists: What our questionnaires tell us, 7(4) AGGRESSION AND VIOLENT BEHAVIOR, 385, 391-320 (2002).

[16] Jaydip Sarkar, Mental health assessment of rape offenders, 55 (3) INDIAN J PSYCHIATRY 235,234235(2013)

[18] George R. Brown, Overview of Paraphilic Disorders, MSDMANUALS, (September 5, 2022, 02:34 PM) https:// www. Msdmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric disorders/sexuality,gender dysphoria, and paraphilias/ overview of paraphilic disorders.

[23] India Today Web Desk, Khap panchayat issues diktat to rape and parade two Dalit women naked, INDIA TODAY, (September 5, 2022, 10:36 PM) https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/khap panchayat issues diktat to rape and parade two dalit women naked 289507-2015-08-21.

[24] BBC, Pakistan village council orders 'revenge rape' of girl, BBC (September 5, 2022, 02:47 PM) https:// www.bbc.com/news/world asia india 40731035

[25] World Health Organisation, World report on violence and health, WHO, (September 5, 2022, 10:20AM) https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/42495/9241545615_eng.pdf.

[26] Prosecutor v. Akayesu, Case No ICTR-96-4, Judgment (2 September 1998) at para 686.

[27] Charllotte Lindsey et.al.,woman and war,ICRC,( September 5, 2022,08:23 AM) https://www.icrc. Org/en/ doc/ assets/ files/other/icrc 002 0798 women facing war.pdf

[28] Elizabeth Boskey, What Does It Mean to Be Non-Binary or Have Non-Binary Gender? VERY WELL MIND, (September 5, 2022 08:23AM) https://www.verywellmind.com/what does it mean to be non binary or have non binary gender 4172702

[29] World Health Organisation, Gender, equity and human rights, WHO, (September 5, 2022 12:34 AM) https://www.who.int/gender-equity-rights/understanding/gender-definition/en/

[30] United Nations Economic,Social,and Cultural Organisation, Gender Sensitivity, UNESCO,(Sept 6,2022, 07:45 PM) http://www.unesco.org/education/mebam/module_5.pdf.

[31] Oxford Dictionary,,https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/sex, (last visited Sept 6 ,2022).

[32] Shivani Singh, Understanding gender neutrality in modern India, THE CITIZEN, (Sept 6,2022,12:20 PM) https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/8/10810/Understanding Gender Neutrality In Modern India.

[33] Elizebeth Boskey, What Does It Mean to Be Non-Binary or Have Non-Binary Gender? VERY WL MIND,(Sept 5,2022 06:23 PM) https://www.verywellmind.com/what-does-it-mean-to-be-non-binary-orhave-non-binary-gender-4172702.

[34] Gender-neutral language, gender-inclusive language, inclusive language or gender neutrality is a form of linguistic prescriptivism that aims to eliminate (or neutralize) reference to gender in terms that describe people. This can involve discouragement of the use of gender-specific job titles, such as policeman/policewoman, fireman, stewardess, and, arguably, chairman, in favour of corresponding genderneutral terms such as police officer, firefighter, flight attendant and chairperson (or chair). Other genderspecific terms, such as actor and actress, may be replaced by the originally male term (actor used for either gender).

The pronouns he or she may be replaced with they when the gender of the person referred to is unknown. Some also advocate for a gender-neutral pronoun to be used even when the sex of a person is known, in an effort to remove the alleged subconscious effects of language in reinforcing gender and gender stereotypes. In addition, those who do not identify as either female or male may use a gender-neutral pronoun to refer to themselves or have others refer to them.

[35] Gender neutral parenting is when parents raise their child without forcing any preconceived gender norms upon them and allowing them to choose which one they would rather adopt for the rest of their lives. This allows the child not to be put into a box and grow up according to the conventional gender rules. For example, parents would address the child as ‘Baby’ in their conversations and not ‘Boy’ or ‘Girl’, allow their children to dress in what they want – Whether it means boys wearing pink, or girls wearing blue, keep room décor and the type of toys their kids play with neutral and in general avoid any kind of gender stereotyping. Some would go to the extent of hiding the gender of their child from everyone except their closest family members.

[36] In the marketing of fashion lines, designers are beginning to design gender-neutral clothing, that is not Labelling their clothing as either “men’s” or “women’s”, but depends on suitable for men and women. In today’s society gender neutrality is becoming more widely accepted. “Both males and females are now

‘allowed’ to wear certain clothing items once thought inappropriate for their sex”.

[37] Attempts to encourage this mentality in schools are demonstrated by institutions such as Nicolai garden and Egalia, two preschools in Sweden. Their efforts to replace terms “girl” and “boy” to the gender neutral pronoun “hen” grants students the ability to challenge or cross gender boundaries.

[38] Sweden adds gender-neutral pronoun to dictionary ,THE GUARDIAN, (Sept 9,20122, 02:45 PM) https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/24/sweden adds gender neutral pronoun to dictionary.

[39] Sam Levin, ‘We exist’: California begins issuing state IDs with a third gender option,THE

GUARDIAN,(Sept 9,2022, 03:27 PM) https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jan/02/california-non-binary-identification-lgbtq.

[40] Erin Durkin, New Yorkers to get third gender option on birth certificates, THE GUARDIAN,( Sept 5,2022,03:48 PM) https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/sep/12/new-yorkers-to-get-third-genderoption-on-birth-certificates.

[41] BBC, First Dutch gender-neutral passport issued, BBC(September 5, 2022, 04:16 PM) https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-45914813.

[42] The Guardian, Not in His name: God is gender-neutral, says archbishop of Canterbury, THE GUARDIAN, (September 5, 2022, 01:56 PM) https://www.theguardian.com/world/shortcuts/2018/nov/21/not in his name god is gender neutral says archbishop of canterbury.

[44] First Post, India ranked world's most dangerous country for women in study; U-turns, political blame games ensue, FIRST POST,( September 15, 2022, 06:24 AM) https://www.firstpost.com/india/india ranked worlds most dangerous country for women in study u turns political blame games ensue 4609051.html.

[47] Child Line India, Child Protection & Child Rights: Abuse & Violence, CHILD LINE INDIA (September 5, 2022,08:34 AM) http://childlineindia.org.in/child abuse child violence india.html.

[48] Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government of India, Report of the Expert Committee on the Issues Relating to Trnasgender Persons 2014, 42, (Sept 6,2022, 09:36 AM) http://socialjustice.nic.in/writereaddata/UploadFile/Binder2.pdf.

[49] Lynn Conway, Reflections on the PUCL Report, UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN (September 6, 2022,02:30 PM) http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/TS/PUCL/PUCL%20Report.html.

[50] National AIDS Control Organisation, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare Government of India, National IBBS 2014-15:Hijras/Transgender People, 53, GoI/NACO/MES/IBBS/010916, http://naco.gov.in/sites/default/files/TG-IBBS%20ReportPrint%20text_Edited.pdf.

[56] National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey: 2010 Summary Report, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta, Georgia, 21 (Sept 7,2022, 09:36 AM) https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/nisvs_report2010-a.pdf.

[58] David M. Herszenhorn, The Louima Ruling; Chronology Of The Case,N.Y.TIMES, Mar 1, 2002, at B5. 61 Harshad Pathak, Beyond the Binary: Rethinking Gender Neutrality in Indian Rape Law,11(2) ASIAN JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE LAW, 367, 367(2016).

[59] 'I'm a Survivor of Rape and Intimate Partner Violence--And I'm a Man' https://time.com/2951196/male-rape-survivor/ (Sept. 20,2022, 6PM)

[60] Deccan Chronicle, Woman arrested for molesting auto rickshaw driver in Delhi, DECCAN CHRONICLE, (Sept6,2022,12:27PM) https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150717/nationcrime/article/woman-arrested-molesting-auto-rickshaw-driver-delhi.

[61] Arvind Narrain, The Delhi Rape Case among Others:Violation of Bodily Integrity, ECONOMIC&POLITICAL WEEKLY,Mar 16,2013 at 12.

[1] Shaina Weisbrot, “The impact of the #MeToo Movement on Defamation Claims Against Survivors” accessed on 22 December 2021.

[3] . Kanchan Verma; “Impact of “METOO” Movement on Implementation of POSH Law”; < https://blog.ipleaders.in/metoo-movement-implementation-posh-law/> accessed 23 February 2022.

[4] Lovisa Damström; “#MeToo, Men’s Sexual Violence against Women and the Chilling Effect of Defamation Lawsuits: A Feminist Critique of the Swedish Criminal Justice System”; accessed 23 February 2022.

[1] Outlook.com www.outlookindia.com (last visited September 23, 2022)

[3] Conserve energy / www.conserve-energy-future.com (last visited September 25^th )

[4] Cleaning Human Waste, Human Rights Watch, August 2104, p 21

[5] WOMEN'S UN REPORT NETWORK http://www.wunrn.org/ (last visited October 5^th ,2022)

^{^[1]}UNFPA, ‘Quotes on Human Rights’ (United Nations Population Fund, 1 June 2004)<https://www.unfpa.org/resources/quotes-human-rights> accessed 8 January, 2022.

^{^[2]} Aditya Gowdara Shivamurthy, ‘The Taliban stalemate in 2021: International recognition and internal cohesion’ (Observer Research Foundation, 27 July, 2021) <https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/the-taliban-stalemate-in-2021/> accessed 9 January, 2022.

^{^[3]} Robert D Crews, The Taliban and the Crisis of Afghanistan, (first published in 2009, Harvard University Press, 2009).

^{^[4]} Aditya Gowdara Shivamurthy, ‘The Taliban stalemate in 2021: International recognition and internal cohesion’ (Observer Research Foundation, 27 July, 2021) accessed 9 January, 2022.

^{^[5]} Prevention and Punishment of Crimes Against Humanity 2019 International Law Commission Art 1 r.w. 2.

^{^[7]} Louise Nordstrom, ‘The Taliban has a hit list for the Afghan LGBT community’, (france24, 2 November, 2021) accessed 13 January, 2022.

^{^[8]} Aisha Ahmad, ‘Afghan Women: The State of Legal Rights and Security’, [2006] Vol. 3, No. 1 (January - June 2006), pp. 25-41.

^{^[9]} Prevention and Punishment of Crimes Against Humanity 2019 International Law Commission Art 3 r.w. 4.

^{^[12]} Louise Nordstrom, ‘The Taliban has a hit list for the Afghan LGBT community’, (france24, 2 November, 2021) <https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20211102-the-taliban-has-a-kill-list-for-the-afghan-lgbt-community-ngo-says> accessed 13 January, 2022.

^{^[13]} Prevention and Punishment of Crimes Against Humanity 2019 International Law Commission Art 5.

^{^[14]} Aisha Ahmad, ‘Afghan Women: The State of Legal Rights and Security’, [2006] Vol. 3, No. 1 (January - June 2006), pp. 25-41.

^{^[16]} Prevention and Punishment of Crimes Against Humanity 2019 International Law Commission Art 6(5), Art 8.

^{^[20]} Aisha Ahmad, ‘Afghan Women: The State of Legal Rights and Security’, [2006] Vol. 3, No. 1 (January - June 2006), pp. 25-41.

^{^[21]} Louise Nordstrom, ‘The Taliban has a hit list for the Afghan LGBT community’, (france24, 2 November, 2021) accessed 13 January, 2022.

^{^[22]} Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989 Art 6.

^{^[23]} International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), 1977 Art 9.

^{^[24]} International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), 1977 Art 26.

^{^[26]} Robert D Crews, The Taliban and the Crisis of Afghanistan, (first published in 2009, Harvard University Press, 2009).

^{^[27]}Aditya Gowdara Shivamurthy, ‘The Taliban stalemate in 2021: International recognition and internal cohesion’ (Observer Research Foundation, 27 July, 2021) accessed 9 January, 2022.

[1] Manusmariti VII/143 as Quoted in, M.A. Shewan & Udai Veer: "Corruption on Money Laundering and Law" (New Delhi: Mittal Pubalications, 2011) Part Two, at. 161.

[7] R.K. Gupta & H.D. Bist (eds): Corruption in India, Origin, Causes, and Solutions I^st edn. (New Delhi: Anamika Publishers and Distributors Pvt. Ltd., 2007) at 116

[10] S.K. Agarwal (ed): Towards Improving Governance (New Delhi: Academic Foundation, 2008) at. 30

[13] R.K. Gupta & H.D. Bist; supra note 7 at 155

[17] "India Inc Unhappy with Status Quo" Hindustan Times, Lucknow, 16 February, 2014 at 5, available at www.hindustan times

[19] A.K. Gupta & H.D. Bist, supra note 7 at 155.

[20] Chandan Mitra: The Corrupt Society: The Criminalization of India from Independence to the 1990s (New Delhi : Viking, 1998) at 111.

[22] A. Surya Prakash: "What Ails Indian Parliament: An Exhaustive Diagnosis, (New Delhi: Indus, 1995) at 278

[23] Dr. Prabhas Chandra Singh: "Encyclopedia of Laws against Corruption" Ist Edn. (New Delhi: Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd., 2012) c. 1 at 1

[25] Quoted in N. Vittal, "Corruption, A paber submitted at the 5^th Annual National Conference of NEPASI on" Governance for Development: Issues and Strategies organized by IGNOU between 24-25 August 2011, New Delhi, at 1

[27] Quoted in Human Development in South Asia 199, (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1999) at 98

[29] A.K. Gupta & H.D. Bist, supra note 7 at 157.

[31] Priti Saxena & Sudarshana Verma :"Corruption : A human Right Concern for Development and Good Governance in 21^st Century in Gurdip Singh & V.K. Ahuja : Human Rights in 21^st Century Changing Dimentions" (New Delhi-Universal Law Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.-2012) at 802.

[32] The Times of India, 26 January, 2011, Lucknow edition

[33] Priti Saxena & Sudarshana Verma, supra not 31

[34] "Corruption and Development", available at http://rbalu.wordpress.com/2010/12/01/ corruption-and-development

[35] Priti Saxena & Sudarshan Verma, supra not 31 at 801

[36] "After 'Roti, Kapda our Makkan", India Requires More" Hindustan Times, Lucknow, 21 November, 2014 at 10

[42] Justice, V.R. Krishna Iyer, Times of India, 7 March, 2006.

[43] Chief Justice of India, Indian Express New Delhi, 12 March, 2006.

[44] Satya Prakash, Faultime in Judicial Appointment Exposed, Hindustan Times, Lucknow, 22 July, 2014 at 11.

[48] Moshe Maor, "Feeling the Heat? Anti- Corruption Mechanisms in Comparative Perspective" 17 Governance 1(2004).

[49] C. Raj Kumar; "Corruption and Human Rights in India (Comparative Perspectives on Transparency and Good Governance)” (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2011) at 212.

[58] People's Union for Civil Liberties V. Union of India and Others (2013)2 SCC (Cri) 832

[61] S.S. Gill, Pathology of Corruption (New Delhi, Harpur Collins Publishers India ltd.-1998) at 238.

[64] C. Raj Kumar, Corruption, Development and Good Governance: Challenges for Promoting Access to Justices in Asia. 16 Mich. St. J. Int'l L 475, 519(2008)

[65] H.L. Mansukhani, Corruption and Public Servants 78 (Noida, Vikas Publishing House, 1979)

[73] In the past, the Government has been left reeling by many corruption scandals making the headlines, most notably the 2G scam, and Commonwealth Games scam; Gulzar Natarajan, The Mirage of Corruption Quick Fixes, Live Mint.

[74] Rakesh Kalshain, Corruption Notebook, in Ctr. for Public Integrity (ed.), Global Integrity: An Investigative Report Tracking Corruption, Openness and Accountability in 25 Countries: India 7 (200)

[76] The summary of Lord Committee's first Report on standards in public Life (1995)

[81] Civil Society to Assist Probe against Justice Dinakaram, Rediff.Com (18 May 2011); Corruption Charges Slapped on Justice Dinakaram, Times of India, 19 March, 2011.

[82] V. Eshwar Anand, op-ed. Law, Corruption in Judiciary: The Time for Action, The Tribune 3 December, 2010.

[84] V.S. Achuthanandan V.R. Balakrishna Pillai, (2011) (2) SCALE 346.

[85] Alam Doig and Stephanie Mclvor, Corruption and its control in the Development Context, An Analysis and Selective Review of the Literature, 20 Third World Q. 657 (1999).

[87] Upendra Baxi Liberty and Corruption, (Lucknow, Eastern Book Company, 1989)

[89] Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 Section 19.

[90] Upendra Baxi, Liberty and Corruption, supra note 87 at 53.

[94] Nat'l Comm'n to Review the Working of the Constitution, 'Probity in Governance, 2.1 (2001)

[95] Harsh Mander and Abha Joshi, The Movement for Right to Information in India: People's power for the Control of Corruption.

[97] Abid. Hussain, Nat'l Comm'n to Review the Working of the Constitution, “Some Ideas on Governance”.

[99] India's Weak Democracy: Study, Times of India, 23 March, 2004.

[102] Ashok H. Desai and S, Muralidhar, Public Interest Litigation: Potential and Problems, in B.N. Kripal (ed.) Supreme but not Infallible: Essays in Honour of the supreme Court of India 159-92 (2000) (New Delhi: Oxford University Press)

[105] Moshe Maor, 'Feeling the Heat? Anti Corruption Mechanisms in Comparative Perspective, 12 Governance 1 (2004)

[108] R.K. Gupta & H.D. Bist, (eds.) Corruption in India, Origin, Causes and Solutions Ist edn. (New Delhi

[1] Covid-19| no individual can be forced to be vaccinated; holds supreme ..., , https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2022/05/04/covid-19-forced-vaccination-immunisation-privacy-right-bodily-integrity-supreme-court-judgments-legal-news-research-updates-law/ (last visited Oct 4, 2022).

[2] The Leaflet, https://theleaflet.in/right-to-self-determine-what-may-be-injected-into-our-bodies-is-fundamental-says-petitioner-in-the-vaccination-case-in-the-supreme-court/ (Last Visited On October 4,2022)

[4] K.S. Puttaswamy v Union of India, (2017) 10 SCC 1

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