INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

Ethics and Jurisprudence With special reference to The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019 (By-Aayat Fatma)

Authors: Aayat Fatma

Registration ID: IJLRA1033 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA1033

Year : August-2022 | Volume: 2 | Issue: 7
Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: aayatfatma50@gmail.com

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Doi Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/08.2022-82212428/Aayat Fatma

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AUGUMENT OF NUPTIAL EPOCH - CALLS FOR THE MODERN ERA (By-Adisha P Alexander, Anna Alphonsa James & Sona Benny)

Authors: Adisha P Alexander, Anna Alphonsa James & Sona Benny

Registration ID: IJLRA1032 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA1030, IJLRA1031, IJLRA1032

Year : August-2022 | Volume: 2 | Issue: 7
Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: Adisha P Alexander-adishapalexander@gmail.com, Anna Alphonsa James-annaalphonsaj20@gmail.com & Sona Benny-sonabenny11@gmail.com

Page No : 14 | No of times Downloads: 0038

Doi Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/08.2022-56757368/Adisha P Alexander, Anna Alphonsa James & Sona Ben

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The 106-Year-Old Paradox, Lucknow Pact, A Compromise Of Disparity In Unity? (By-Dibya Prakash Lahiri)

Authors: Dibya Prakash Lahiri

Registration ID: IJLRA1029 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA1029

Year : August-2022 | Volume: 2 | Issue: 7
Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: dibya.lahiri99@gmail.com

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JURISTROCRACY ON THE FACET OF CONSTITUTIONALISM & BUREAUCRACY (By-Nimisha Shaswat & Dr. Amita Arora)

Authors: Nimisha Shaswat & Dr. Amita Arora

Registration ID: IJLRA1028 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA1027, IJLRA1028

Year : August-2022 | Volume: 2 | Issue: 7
Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: nimishashaswat@gmail.com

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DEFENSIVE TACTICS VIS A VIS HOSTILE TAKEOVER: AN INDIAN PERSPECTIVE (By-Rukhsaar Dhaliwal & Vanshika Tuteja)

Authors: Rukhsaar Dhaliwal & Vanshika Tuteja

Registration ID: 101026 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA1025, IJLRA1026

Year : August-2022 | Volume: 2 | Issue: 7
Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: rukhsaardhaliwal3@gmail.com

Page No : 22 | No of times Downloads: 0036

Doi Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/08.2022-17685136/Rukhsaar Dhaliwal & Vanshika Tuteja

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FRAUD AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE : UNFOLDING THE SCANDALS WITH SPECIFIC REFERENCE TO DEVAS-ANTRIX CASE (By-Tushti Ratnapriya Thakur)

Authors: Tushti Ratnapriya Thakur

Registration ID: 101024 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA1024

Year : August-2022 | Volume: 2 | Issue: 7
Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: tushtithakur03@gmail.com

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MARITAL RAPE (By-Pooja Lakshmi)

Authors: Pooja Lakshmi

Registration ID: 101023 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA1023

Year : August-2022 | Volume: 2 | Issue: 7
Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: l19blb076@bennett.edu.in

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GENDER DIVERSITY IN THE BOARDROOM: A GLOBAL OVERVIEW (By-Siddharth Kanojia)

Authors: Siddharth Kanojia

Registration ID: 101022 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA1022

Year : August-2022 | Volume: 2 | Issue: 7
Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

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Byte Is The New Bomb: A Critical Analysis Of The Situation Of Cyber Terrorism In India (Authored By-Harshitaa Arora, Charvi Singh & Akshat Kalra)

Authors: Harshitaa Arora, Charvi Singh & Akshat Kalra

Registration ID: 1001021 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA1019, IJLRA1020, IJLRA1021

Year : August-2022 | Volume: 2 | Issue: 7
Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: Harshitaa Arora-harshitaa.54321@gmail.com, Charvi Singh-singh.charvi97@gmail.com & Akshat Kalra-akshatk03@gmail.com

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Doi Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/08.2022-37739944/Harshitaa Arora, Charvi Singh & Akshat Kalra

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DOWRY SYSTEM- A DE FACTO ALIVE TRADITION OF INDIAN SOCIETY (By-Shakti Gayatri Panda)

Authors: Shakti Gayatri Panda

Registration ID: 1001018 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA1018

Year : August-2022 | Volume: 2 | Issue: 7
Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: shaktigayatripanda@gmail.com

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Doi Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/08.2022-12723179/Shakti Gayatri Panda

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International journal for legal research and analysis

Abbreviation:IJLRA

ISSN:2582-6433

Website:https://www.ijlra.com/

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All research articles published INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS are fully open access. i.e. immediately freely available to read, download and share. Articles are published under the terms of a Creative Commons license which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors. They do not purport to reflect the opinions or views of the INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS or its members. The designations employed in this publication and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

[1] **Manuel Velasquez, Claire Andre, Thomas Shanks, S.J., and Michael J. Meyer, What is ethics? 1, ISSUES IN ETHICS, II E, 1987.**

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[3] Singer, Peter. "Ethics". Encyclopedia Britannica, 2 Feb. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/topic/ethics-philosophy. Accessed March28, 2022.

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[8] John Grier Hibben, The Relation of Ethics to Jurisprudence, Vol 4 , INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ETHICS, pp. 133 , (1894)

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[10] National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India A.I.R. 2014 S.C. 1863.

[11] The Rights of Transgender Persons Bill 2014, (Rajya Sabha), XLIXC-C (2014).

[12] The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) 2019, Supra note at 9.

[13] National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India, Supra note at 10.

[14] The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) 2019, §2(i), No. 40, Acts Of Parliament, 2019 (India).

[16] National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India, Supra note at 10.

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[10]Anita Raj, Niranjan Saggurti, Donta Balaiah, Jay G Silverman (2009). Prevalence of child marriage and its effect on fertility and fertility control outcomes of young women in India: a cross - sectional, observational study. The Lancet 373 (9678), 1883-1889.

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[16]Early Childbearing can have severe consequences for adolescent girls, available at: https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-health/adolescent-health/ (visited on August 15, 2022).

[17] Ramesh Adhikari (2018). Child Marriage and Physical Violence: Results from a Nationally Representative Study in Nepal. Journal of health promotion vol. 6, June 2018.

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[20]Dr.Madhu Gupta, Indian Law and Gender Inequality- Economic rights and Entitlements of women (Swastik Publication, Delhi, 1^stedn., 2016).

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[3] The Lucknow Pact, Muslim League and Indian National Congress, December 1916.

[1]Business Standard, 2019. L&T has ‘acquired control’ of the company with 60.06% stake: Mindtree. [online] Available at:

[2]The Hindu, Idea cellular took over Vodafone, Vodafone Idea embark on new journey, unveil brand identity Vi, Lalatendu Mishra. [online] Available at:

[3]Mittal Steel took over Arcelor in 2006.

The Economic Times, 2016, Tale of two acquisitions: Mittal Steel's acquisition of Arcelor and Tata Steel's acquisition of Corus. [online]. Available at:

[4][4] Independent, Kraft Foods took over Cadbury in 2010, In a final betrayal of the Cadbury brand, Kraft has quietly abandoned its promise to stick with Fairtrade, Hannah Fern, [online] Available at:

[5]Mathew, Shaun, Hostile Takeovers in India: New Prospects, Challenges and Regulatory Opportunities (November 12, 2007). Columbia Business Law Review, Vol. 2007, No. 3, Available at SSRN:

[6]Bhandari, 2018.Escorts -Fending off hostile takeover, surviving family split. Business Standard. [online] Available at:

[7]Escorts Ltd. And Another vs Union of India and Others, 1987 57 CompCas 241 Bom

[8]Ninan, 1986. Supreme Court, RBI gives Swaraj Paul clean chit in Escorts, DCM share cases. [online]. Available at:

[9]Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB) was abolished on 24 May 2017, as announced by Finance Minister ArunJaitley during 2017-2018 budget speech in Lok Sabha, and has been replaced by the Foreign Investment Facilitation Portal (FIFP).

[11]Lucian, Bebchuk, John ,Coates &Subramanian Journal of Financial Economics, 2006.Classified boards, firm value, and managerial entrenchment. [online]. Available at:

[13]National Bureau of Economic Research. The Powerful Anti-takeover Force of Staggered Boards: Theory, Evidence, and Policy. [online]. Available at:

[15]Companies Act 2013. Section 152(6) states as follows: “(a)Unless the articles provide for the retirement of all directors at every annual general meeting, not less than two- thirds of the total number of directors of a public company, or of a private company which is a subsidiary of a public company, shall-(i) be persons whose period of office is liable to determination by retirement of directors by rotation; and(ii) save as otherwise expressly provided in this Act, be appointed by the company in general meeting.”

[16]Companies Act 2013. Section 169 on Removal of directors states as follows: “(1) A company may, by ordinary resolution, remove a director, not being a director appointed by the Tribunal under section 242, before the expiry of the period of his office after giving him a reasonable opportunity of being heard:

(2) A special notice shall be required of any resolution, to remove a director under this

Section, or to appoint somebody in place of a director so removed, at the meeting at which he is removed.

(3) On receipt of notice of a resolution to remove a director under this section, the company shall forthwith send a copy thereof to the director concerned, and the director, whether or not he is a member of the company, shall be entitled to be heard on the resolution at the meeting.”

[17]Barik, Nikhilesh, Takeover Defences and Corporate Governance (April 15, 2012). [online]. Available at

[18]Eleftheriadou, I. 2018. Hostile Takeovers and Defence Strategies

.International Hellenic University, [online], pp.20. [online]. Available at:

[19]The Guardian, White Knight. The Guardian. [online]. Available at:

[21]Business Standard, 2013, As M&A activity picks up, white knights are riding into India Inc. [online]. Available at: <https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/as-m-a-activity-picks-up-white-knights-are-riding-into-india-inc-110092800051_1.html >

[22]Business Standard, 2018, British American Tobacco proposal to buy back shares not an option: ITC. [online] Available at: <https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/british-american-tobacco-proposal-to-buy-back-shares-not-an-option-itc-118100700631_1.html>

[23]Dalal, 2020, Analysis of Takeover Defences and Hostile Takeover. NALSAR Law Review, 6(1), [online]. Available at:

[24] Securities and Exchange Board of India (Substantial Acquisition of Shares and Takeovers) Regulations, 2011. Regulation 26(2) states as follows: “the target company by way of a special resolution by postal ballot is obtained, the board of directors of either the target company or any of its subsidiaries shall not, —(a) alienate any material assets whether by way of sale, lease, encumbrance or otherwise or enter into any agreement therefor outside the ordinary course of business; (b)effect any material borrowings outside the ordinary course of business;(c) issue or allot any authorised but unissued securities entitling the holder to voting rights…”

[25]Senior securities are those that ranks higher in terms of pay out ranking. The value of these securities is determined by the board of directors

[26]The Economic Times, 2020, Can India Inc. swallow the ‘poison pill’?. [online] Available at:

[27]McChesney, 1993. Transaction Costs and Corporate Greenmail: Theory, Empirics and a Mickey Mouse Case Study, Wiley, Managerial and Decision Economics. Special Issue: Transactions Costs Economics.

[29]Business Standard, 2019, Dalmia Firm & #39;S Stake In Gesco Up At 7.27%. [online]. Available at:

[30]Business Standard, 2019.Arun Bajoria At It Again, Buys 5.14% Bombay Dyeing Stake. [online] Available at: < https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/arun-bajoria-at-it-again-buys-5-14-bombay-dyeing-stake-101081401003_1.html>

[31]Michael Jensen, Takeovers: Causes and Consequences, in Patrick A. Gaughan, ed. Readings in Mergers and Acquisitions, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1994

[32]Companies Act 2013- Section197 (1) The total managerial remuneration payable by a public company, to its directors, including managing director and whole-time director, and its manager in respect of any financial year shall not exceed eleven per cent. of the net profits of that company for that financial year computed in the manner laid down in section 198 except that the remuneration of the directors shall not be deducted from the gross profits:

[33]Companies Act 2013. Section 202(1) for Compensation for loss of office of managing or whole-time director or manager states as follows: “(1) A company may make payment to a managing or whole-time director or manager, but not to any other director, by way of compensation for loss of office, or as consideration for retirement from office or in connection with such loss or retirement.”

[34]Companies Act 2013. Section 2(94) defines “whole-time director” to as follows: “includes a director in the whole-time employment of the company.”

[35]Companies Act 2013. Section 2 (53) defines “manager” to mean as follows: “an individual who, subject to the superintendence, control and direction of the Board of Directors, has the management of the whole, orsubstantially the whole, of the affairs of a company, and includes a director or any other person occupying the position of a manager, by whatever name called, whether under a contract of service or not”

[36]Companies Act 2013. Section 202 on Compensation for loss of office of managing or whole-time director or manager states as follows: “(3) Any payment made to a managing or whole-time director or manager in pursuance of sub-section (1) shall not exceed the remuneration which he would have earned if he had been in office for the remainder of his term or for three years, whichever is shorter, calculated on the basis of the average remuneration actually earned by him during a period of three years immediately preceding the date on which he ceased to hold office, or where he held the office for a lesser period than three years, during such period…”

[39]Mergers and Acquisitions, Alan Auerbach, Published in 1987 by University of Chicago Press by the National Bureau of Economic Research

[41]Companies Act, 2013. Section 180(1) states as follows “(1) The Board of Directors of a company shall exercise the following powers only with the consent of the company by a special resolution, namely:(a) To sell, lease or otherwise dispose of the whole or substantially the whole of the undertaking of the company or where the company owns more than one undertaking, of the whole or substantially the whole of any of such undertakings.”

[42]Annual Report 2018-19, L&T Infotech. [online]. Available at: <https://www.lntinfotech.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/LTI-AR-2019_web-version.pdf?pdf=download>

[43]The Economic Times, 2019, How Mindtree became the object of a hostile takeover battle between its management and L&T. [online]. Available at:<https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/how-mindtree-became-the-object-of-a-hostile-takeover-battle-between-its-management-and-lt/articleshow/68490409.cms>

[44]Annual Report 2018-19, L&T Infotech. [online]. Available at: <https://www.lntinfotech.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/LTI-AR-2019_web-version.pdf?pdf=download>

[46]The Economic Times. L&T confident of taking control of Mindtree: AM Naik. [online].Available at:

[47]Vora K. Hostile takeovers and case of L&T Infotech and Mindtree, VORA Corporate Finance. [online]. Available at: <https://vorafin.com/insights/lt-infotechs-hostile-takeover-of-mindtree-and-theory/>

[48]Nishith Desai Associates, 2020, Don’t Mind: You’ve been Acquired! [online]. Available at:

[49]Post Open Offer Report. SEBI. [online]. Available at:

[50]Business Standard, 2019. What message is being sent to start-ups: Mindtree promoters to L&T. [online].Available at:< https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/what-message-is-being-sent-to-start-ups-mindtree-promoters-to-l-t-on-hostile-bid-119031900766_1.html>

[52]Securities and Exchange Board of India (Substantial Acquisition of Shares and Takeovers) Regulations, 2011. Regulation 3(1) on Substantial acquisition of shares or voting rights states as follows: “No acquirer shall acquire shares or voting rights in a target company which taken together with shares or voting rights, if any, held by him and by persons acting in concert with him in such target company, entitle them to exercise twenty-five per cent or more of the voting rights in such target company unless the acquirer makes a public announcement of an open offer for acquiring shares of such target company in accordance with these regulations.”

[54]Securities and Exchange Board of India (Substantial Acquisition of Shares and Takeovers) Regulations, 2011. Regulation 4 on Acquisition of control states as follows: “Irrespective of acquisition or holding of shares or voting rights in a target company, no acquirer shall acquire, directly or indirectly, control over such target company unless the acquirer makes a public announcement of an open offer for acquiring shares of such target company in accordance with these regulations.”

[55]Securities and Exchange Board of India (Substantial Acquisition of Shares and Takeovers) Regulations, 2011. Regulation 6(1) states as follows: “An acquirer, who together with persons acting in concert with him, holds shares or voting rights in a target company entitling them to exercise twenty five per cent or more but less than the maximum permissible non-public shareholding, shall be entitled to voluntarily make a public announcement of an open offer for acquiring shares in accordance with these regulations, subject to their aggregate shareholding after completion of the open offer not exceeding the maximum permissible non-public shareholding.”

[57]The Hindu, And so, after all the drama, L&T now owns Mindtree. [online]. Available at: <https://www.thehindu.com/business/and-so-after-all-the-drama-lt-now-owns Mindtree/article28191284.ece>

^{^[1]} Kyle Peterdy, Corporate Governance, Corporate Finance Institute (August 14,2022), https://corporatefinanceinstiute.com/resources/knowledge/other/corporate-governance/

^{^[2]} CFI Team, Top Accounting Scandals, Corporate Finance Institute (January 30, 2022),https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/other/top-accounting-scandals/

^{^[3]}Arti Bhatt, Waste Management Scandal, 1998, The Company Ninja (2019),https://thecompany.ninja/waste-management-scandal/#Aftermath

^{^[4]}Aron Almeida, Vijay Mallya Scam Demystified, Trade Brains (October 14, 2021),https://tradebrains.in/vijay-mallya-scam/

^{^[5]} Anushka Agarwal, 9 Major Corporate Frauds in India, The Company Ninja (2019),https://thecompany.ninja/9-major-corporate-frauds-in-india/

^{^[6]} Kshitij Bhargava, What is Antrix-Devas case? All you need to know about decade-long legal tussle between India and a startup, Financial Express (January 18, 2022),https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.financialexpress.com/industry/what-is-antrix-devas-case-all-you-need-to-know-about-decade-long-legal-tussle-between-india-and-a-startup/2409744/lite/

^{^[7]} Bisacre, Josephine, and Claire McFadzean. Company Law Essentials. Edinburgh University Press, 2011. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctvxcrkr2.

^{^[8]}Devas Multimedia Private Limited vs. Antrix Corporation Limited, Civil Appeal No. 5766 of 2021 (Ind.)

^{^[9]}Institute of Chartered Accountants vs P.K. Mukherjee (1968) SC 1104 (Ind.)

^{^[10]}Hindustan Lever Employees’ Union vs Hindustan Lever Ltd (1995) 83 Com Cases 30 (Ind.)

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[4] Section 3 of the The Domestic Violence Act of 2005

[5] Independent Thought v. Union of India, National Commission for Women, WP (C) 382/2013

[7] Exception 2 of the Section 375 of the Indian Penal Code

[8] Mukesh v. State (NCT of Delhi), (2017) 6 SCC 1.

[9] Law Commission of India, Reviews of Rape Laws: Some Suggestions, Report No.172

[10] Nazrin Bano, Marital rape in India, https://blog.ipleaders.in/marital-rape-in-india/

[11] World Health Organization, Understanding and addressing violence against women

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[13] 52 countries criminalised marital rape, HC told, https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/52-countries-criminalised-marital-rape-hc-told-118010201102_1.html

[14] R v L, (1991) 174 CLR 379 & R v J, (2011) 2 SCR 40

[15] Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) & Anr. vs. Union of India & Ors, (2017) 10 SCC 1

[16] Saroj Rani v Sudarshan Kumar Chadha, 1984 AIR 1562

[17] Suchita Srivastava v. Chandigarh Administration, (2009) 14 SCR 989, (2009) 9 SCC 1

[18] Arnesh Kumar v State of Bihar (2014) 8 SCC, 273

[19] The Chairman, Railway Board v Chandrima Das, (2000) 2 SCC 465

[20] Bodhisattwa Gautam v. Subhra Chakraborty, 1996 SCC (1) 490

[21] Kharak Singh v. State of U.P, 1964 SCR (1) 332

[22] Govind v. State of Madhya Pradesh,1975 SCR (3) 946

[24] Vishakha v State of Rajasthan, (1997) 6 SCC 241

[25] Sohini Goswami, Sex between married couple not marital rape even if by force: Chhattisgarh HC, https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sex-between-married-couple-not-marital-rape-even-if-by-force-chhattisgarh-hc-101629970181481.html

[27] Mr.Hrishikesh Sahoo V. State Of Karnataka By Women Police Station, Writ Petition No.48367 Of 2018, https://karnatakajudiciary.kar.nic.in/judgements/WP48367-18-23-03-2022.pdf

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[1] Weingberg, L. (2006) Global Terrorism: A Beginner’s Guide, 1st Ed., London, UK: One World Publication.

[2] Halder, D. (2011) Information Technology Act and Cyber Terrorism: A Critical Review, SSRN 1964261 [Online] Available from: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers. cfm?abstract_id=1964261.

[3] Laquer, W. (1987) The Age of Terrorism, 1st Ed., Boston, USA: Little, Brown and Company.

[4] Ramsay, G. (2008) Conceptualising Online Terrorism, Perspective on Terrorism, 2(7), pp: 3–10.

[5] Weimann, G. (2004) Cyberterrorism: How Real is the Threat? [Online] Available from: https://www.usip.org/sites/default/ files/sr119.pdf

[6] Singh, V. P. (2021). Cyber terrorism and Indian legal regime: a critical appraisal of Section 66 (F) of the Information Technology Act. Sri Lanka Journal of Social Sciences, 44(1), 71-81.

[7] Sue, P. Griest & Mahan, S. (2003) Terrorism in Perspective, 1st Ed., California: Sage Publications Inc.

[8] Ramsay, G. (2008) Conceptualising Online Terrorism, Perspective on Terrorism, 2(7), pp: 3–10.

[9] Singh, V. P. (2021). Cyber terrorism and Indian legal regime: a critical appraisal of Section 66 (F) of the Information Technology Act. Sri Lanka Journal of Social Sciences, 44(1), 71-81.

[10] Mali, P. (2012) Cyber Law and Cyber Crime, 1st Ed., New Delhi: Snow White Publishers.

[12] Weimann, G. (2004). Cyberterrorism: How real is the threat? (Vol. 119). United States Institute of Peace.

[13] Obama, B. (2009, May 29). Remarks by the President on Securing Our Nation’s Cyber Infrastructure | whitehouse.gov. Whitehouse.Gov; obamawhitehouse.archives.gov. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-securing-our-nations-cyber-infrastructure

[14] Akhgar, B., Staniforth, A., & Bosco, F. (2014, July 14). Cyber Crime and Cyber Terrorism Investigator’s Handbook - 1st Edition. Cyber Crime and Cyber Terrorism www.elsevier.com.https://www.elsevier.com/books/cyber-crime-and-cyber-terrorism-investigators-handbook/akhgar/978-0-12-800743-3

[15] Plotnek, J. J., & Slay, J. (2021). Cyber terrorism: A homogenized taxonomy and definition. Computers & Security, 102, 102145.

[16] Al?k, N. A. H. A. (2022). Emerging Cyber Security Threats: India’s Concerns and Options. International Journal of Politics and Security, 4(1), 170-200.

[18] Schjolberg, S. (2007) Terrorism in Cyberspace - Myth or reality? http:// www.cybercrimelaw.net/documents/Cyberterrorism.pdf

[19] Pujari, A. (n.d.). Cyber Terrorism: World Wide Weponisation. cii.in., Tamil Nadu Police Sesquicentennial Anniversary Souvenir, (2017).

[20] India Risk Survey, 2018, Available From: https://ficci.in/SEDocument/20450/India%20Risk%20Survey%20-%202018.pdf

[21] Saxena, A. (2011) 117 Indian Government Websites Defaced Till July, Medianama [Online] Available from: https://www.medianama.com/2011/08/223-indiangovernment-websites-hacked/

[22] Bhansali, S. (2012) Commentary on Information Technology Act, 1st Ed., New Delhi: Universal Publication.

[23] Oh, O., Agarwal, M. & Rao, H. R. (2011) Information control and terrorism: Tracking the Mumbai terrorist attack through twitter, Information Systems Frontiers, 13(1), pp: 33–43 [Online] Available from: https://link.springer.com/ content/pdf/10.1007/s10796-010-9275-8.pdf

[24] Hani, N. M. & Ranjan, A. (2018) A Critical Study on Cyber Terrorism with Reference with 26/11 Mumbai Attack, International Journal of Pure and Ranjan, Aswathy, 119(17), pp: 1617–1636.

[27] Dhar, P. (2017) Changing dimensions of criminal jurispudence in virtual reality: a critical evaluation of information technology laws, ‘cybercrimes and crimes per se’ in India, Bharati Law Review, 6(2), pp: 117–130.

[28] Kumar, B., & Vanamali, K. V. (2022, March 10). Is India prepared to protect itself from cyber-attacks? | Business Standard News. Is India Prepared to Protect Itself from Cyber-Attacks?; www.business-standard.com. https://www.business-standard.com/podcast/technology/is-india-prepared-to-protect-itself-from-cyber-attacks-122031000062_1.html

[29] Digital Readiness Survey, DBS. (2021, September 21). Indian large corporates and middle-market companies are focused on digital transformation as a priority, finds DBS survey. Indian Large Corporates and Middle-Market Companies Are Focused on Digital Transformation as a Priority, Finds DBS Survey; www.dbs.com. https://www.dbs.com/newsroom/indian_large_corporates_and_middlemarket_companies_are_focused_on_digital_transformation_as_a_priority_finds_dbs_survey

[30] Pujari, A. (n.d.). Cyber Terrorism: World Wide Weponisation. cii.in., Tamil Nadu Police Sesquicentennial Anniversary Souvenir, (2017).

[31] Sushma Devi Parmar. “Cybersecurity in India: An Evolving Concern for National Security.” The Journal of Intelligence and Cyber Security 1, no.1 (2018).

[32] Marco Gercke. Understanding Cybercrime: A Guide for Developing Countries. (Geneva: ITU Publication, 2009).

[33] Kizza, J. M. (2014). Computer network security and cyber ethics. McFarland, 120.

[34] UN. (1996). “UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce Guide to Enactment with 1996 with Additional Article 5 as Adopted in 1998.” www.uncitral.org/pdf/english/texts/electcom/05- 89450_Ebook.pdf

[35] Desai, D. D., & Bhatt, P. (2019). Securing India’s cities: Remembering 26/11, learning its lessons. Observer Research Foundation, Special Report, (92).

[37] Mumbai Bureau. (2011, July 13). 21 killed, 141 injured as terror strikes Mumbai again. The Hindu; https://www.thehindu.com/news/national//article60513438.ece

[38] ENS Economic Bureau. (2016, October 19). Cyber attacks hit banks: SBI blocks 6 lakh debit cards to ward off security threat - The Indian Express. indianexpress.com. https://indianexpress.com/article/business/banking-and-finance/cyber-attacks-hit-banks-sbi-blocks-6l-debit-cards-to-ward-off-security-threat-3092138/

[39] Tech2, News Staff. (2018, January 16). Aadhaar security breaches: Here are the major untoward incidents that have happened with Aadhaar and what was actually affected- Technology News, First Post. https://www.firstpost.com/tech/news-analysis/aadhaar-security-breaches-here-are-the-major-untoward-incidents-that-have-happened-with-aadhaar-and-what-was-actually-affected-4300349.html

[41] Khaira, R. (2018, January 5). Rs 500, 10 minutes, and you have access to billion Aadhaar details?: The Tribune India. The Tribune; www.tribuneindia.com. https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/nation/rs-500-10-minutes-and-you-have-access-to-billion-aadhaar-details-523361

[42] Tech2, News Staff. (2018, January 9). UIDAI blocks 5,000 officials from Aadhaar portal following reports of unauthorised usage- Technology News, Firstpost. www.firstpost.com. https://www.firstpost.com/tech/news-analysis/uidai-blocks-5000-officials-from-aadhar-portal-following-reports-of-unauthorised-usage-4294143.html

[43] Ahuja, N. B. (2022, January 16). Inside story of cyber attacks on India’s banks, airlines, railways… and the fightback - The Week. The Week; www.theweek.in. https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/2022/01/06/inside-story-of-cyber-attacks-on-india-banks-airlines-railways-and-the-fightback.html.

[44] Clark, M. (2021, July 23). Here’s what we know about NSO’s Pegasus spyware. The Verge; www.theverge.com. https://www.theverge.com/22589942/nso-group-pegasus-project-amnesty-investigation-journalists-activists-targeted

[45] Shankland, S. (2022, July 19). Pegasus Spyware and Citizen Surveillance: Here’s What You Should Know - CNET. www.cnet.com. https://www.cnet.com/tech/mobile/pegasus-spyware-and-citizen-surveillance-what-you-need-to-know/

[47] Columbia Global Freedom of Expression. (2009, December 10). WhatsApp Inc. v. NSO Group Technologies Limited. globalfreedomofexpression.columbia.edu. https://globalfreedomofexpression.columbia.edu/cases/whatsapp-inc-v-nso-group-technologies-limited/

[48] Reuters. (2019, October 30). WhatsApp sues Israel’s NSO for allegedly helping spies hack phones around the world Technology News, The Indian Express. indianexpress.com. https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/whatsapp-sues-israels-nso-for-allegedly-helping-spies-hack-phones-around-the-world-6094140/

[49] Section 69 - Power to issue directions for interception or monitoring or decryption of any information through any computer resource. (n.d.). India Code; www.indiacode.nic.in. https://www.indiacode.nic.in/showdata?actid=AC_CEN_45_76_00001_200021_1517807324077&orderno=88#:~:text=%5B69,Power%20to%20issue%20directions%20for%20interception%20or%20monitoring%20or%20decryption,information%20through%20any%20computer%20resource.

[50] Section 69B - Power to authorise to monitor and collect traffic data or information through any computer resource for cyber security. (n.d.). India Code; https://www.indiacode.nic.in/showdata?actid=AC_CEN_45_76_00001_200021_1517807324077&orderno=90

[51] Ahuja, N. B. (2022, January 16). Inside story of cyberattacks on India’s banks, airlines, railways… and the fightback - The Week. The Week; www.theweek.in. https://www.theweek.in/theweek/cover/2022/01/06/inside-story-of-cyber-attacks-on-india-banks-airlines-railways-and-the-fightback.html.

[53] PTI. (2014). “Delhi Police Launches WhatsApp Helpline to Curb Corruption.” https://indianexpress. com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-police-launch-whatsapp-helpline-to-curb-corruption

[54] A significant article curbing the extent of freedom of speech and expression exercised by the citizens of India under Constitution of India, 1950.

[55] This section was added through an amendment to the original Information Technology Act, 2000 in the year 2008 which was the result of the infamous Mumbai Attack 26/11.

[56] Punishment for cyber terrorism. (n.d.). India Code; www.indiacode.nic.in. https://www.indiacode.nic.in/show-data?actid=AC_CEN_45_76_00001_200021_1517807324077&orderno=82

[58] Al?k, N. A. H. A. (2022). Emerging Cyber Security Threats: India’s Concerns and Options. International Journal of Politics and Security, 4(1), 170-200.

[63] Singh, V. P. (2021). Cyber terrorism and Indian legal regime: a critical appraisal of Section 66 (F) of the Information Technology Act. Sri Lanka Journal of Social Sciences, 44(1), 71-81.

[64] IANS. (2022, March 26). CERT-In detects over 14L cyber security incidents in 2021 - ET Telecom. https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/cert-in-detects-over-14l-cyber-security-incidents-in-2021/90452616

[65] Singh, P. (2008) Terrorism and the Rule of Law, In N. R. M. Menon (ed.) Rule of Law in a Free Society, pp: 147–173, New Delhi: Oxford University Press

[17] Law of Crimes-1 Book by Dr. RD Vijayasekhar (pg-215)

[18] Section 113 B of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872

[19] Section 3(1) of the Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 (penalty for giving or taking dowry)

[20] http://ncrb.gov.in (Crime in India 2015 statistics)

[21] ‘Indian Society-themes and social issues’ book by Nadeem Hasnain (Mc Graw Hill publication) (pg164)

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[1] Manuel Velasquez, Claire Andre, Thomas Shanks, S.J., and Michael J. Meyer, What is ethics? 1, ISSUES IN ETHICS, II E, 1987.

[2] MERKEL, JURISTISCHE ENCYCLOPAEDIA 34.

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[1] **Manuel Velasquez, Claire Andre, Thomas Shanks, S.J., and Michael J. Meyer, What is ethics? 1, ISSUES IN ETHICS, II E, 1987.**