INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

FROM SHADOWS TO SPOTLIGHT: NEED FOR LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE PROTECTION OF DOMESTIC WORKERS IN INDIA BY - ABHIRAMI R.ANIL, ASWATHY V.C & LASNA LATHEEF

Authors: ABHIRAMI R.ANIL, ASWATHY V.C & LASNA LATHEEF

Registration ID: 109181 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9181, IJLRA9182 & IJLRA9183

Year: Feb-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: abhiramianilnair@gmail.com, aswathyvc2000@gmail.com & lasnalatheef2298@gmail.com

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DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2025-74968386/FROM SHADOWS TO SPOTLIGHT: NEED FOR LEGAL FRAMEWOR

THE RIGHT TO PRIVACY IN THE DIGITAL AGE: CHALLENGES AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK IN INDIA BY - ADITYA THAKUR

Authors: ADITYA THAKUR

Registration ID: 109180 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9180

Year: Feb-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: addiuday@gmail.com

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DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2025-22689661/THE RIGHT TO PRIVACY IN THE DIGITAL AGE: CHALLENGE

E-CONSUMERISM: A STUDY OF ITS FASCINATIONS AND COMPLEXITIES BY - FATHIMA IBRAHIM

Authors: FATHIMA IBRAHIM

Registration ID: 109179 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9179

Year: Feb-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: fathimaibrahim31@gmail.com

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DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2025-96211385/E-CONSUMERISM: A STUDY OF ITS FASCINATIONS AND COM

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS: ASSESSING INDIA’S LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR NEW TECHNOLOGIES BY - ADV.DAYA PREM

Authors: ADV.DAYA PREM

Registration ID: 109178 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9178

Year: Feb-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: dayaprem8@gmail.com

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DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2025-82573544/ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS:

THE ROLE OF FORENSIC SCIENCE IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE: CHALLENGES AND ADVANCEMENTS BY - SANKAR SARMA

Authors: SANKAR SARMA

Registration ID: 109177 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9177

Year: Feb-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: sankarsarma1997@gmail.com

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DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2025-58378288/THE ROLE OF FORENSIC SCIENCE IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE:

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN INDIA: A CRITICAL ANLYSIS BY - DR. THIPPESWAMY S

Authors: DR. THIPPESWAMY S

Registration ID: 109176 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9176

Year: Feb-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: tslaw567@gmail.com

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DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2025-37243271/DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN INDIA: A CRITIC

FACELESS ASSESSMENT AND APPEALS: TRANSFORMATIVE BREAKTHROUGH BY - SARANYA K

Authors: SARANYA K

Registration ID: 109175 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9175

Year: Feb-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: saranyakumar201999@gmail.com

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DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2025-74222325/FACELESS ASSESSMENT AND APPEALS: TRANSFORMATIVE BR

STATUTORY/REGULATORY COMPLIANCE AND CHECKS BY US GOVERNMENT ON CRYPTOCURRENCY BY: BHAVANA SINGH & DR SANYA YADAV

Authors: BHAVANA SINGH & DR SANYA YADAV

Registration ID: 109173 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9173 & IJLRA9174

Year: Feb-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: l22solp0004@bennett.edu.in

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DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2025-88127242/STATUTORY/REGULATORY COMPLIANCE AND CHECKS BY US G

LYNCHING AS A CHALLENGE TO RULE OF LAW: A SOCIO-LEGAL INVESTIGATION OF MOB VIOLENCE BY - MRS. ROOPA VIJAYVARGIYA

Authors: MRS. ROOPA VIJAYVARGIYA

Registration ID: 109172 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9172

Year: Feb-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: siddharth1267909@gmail.com

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DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2025-51562178/LYNCHING AS A CHALLENGE TO RULE OF LAW: A SOCIO-LE

DE-DOLLARIZATION AND INTERNATIONALIZATION OF RUPEE: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS BY - DEEPALI PADHY

Authors: DEEPALI PADHY

Registration ID: 109171 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9171

Year: Feb-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: deepalipadhyofficial@gmail.com

Page No: 18 | No of times Downloads: 0065

DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2025-43119783/DE-DOLLARIZATION AND INTERNATIONALIZATION OF RUPEE

International journal for legal research and analysis

Abbreviation:IJLRA

ISSN:2582-6433

Website:https://www.ijlra.com/

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The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors. They do not purport to reflect the opinions or views of the INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS or its members. The designations employed in this publication and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

^{^[1]} Abhirami R.Anil, Aswathy V.C, Lasna Latheef (2nd Year LLM students at Inter University Centre for IPR Studies, CUSAT)

^{^[2]}Krishnadas Rajagopal, ‘Lack of a protective law exposes domestic workers to abuse, torture: SC’ The Hindu (India, 29 January 2025) 12

^{^[3]} Domestic workers Welfare and Social Security Act 2010, Bill

^{^[4]}International Labour Organization, Domestic Workers Convention C-189, Geneva, 100th ILC session [2011] Article 1:

(b) the term “domestic worker” means any person engaged in domestic work within an employment relationship;

(c) a person who performs domestic work only occasionally or sporadically and not on an occupational basis is not a domestic worker.

^{^[5]} The Domestic Workers (Welfare and Regulation of Employment) Bill 2015, s 2(a)

^{^[6]} Reghunathan K.R, ‘Domestic Workers in India: Need for A Comprehensive Law’(2019) 10 (2) Research Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences accessed 20 February 2025

^{^[8]}Self-Employed Women’s Association, Domestic Workers’ Laws and Legal Issues in India Issues-India.pdf.

^{^[9]} International Labour Organization, Domestic Workers Across the World: Global and Regional Statistics (2013)

^{^[10]} LF Vosko, ‘Decent Work: The Shifting Role of the ILO and the Struggle for Global Social Justice’(2002) 2(1) Global Social Policy

^{^[11]} N. Smit, ‘Decent Work and the Promotion of Access to Social Protection For Workers in the Informal Economy – An International and Regional Perspective’(2007) 700 Journal of South African Law

^{^[12]} D. Lucera and N. Roncolato, ‘Informal Employment: Two Contested Policy Issues’(2008) 147(4), International Labour Review

^{^[13]}International Labour Organization, Domestic Workers Across the World: Global and Regional Statistics (2013)

^{^[14]}Mann J S, ‘Employment Rights Protection and Conditions of Domestic Workers : A Critical Appraisal’ (2015) 57 JILI pp. 216-243

^{^[15]} T Shashikala, ‘ Issues and Challenges of Women Domestic Workers A Sociological Study’ (2023) 11 International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts < https://ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT2306943.pdf>

^{^[16]} Mann J S, ‘Employment Rights Protection and Conditions of Domestic Workers : A Critical Appraisal (2015) 57 JILI pp. 216-243

^{^[17]}Survival of the fittest, a term made famous in the fifth edition (published in 1869) of On the Origin of Species by British naturalist Charles Darwin, which suggested that organisms best adjusted to their environment are the most successful in surviving.

^{^[18]} Constitution of India, 1950 Article 19. Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, etc.

(1) All citizens shall have the right- (g) to practise any profession, or to carry on any occupation, trade or business.

^{^[19]} Pawan Kumar, ‘It’s Time India Brought Laws To Protect Rights Of Domestic Workers, Provide Them Social Security’ (The Secretariat, 19 January 2024) accessed 20 February 2025

^{^[20]} The Kerala Domestic Workers (Regulation and Welfare) Bill, 2021

^{^[21]}Director General Labour Welfare, Ministry of Labour and Employment, Final Report of the TaskForce on Domestic Workers (2011) <http://wiego.org/sites/wiego.org/files/resources/files/dw_task-force_report.pdf>

^{^[22]} ILO,Domestic Workers Convention (2011) Art 7

^{^[23]}The Kerala Domestic Workers(Regulation and Welfare) Bill 2021, s (13)- Constitution of Domestic Workers Welfare Board

^{^[24]} Tamil Nadu Domestic Workers Social Security and Welfare Scheme 2007

^{^[25]} The Maharashtra Domestic Workers Welfare Board Act, 2008

^{^[26]}The Legal Services Authorities Act 1987, s 12(f) states an industrial workman;, but in this particular section domestic workers should be incorporated.

^{^[27]}International Labour Organisation No. 189. Art. 17 ,

France has tackled these privacy concerns by allowing the householder the discretion to let the Labour Inspector enter his home.Spain, on the other hand, takes away the discretion from the householder and places the same into the hands of the judiciary, provided the Labour Inspector is able to discharge the burden that such inspection is intended to enable monitoring related to potential proceedings before social courts.South Africa also allows for an alternate process of distributing requests in the householders’ mailboxes for granting access to their households.

^{^[28]} Ministerial Regulation (No.14) B.E. 2555 [2012] issued under the Labour Protection Act.

^{^[29]} The Employment Act 1955 and the Employees' Social Security Act 1969

^{^[30]} FDHs are admitted into Hong Kong for full-time, live-in employment with a specific employer under a Standard Employment Contract

^{^[31]} Pawan Kumar, ‘It’s Time India Brought Laws To Protect Rights Of Domestic Workers, Provide Them Social Security’ (The Secretariat, 19 January 2024) accessed 20 February 2025

[1] Supreme Court of India, K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India, 2017

[3] Supreme Court of India, Shreya Singhal v. Union of India, 2015

[4] Supreme Court of India, R. Rajagopal v. State of Tamil Nadu, 1994

[6] Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019

International Privacy Law Comparisons, EU GDPR vs. Indian PDPB

Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Government of India

[7] Cybersecurity and Data Breach Reports, CERT-IN

[1] FATHIMA IBRAHIM, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR IN LAW, SCHOOL OF LEGAL STUDIES, CUSAT.

[2] J. E. J. Prins, “Consumers, Liability, and the Online World”, Information & Communication Technology Law, Vol. 12, No. 2, June 2003, pp. 143- 164.

[4] Henry Chan, Raymond Lee and Tharam Dillon and Elizabeth Chang, E-Commerce: Fundamentals and Applications, John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Chichester, 2002, pp. xix-xx.

[5] Mark Norris and Steve West, e-Business Essentials, John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Chichester, 2001, pp. 2-3.

[6] D. Whiteley, E-Commerce, Strategy, Technologies and Applications, McGraw-Hill Companies, New York, 2000, pp. 4.

[8] Asit Narayan and L.K. Thakur, Internet Marketing, E-Commerce and Cyber Laws, Authors press, Delhi, 2000, pp.134-135.

[9] “Commerce and Cyberspace”, Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU), School of Law, MIR- 013, pp. 37-38.

[10] William J. Stanton, M. Chael J. Etzel and Bruce J. Walker, Fundamentals of Marketing, McGraw Hill International Educations, New Delhi, 1994, pp.626-627.

[11] J B Williamson, DA Carpand JR Dalphin, The Research Craft: An Introduction to Social Science Methods, Little Brown &Company, Boston, 1977, pp. 17.

[12] Kaur, Gagandeep, Concept of E-Consumerism: A Need to Revamp Movement for E-Consumerism in India (August 15, 2015). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2645104 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2645104, accessed on 15.02.2025.

[13] Efraim Turban, Jae Lee, David King and H. Michael Chung, Electronic Commerce: A Managerial Perspective, Pearson Education, 2004, Delhi, 2004, pp.77.

[14] T. N. Chhabra, R.K. Suri and Sanjiv Verma, e-Commerce: New Vistas for Business, Dhanapt Rai & Co., Delhi, 2008, pp. 25.2 - 25.3. Also See: Asit Narayan and L.K. Thakur, 2000, pp. 113- 115.

[15] Kaur, Gagandeep, Concept of E-Consumerism: A Need to Revamp Movement for E-Consumerism in India (August 15, 2015). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2645104 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2645104, accessed on 15.02.2025.

[16] B. Van Klink & J.E.J. Prins, Law and Regulation: Scenarios for the Information Age, IOS Press, Amsterdam, 2002, pp. 167.

[17] P. Kotler, “What Consumerism means for Marketers”, Harvard Business Review, 50 (5), 1972, pp. 48- 57.

[18] R. Kalakota and A.B. Whinston, Readings in Electronic Commerce, Reading MA, Addison and Wesley, 1997, pp. 129.

[19] Section 13 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872: "Consent" defined - Two or more person are said to consent when they agree upon the same thing in the same sense.

[22] Section 20 and 21, Indian Contract Act, 1872.

[23] When consent to an agreement is caused by coercion,1*** fraud or misrepresentation, the agreement is a contract voidable at the option of the party whose consent was so caused.

[25] This case falls under Section 13: If the mistake prevents the consent itself, then there is no Consensus ad idem and thus no contract.

[26] Kaur, Gagandeep, Concept of E-Consumerism: A Need to Revamp Movement for E-Consumerism in India (August 15, 2015). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2645104 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2645104, accessed on 15.02.2025.

[28] Kaur, Gagandeep, Concept of E-Consumerism: A Need to Revamp Movement for E-Consumerism in India (August 15, 2015). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2645104 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2645104, accessed on 15.02.2025.

[29] Rodney D. Ryder, “Law and Privacy in the Cyber Space: A Premier on the Indian Information Technology Act, 2000”, Manupatra Newsline, September, 2008, pp. 3.

[1] Deksha S, Deepak Kumar E, Janani M & Dr. R. Gnanakumari, Constitutional Law AI: Identifying Relevant Indian Laws Through AI-Powered Query Resolution, 6 IRJMETS 1 , 3163 ,3163-3165 , (2024).

[9] K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India, (2017) 10 SCC 1.

[10] Anuradha Bhasin v. Union of India, (2020) 3 SCC 637.

[1] M. P. Jain, Principles of Administrative Law 490 (N.M. Tripathi Pvt. Ltd, Bombay, 1986).

[2] P. Craig, Administrative Law 388 (Sweet & Maxwell, London, 2008).

[4] CBDT F No. 225/267/2015-ITA-II dated October 19, 2015;

[5] https://icmai.in/TaxationPortal/upload/DT/Article/63_1903_21.pdf

[6] https://www.incometaxindia.gov.in/communications/notification/notification_no_2_2021.pdf

[7] https://incometaxindia.gov.in/booklets%20%20pamphlets/faceless-assessment-under-income-tax-act-1961.pdf

[8] Rakesh Mishra, Faceless Assessment under Income Tax Act, 1961, The Institute of Cost Accountants of India, available at https://icmai.in/TaxationPortal/upload/DT/Article/63_1903_21.pdf

[9] Shefali Singh 2021, Ministry of Finance, accessed 25 March 2022 https://www.incometaxindia.gov.in/communications/notification/notification_no_2_2021.pdf

[10] Directorate of Income Tax 2021, accessed 24 March 2022 https://incometaxindia.gov.in/booklets%20%20pamphlets/faceless-assessment-underincome-tax-act-1961.pdf

[11] (2021) 436 ITR 280/203 DTR 129/321 CTR 266 (Delhi) (HC)

[12] Kinjal Bhuta, Practical Guide to Faceless Assessment and Appeal (2022).

[13] Commissioner Of Income-Tax (Appeals) Gets Masked: Government Introduces Faceless Appeal Scheme. Retrieved from Mondaq: https://www.mondaq.com/india/transfer-pricing/990598/commissioner-of-income-tax-appeals-gets-masked-government-introduces-faceless-appeal-scheme.

[15] A Agrawal (2020) Faceless assessment A paradigm shift in interacting with Indian revenue authorities

[17] CBDT, vide Circular dated 23.11.2020 & 31.03.2021

[21] Gopal Mundhara, Income tax assessment- It is faceless but not voiceless.(2022)

[2]Banning of Cryptocurrency & Regulation of Official Digital Currency Bill, 2019 (India)

[3] Cryptocurrency Protocol Protection and Moratorium Act, H.R.5777,113^th Cong. (2014)

[4] The Agency, Its mission and statutory Authority[online]. Internal revenue Service,(2022)https://www.irs.gov/about-irs/the-agency-its-mission-and-statutory.

[5] Jeremy Allaire, Circle Mission & Values, Circle internet fin. Ltd (Apr. 19, 2021), https://www.circle.com/blog/circle-mission-and-values.

[6] COINBASE, what is Cryptocurrency? https://www.coinbase.com/learn/crypto-basics/what-is-cryptocurrency,(last visited Aug.29,2023)

[7] Tanvi Ratan, Blockchain Regulation in the United States: Evaluating the overall approach to virtual asset regulation, https://www.jst https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep19980.9, Pg. 80-93(14 pages) accessed on: 21 August 2024)

[8] Eakeley, Yuliya Guseva, Leo Choi and Katarina Gonzalez “Crypto-enforcement around the world” southern California law review postscript (Vol. 94:PS 99)

[9] SEC v. Telegram Grp. Inc., No. 19-cv-9439, 2020 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 53846 (S.D.N.Y. Mar.24,2020)

[10] https://www.dfs.ny.gov/legal/regulations/adoptions/dfsp200t.pdf

[11] The person who acts in accordance to the power vested by New York State Department of Financial Services.

[13] Subramanian, Ramesh and Chino, Theo, The State of Cryptocurrencies, Their Issues and Policy

Interactions," Journal of International Technology and Information Management, (2015) Vol. 24: Iss. 3, Article 2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.58729/1941-6679.1045

[14] https://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/personal+property

[15] Possessing a physical nature; having an objective, tangible existence; being capable of perception by touch and sight. (Collins Dictionary of Law. (2006). (Accessed on:21August23) from https://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/corporeal)

[16] Enyi, Jin and Le, Ngoc, The Legal Nature of Cryptocurrencies in the US and the Applicable Rules, (June 30, 2017). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2995784 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2995784

[17] https://ia600904.us.archive.org/35/items/gov.uscourts.txed.146063/gov.uscourts.txed.146063.23.0.pdf

[18] Lavorgna, A., Organised crime goes online: realities and challenges, (2015) Journal of Money Laundering Control, Vol. 18 No. 2, pp. 153-168. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMLC-10-2014-0035

[22] See SEC v. Edwards, 540 U.S. 389, 393 (2004) (“Congress’ purpose in enacting the securities

laws was to regulate investments, in whatever form they are made and by whatever name they are

called.” (quoting Reves v. Ernst & Young, 494 U.S. 56, 61 (1990)))

[23] SEC v. Blockvest, LLC, No. 18-cv-2287, 2018 WL 4955837, at *7 (S.D. Cal. Oct. 5 2018).

[24] Letter from James Prescott Curry, Counsel, TurnKey Jet, Inc., to Office of Chief Counsel,

Div. of Corp. Fin., SEC 1 (Apr. 2, 2019), https://www.sec.gov/divisions/corpfin/cf-noaction/2019/

turnkey-jet-040219-2a1-incoming.pdf [https://perma.cc/4D5N-BL7M] [hereinafter TurnKey Jet Incoming Letter.

[25] https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/7/1a

[27] CFTC v. McDonnell, 287 F. Supp. 3d 213, 217 (E.D.N.Y. 2018) (holding that virtual currencies are commodities that may be regulated by the CFTC).

[28] It is an independent agency made by the U.S government to regulate future and option market.

[29] https://coinmarketcap.com/community/articles/64fb2557260af33472a69727/(accessed on 08/09/2023)

[30] https://www.nerdwallet.com/article/investing/crypto-tax-rate (accessed on 09-09-2023)

[31]MUMBAI SILICON VALLEY BANGALORE SINGAPORE MUMBAI BKC NEW DELHI MUNICH NEW YORK Bitcoins- A Global Perspective Indian Legal and Tax Considerations (2015). Available at: http://www.nishithdesai.com/fileadmin/user_upload/pdfs/Research%20Papers/Bitcoins_A_Global_Perspective.PDF (Accessed: 20 February 2025).

[32] Financial Stability Board, “IMF-FSB Synthesis Paper: Policies for Crypto-Assets” 6 (2023)

[33] Komai, Alejandro and Richardson, Gary, A Brief History of Regulations Regarding Financial Markets in the United States: 1789 to 2009 (September 2011). NBER Working Paper No. w17443, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1932574

[34] See Today’s Cryptocurrency Prices by Market Cap, COINMARKETCAP (Sep. 18, 2023), https://coinmarketcap.com [hereinafter Today’s Cryptocurrency Prices].

[35] Farshad Ghodoosi “Crypto Litigation: An Empirical View” Yale Journal on Regulation Vol. 40:87 2022 pg 88-100

[36] https://www.financialexpress.com/business/blockchain-draft-crypto-oriented-bill-rejected-by-us-based-industry-watchdogs-3169044/

[37] See, e.g., Chris Brummer, How International Financial Law Works (and How It Doesn’t), 99 GEO. L.J. 257, 267 (2011); Yesha Yadav, Fintech and International Financial Regulation, 53 VAND. J. TRANSNAT’L L. 1109, 1142 (2020) (discussing regulatory competition in the Asia-Pacific region); Hester M. Peirce, Comm’r, U.S. Sec. & Exch. Comm’n, Running on Empty: A Proposal to Fill the Gap Between Regulation and Decentralization (Sep. 6, 2023)

[1] Nitya Nand Pandey, Mob Lynching: A New Crime Emerging in Indian Society, 5 IJRAR (2018), accessed on 08 September 2019

[2] Krishnadas Rajagopal, Redefining hate speech, The Hindu (15/12/2017) accessed on 11 February, 2025.

[3] Les Johnston, “What is Vigilantism?”, 36 Brit. J. Criminology 220, 5 (1996)

[4] Ojha M. (2017). Mob violence and lynching in India: Threat to Democracy. International Research Journal of Commerce, Arts and Science, Vol-8 P. 70-74

[7] Uttar Pradesh v. Raj Narain, (1975) 4 SCC 428

[8] T.K Gopal v. State of Kerala, (2006) 2 KLT 676

[9] R v. Director of Public Prosecutions (2012) 1 WLR 1915 (UK)

[10] State of Gujarat v. Shri Ganga Saran & Ors. (1998) 4 SCC 416

[11] Saurabh kumar, Draft Law of Manav Suraksha Kanoon (MASUKA), IPLEADERS, https://blog.ipleaders.in/draft-law-manav-suraksha-kanoon-masuka-national-campaign-mob-lynching

[12] Article 21, the constitution of India, 1950.

[13] Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948.

[14] The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), 1966.

[1] Zhongmin Liu, Meng Shu, “The Russia-Ukraine Conflict and the changing geopolitical landscape in the Middles East”, 5 Springer Nature 99-112 (2023).

[3] M J Vinod, “The geopolitics of De-dollarization” The Deccan Herald, Sep. 26, 2024.

[4] Bretton Woods Agreement and the Institutions It Created Explained, available at: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/brettonwoodsagreement.asp (last visited on November 2, 2024).

[5] Ragnar Nurkse, “Conditions of International Monetary Equilibrium”, Essays in International Finance 1-24 (Princeton University, 1945).

[8] The Dollar is Poised to keep Its Crown, available at: https://www.morganstanley.com/ideas/us-dollar-dominance-maintains-reserve-currency-status (last visited on November 2, 2024).

[9] Government of India, “Question No-271 Trading In Local Currencies” (Ministry of External Affairs, 2023).

[10] Suhasini Haidar, “India and Russia have doubled rupee-rouble payments in 2024, says largest Russian Bank, The Hindu, Jul. 16, 2024.

[11] Huma Siddiqui, “BRICS Unveils Symbolic Banknote, Pushes for Local Currency Trade Amid Dollar Debate, The Financial Express, Oct. 24, 2024.

[12] Raghuram Rajan, “Currencies aren’t the problem: Fixed Domestic Policy, Not Exchange Rates”, 90 Council on Foreign Relations 104-116 (2011).

[13] China is defending against the dollar’s dominance, available at: https://www.omfif.org/2024/05/china-is-defending-against-the-dollars-dominance/ (last visited on November 2, 2024).

[14] Dr Pawel Tokarski, “The Euro in a World of Dollar Dominance”, 30 Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik 3-7 (2024).

[15] Abhiman Das, Sanket Mohapatra, et. al. “India’s International Integration and Challenges to Sustaining Growth” 42(3) Vikalpa 168-205 (2017).

[17] K.A. Dhananjay, “End of the road for India and Russia’s Rupee Ruble Trade? The Diplomat, May 22, 2023.

[18] Government of India, “How India’s Rupee went from Most to Least Volatile in Asia” (Press Information Bureau, 2024).

[19] Nikita Vashisht and Puneed Wadhwa, “What is Capital account convertibility? Is India ready for it yet? The Business Standard (Oct. 26, 2021).

[20] International Monetary Fund Agreement, 1944, art. XXX(f).

[21] International Monetary Fund Agreement, 1944, art. VIII.

[22] Capital Account: Liberalize or not? available at: https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/basics/capital.htm (last visited on November 2, 2024).

[23] Mr. Mahinder Singh Gill, “ 11 Classification of Capital Account Transactions”, The IMF’s Statitsical Systems in the Context of Revision of the United Nation’s A System of National Accounts 629 (International Monetary Fund, 1991).

[24] Government of India, “Report of the India-China Joint Study Group on Comprehensive Trade and Economic Cooperation” (Ministry of External Affairs, 2005).

[25] Y V Reddy, “The Rupee as an International Currency”, The Indian Forum, Jun 21. 2023.

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IJLRA	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals Volume 5 Issue 8 2022 Page 1-6
IEEE	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, 5(8)

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