INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

AN IN-DEPTH EXAMINATION OF STUDENT WELFARE SCHEMES: IMPACT ON ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE, WELL-BEING, AND INSTITUTIONAL EFFECTIVENESS BY - KARAN JETHVA

Authors: KARAN JETHVA

Registration ID: 109206 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9206

Year: Feb-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: niteshsaini5977@gmail.com

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DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2025-17882818/AN IN-DEPTH EXAMINATION OF STUDENT WELFARE SCHEMES

THE RISE OF AI JUDGES: AI AS A REPLACEMENT OF THE INDIAN JUDICIARY BY - NITESH SAINI

Authors: NITESH SAINI

Registration ID: 109205 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9205

Year: Feb-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

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Email Id: niteshsaini5977@gmail.com

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GENDER EQUALITY AND EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN IN INDIA BY - MS. ITY VERMA & DR. RAJ KUMAR

Authors: MS. ITY VERMA & DR. RAJ KUMAR

Registration ID: 109203 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9203 & IJLRA9204

Year: Feb-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

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Email Id: premchandra1979@gmail.com & premchandra1979@gmail.com

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MAINTENANCE FOR WIVES UNDER SECTION 125 CRPC: JUDICIAL PERSPECTIVES ON ENTITLEMENT, PROCEDURAL NUANCES AND SOCIAL JUSTICE BY - PROF. (DR.) K. SITA MANIKYAM & K.BHARATH CHANDRA

Authors: PROF. (DR.) K. SITA MANIKYAM & K.BHARATH CHANDRA

Registration ID: 109201 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9201 & IJLRA9202

Year: Feb-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

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Email Id: judgebharathchandra@gmail.com & bharathchandra2011@gmail.com

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INDIAS STRUGGLE FOR FOOD STARVATION: LEGAL OVERVIEW. BY - DURVESH MUKUND BHAT & RUTUJA MAHENDRA YADAV

Authors: DURVESH MUKUND BHAT & RUTUJA MAHENDRA YADAV

Registration ID: 109199 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9199 & IJLRA9200

Year: Feb-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

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Email Id: advdurvesh01@gmail.com & advrutujayadav@gmail.com

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UNCUT STORIES: A STUDY ON THE PRACTICE OF FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION BY - FASEEHA KHATOON

Authors: FASEEHA KHATOON

Registration ID: 109198 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9198

Year: Feb-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

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Email Id: faseehakhatoon012@gmail.com

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VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN PUBLIC SPACES: LEGAL AND POLICY INTERVENTION BY - HARSHITA KASHYAP

Authors: HARSHITA KASHYAP

Registration ID: 109197 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9197

Year: Feb-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

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Email Id: kashyapharshita960@gmail.com

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TAXATION AND DUTY IMPLICATIONS IN INDIA BY - PRACHI SINGH

Authors: PRACHI SINGH

Registration ID: 109196 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9196

Year: Feb-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

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Email Id: lawcognition31@gmail.com

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INVESTIGATING THE LEGALITY AND ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS OF CORPORATE TAX AVOIDANCE STRATEGIES BY - RESHMA. R, ANWIN ANTO, SWATHY SATHYAN & DILSHA.P.D

Authors: RESHMA. R, ANWIN ANTO, SWATHY SATHYAN & DILSHA.P.D

Registration ID: 109192 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9192, IJLRA9193, IJLRA9194 & IJLRA9195

Year: Feb-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

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Email Id: thecookbook304@gmail.com, malayalipwoliyada0@gmail.com, pullothi196@gmail.com & chinnuprasanna1996@gmail.com

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OF WRITS AND THEIR TRANSMUTATION: A DISQUISITION UPON THE ARCANE PROGENY OF COMMON LAW MANDAMUS BY - AKHIL VJ

Authors: AKHIL VJ

Registration ID: 109191 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9191

Year: Feb-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: Akhiljossy@gmail.com

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[1] Research Scholar, School of Law, IEC University, HP.

[2] Assistant Professor, School of Law, IEC University, HP.

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[1] Principal, Dr. B.R. AMBEDKAR COLLEGE OF LAW ANDHRA UNIVERSITY, VISAKHAPATNAM

[2] Research Scholar, Dr. B.R. AMBEDKAR COLLEGE OF LAW ANDHRA UNIVERSITY & Judicial Magistrate I Class, Kanigiri, Prakasam District, Andhra Pradesh.

[5] Chaturbhuj v. Sita Bai AIR 2008 SUPREME COURT 530

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[16] Tulsa and others Vs Durghatiya and others 2008(4) SCC 520 : AIR 2008 SC 1193

[18] Dwarika Prasad Satpathy Vs Bidyut Prava Dixit and another 1999(7) SCC 675: AIR 1999 SC 3348.

[19] Dwarika Prasad Satpathy Vs Bidyut Prava Dixit and another 1999(7) SCC 675: AIR 1999 SC 3348.

[20] Jitendranath Das Vs Minati Das 2004 SCC online Calcutta 112.

[21] Kamala Vs M.R. Mohan Kumar AIR 2019 SC (Criminal) 61.

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[27] Gurmit Kaur Vs Surjit Singh @ Jeet Singh (1996) 1 SCC 39: AIR online 1995 SC 598.

[28] Dr. Swapan Kumar Banerjee v. State of WB AIR 2020 SC (CRIMINAL) 316

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[45] Siraj mohmedkhan Janmohamadkhan v. Hafizunnisa Yasinkhan AIR 1981 SC 1972

[3] About us, “Right to Food - a Fundamental Right”, NHRC Blog, available at, https://nhrc.nic.in/press- release/right-food-fundamental-right last seen on 26/01/2025

[4] About us, “Right to Food - a Fundamental Right”, NHRC Blog, available at, https://nhrc.nic.in/press- release/right-food-fundamental-right last seen on 26/01/2025

[1] Faseeha Khatoon is a PhD scholar at Dr. RMLNLU, Lucknow. She can be contacted at faseehakhatoon012@gmail.com.

[2] World Health Organisation, “Female Genital Mutilation” Feb. 3^rd, 2020, available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/female-genital-mutilation.

[3] Efua Dorkenno and Scilla Elworthy, “Report of the Minority Rights Group on Female Genital Mutilation: Proposals for Change” (April, 1992).

[4] The UN General Assembly The Girl Child: Report of the Secretary-General, GA Res 62/140, GAOR, UN Doc A/64/315 (August 21^st, 2009) available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/4ac9ac552.html.

[5] Helen Signy, “Australia: The Unkindest Cut”, Sydney Morning Herald, Feb. 26^th, 1994.

[6] Sunna in Muslims is a word for “tradition”, See Efua Dorkenoo, Scilla Elworthy, “Report of Minority Group on Female Genital Mutilation: Proposals for Change” (April 1992).

[7] G.H Sayed et. al., “The Practice of Female Genital Mutilation in Upper Egypt” 55 Intl. J. Gynecology & Obstetrics 285 (1996).

[8] Maggie Garb, “US Doctors Seeing “Circumcised” Female Immigrants” 33 Am. Med. News 3 (1990).

[11] “What’s Culture Got to do with it? Excising the Harmful Tradition of Female Circumcision”, 106 Harv. L. Rev. 1944,1946 (1993).

[13] World Health Organization (Geneva), Supra note 1.

[15] UN General Assembly 69^th Session, New York, 18^th December 2014, see also: UN General Assembly, intensifying global efforts for the elimination of female genital mutilation: resolution / adopted by the General Assembly, 2 February 2017, A/RES/71/168, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/589c75f44.html (accessed 3 March 2022).

[16] Stanley G. French, Teays Wanda et. al. (eds.), Violence Against Women: Philosophical Perspectives (Cornell University Press, London, 1998).

[18] Jewel Llamas, “Female Circumcision: The History, the Current Prevalence and the Approach to a Patient” University of Virginia, School of Medicine (2017).

[20] Mona Eltahawy, “Report on FGM in Egypt, 28 Too Many: FGM…let’s end it” (April, 2017). available at: https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/5a17ef454.pdf.

[21] Armelle Andro, Marie Lesclingand, Translated by Madeleine Grieve, Paul Reeve, “Female Genital Mutilation. Overview and Current Knowledge” 71 Population 217-296 (2016).

[22] Hanny Lightfoot-Klein, Prisoner of Ritual: An Odyssey into Female Genital Circumcision in Africa 27 (Harrington Park Press, New York, 1989).

[23] Mahomed Nabih EL-Gharib, “Female Genital Cutting: A Persistent African Health Challenge” 1 Gynecology and Obstetrics Open Access Open Journal 1-6 (2019).

[24] United Nations Children’s Fund, Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting: A Global Concern, UNICEF, New York, (2016).

[28] Radhika Coomaraswamy, “Identity Within: Cultural Relativism, Minority Rights and the Empowerment of Women” 34 Geo. Wash. Intl. L. Rev. 483-492 (2002).

[29] Nawal M. Nour, “Female Genital Cutting: A Persisting Practice” 1(3) Reviews in Obstetrics & Gynecology 135-139 (2008).

[30] Shweta Mishra, Amit Kumar Pandey, “Female Genital Mutilation Violation of Fundamental Rights” 2 Indian Journal of Health and Medical Law 10 (2019); The clitoris is often referred to as ‘haraam ki boti’ or ‘source of sin’ in the Dawoodi Bohra community, practicing FGC.

[31] Nancy Ehreinreich and Mark Barr, “Intersex Surgery, Female Genital Cutting, and the Selective Condemnation of “Cultural Practices” 40 Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review 71 (2005).

[32] Masooma Ranalvi, belonging to the community of Dawoodi Bohra herself, spearheads campaigns against Female Genital Mutilation in India.

[33] Alice Walker, Pratibha Parmar, Warrior Marks: Female Genital Mutilation and the Sexual Blinding of Women (Harcourt Brace, 1993).

[34] Katumba, R., “Kenyan Elders Defend Circumcision” Development Forum 17 (1990); (citing Mrs. Njeri, a defender of female genital mutilation in Kenya), available at: https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/156000/act770061997en.pdf (last visited on July 04, 2022).

[35] Masooma Ranalvi, “On Human Rights Day, Can We At least Accept That FGM Exists?”, The Quint, Dec. 10^th, 2019, available at: https://www.thequint.com/voices/women/on-human-rights-day-let-us-acknowledge-the-fact-that-female-genital-mutilation-exists-practice-shrouded-in-secrecy.

[36] C.T. Ross, P. Strimling, K.P. Ericksen, et. al., “The Origins and maintenance of female genital mutilation across Africa” 27:2 Human Nature 73-200 (2016).

[40] For instance, Masooma Ranalvi, who faced excommunication from her community for raising voice against FGM

[42] Aarefa Johari, Aysha Mahmood, “Female Genital Cutting is being practiced in Kerala too: Sahiyo investigation” Sahiyo, available at: https://sahiyo.org/sahiyo-blog/kerala.html.

[43] Rina Chandran, “No evidence of FGM, India government tells court, appalling activists” Reuters December 29^th, 2017, available at: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-women-religion/no-evidence-of-fgm-india-government-tells-court-appalling-activists-idUSKBN1EN0QB.

[44] Masooma Ranalvi, “If Sudan can ban female genital mutilation, why can’t India?” Scroll.in May 21^st, 2020, available at: https://scroll.in/article/962307/if-sudan-can-ban-female-genital-mutilation-why-cant-india.

[45] Amanat Khullar, “With Data, an Attempt to Lift the Veil of Secrecy Around Female Genital Mutilation” The Wire 07^th Feb, 2018, available at: https://thewire.in/gender/data-attempt-lift-veil-secrecy-around-female-genital-mutilation.

[47] Huzefa Ahmadi, “Female Genital Mutilation in India- A Legal Overview” XLII The Indian Advocate: Journal of the Bar Association of India 63 (2018).

[48] Mridula Chari “Bohra leader upholds female circumcision in countries where it is not banned” Scroll.in Jun 7^th, 2016, available at: https://scroll.in/article/809463/bohra-leader-upholds-female-genital-mutilation-in-countries-where-it-is-not-banned.

[49] “Female Genital Mutilation in India” Amnesty International India, September 11^th, 2018, available at: https://amnesty.org.in/female-genital-mutilation-in-india/.

[50] R. Ghadially, “All for “Izzat” 38 Newsl Womens Glob Netw Reprod Rights 7-8 (1992), available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12285436/.

[51] Chhavi Sachdev, “Petition Against Female Genital Mutilation Provokes an Angry Backlash” NPR, Goats and Soda August 02, 2016, available at: https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2016/08/02/486927642/petition-against-female-genital-mutilation-evokes-an-angry-backlash (last visited on July 06, 2020).

[52] Harinder Baweja, “India’s Dark Secret” Hindustan Times, February 29, 2016.

[56] Goal 5: Gender Equality. (“at least 200 million girls have been subjected to female genital mutilation, based on data from 30 countries where the practice is concentrated and where nationally representative prevalence data is available.”), available at: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg5.

[57] Dawoodi Bohra Women’s Association for Religious Freedom (DBWRF).

[58] Yesha Kotak, “Mumbai’s Dawoodi Bohra women to SC: Khatna is essential to our faith” Hindustan Times July 10^th, 2018.

[59] Angel L. Martínez Cantera, “’I was crying with unbearable pain’: study reveals extent of FGM in India” The Guardian March 6^th, 2018.

[60] Mridula Chari, “Bohra leader upholds female circumcision in countries where it is not banned” Scroll.in June 07, 2016, available at: https://scroll.in/article/809463/bohra-leader-upholds-female-genital-mutilation-in-countries-where-it-is-not-banned.

[61] Rina Chandran, “Muslim leader in India under fire from activists for supporting FGM” Reuters April 29, 2016, available at: https://in.reuters.com/article/india-fgm-bohra-speech/muslim-leader-in-india-under-fire-from-activists-for-supporting-fgm-idINKCN0XQ1FE (last visited on July 07, 2020).

[62] Sahiyo, “Our Campaign will continue: Sahiyo’s statement in response to Syedna’s official stand on khatna” June 07, 2016, available at: https://sahiyo.com/tag/syedna/.

[64] Sunita Tiwari v. Union of India, WP (Civil) 286 of 2017 (FB).

[67] Rigmor C. Berg, Vigdis Underland, “Immediate Health Consequences of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting” Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services (2014).

[69] Emily Banks “Female Genital Mutilation and Obstetric Outcome: WHO Collaborative Prospective Study in Six African Countries” 367 The Lancet 1835-1841 (2006).

[70] Sunita Tiwari v. Union of India, WP (Civil) 286 of 2017, citing WHO Report, “Female Genital Mutilation and Obstetric Outcome: WHO Collaborative Prospective Study in Six African Countries”.

[71] Sunita Tiwari v. Union of India, WP (Civil) 286 of 2017 (FB).

[73] Explained Desk, “Explained: The three cases SC wants clubbed with Sabarimala review” Indian Express November 16^th, 2019.

[74] Indian Young Lawyer’s Association v. The State of Kerala, (2019) 11 SCC 1 (CB).

[75] Explained Desk, “Explained: The three cases SC wants clubbed with Sabarimala review” Indian Express November 16^th, 2019.

[82] Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012, s. 3 (b).

[83] Sunita Tiwari v. Union of India, WP (Civil), 286 of 2017 (FB), para. 3

[84] Adriana Kaplan, Suiberto Hechavarria, et. al., “Health consequences of female genital mutilation/cutting in Gambia, evidence into action” 8 Reproductive Health (2011).

[85] UN General Assembly, International Day of Zero Tolerance for Female Genital Mutilation, 6 February, “Ending Female Genital Mutilation by 2030”, available at: https://www.un.org/en/observances/female-genital-mutilation-day.

[86] Outlook Web Bureau, “Why Should Only A Lady Have Obligation to Please Her Husband: SC On Female Genital Mutilation” Outlook July 30^th, 2018.

[87] Scroll Staff, “Female Genital Cutting: SC refers plea seeking ban of practice to five-judge Constitution Bench” Scroll.in September 24^th, 2018, available at: https://scroll.in/latest/895592/female-genital-cutting-sc-refers-plea-seeking-ban-of-practice-to-five-judge-constitution-bench.

[88] Sunita Tiwari v. Union of India W.P (Civil) No. 286 of 2017 (FB), para. 12.

[92] Vishakha v. State of Rajasthan, (1997) 6 SCC 241 (FB).

[94] Bharat H. Desai, Kumari Nitu, et. al., “Quest for Women’s Right to Bodily Integrity: Reflections on Recent Judicial inroads in India” 53 Economic and Political Weekly (December 29^th, 2018).

[95] Ping Wang Aching for Beauty: Footbinding in China NED-New Edn. University of Minnesota Press, 2000. Jstor, http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5749/j.ctttv93r.

[97] In the words of Dean Roscoe Pound, “Law is social engineering which means a balance between the competing interests in the society”, in which applied sciences are used for resolving problems of society; see also, Sai Abhipsa Gochhayat, “‘Social Engineering by Roscoe Pound’: Issues in Legal and Political Philosophy” November 15^th, 2010, available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1742165.

[98] Justice K.S. Puttawamy v. Union of India (2017) 10 SCC 1 (CB).

[99] Murli S. Deora v. Union of India (2001) 8 SCC 765 (DB); (“no one shall be deprived of his life without due process of law”).

[101] Jayna Kothari, “The Indian Supreme Court Declares the Constitutional Right to Privacy” Oxford Human Rights Club Blog, Oct 4^th, 2017, available at: https://ohrh.law.ox.ac.uk/the-indian-supreme-court-declares-the-constitutional-right-toprivacy/#:~:text=The%20Court%20referred%20to%20several,the%20right%20against%20forced%20sterilization.

[102] Navtej Singh Jauhar v. Union of India AIR 2018 SC 4321 (CB).

[103] Smt. R. Vasantha v. Union of India, (2001) 2 LLJ 843 (Mad.).

[104] Suchita Srivastava v. Chandigarh Administraton, 2009 11 SCC 409 (DB).

[105] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Achieving Gender Equality, Women’s Empowerment and Strengthening Development Cooperation (United Nations, New York, 2010).

[106] Sunita Tiwari v. Union of India W.P (Civil) No. 286 of 2017.

[108] Triple Talaq, available at: https://www.scobserver.in/court-case/triple-talaq-case.

[109] Shruti Ganapatye, “Mixed Reactions for Triple Talaq Act” July 31^st, 2019 available at: https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/mixed-reactions-for-triple-talaq-act/articleshow/70458097.cms#:~:text='Victory%20against%20misogyny%2C%20patriarchy'%20say%20activists.&text=As%20per%20the%20new%20Muslim,three%20years%20for%20the%20husband.

[110] The Wire Stuff, “’Complete Charade’: Activists, Civil Society Groups Condemn Triple Talaq Bill” The Wire July 31^st, 2019, available at: https://thewire.in/communalism/triple-talaq-bill-muslim-women.

[111] Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948; The Constitution of India, art. 21.

[114] Rohan Venkatramakrishnan, “What does privacy actually mean? Excerpts from the Supreme Court judgement” Scroll.in August 24^th, 2017.

[116] Justice K.S. Puttawamy v. Union of India (2017) 10 SCC 1 (CB).

[118] M.P Sharma v. Satish Chandra 1954 SCR 1077 (CB).

[119] Kharak Singh v. State of U.P. 1964 SCR (1) 332 (CB).

[120] Pranav Tomar, Law Audience’s Blog, available at: https://www.lawaudience.com/k-s-puttaswamy-retd-v-union-of-india-aadhaar-judgement/.

[121] Sunita Tiwari v. Union of India, WP (Civil) No.

[126] Vrinda Bhandari, Amba Kak, et. al., “An Analysis of Puttaswamy: The Supreme Court’s Privacy Verdict” IndraStra November 18^th, 2017.

[127] Resolution passed by the Anjuman-e-Burhani, Sydney, February 9^th, 2016; see also: Sunita Tiwari v. Union of India, W.P (Civil) No. 286 of 2017, para. 16.

[128] The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012.

[136] PTI, “IPC, POCSO enough to deal with female genital mutilation: Govt” Outlook August 04^th, 2017, available at: https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/ipc-pocso-enough-to-deal-with-female-genital-mutilation-govt/1116486.

[137] Indian Penal Code, 1860, s. 375 (explanation 1, mentions that the term vagina includes labia majora).

[138] PTI, “Center notifies new POCSO rules making law for sexual offences against children more stringent” The Hindu March 13, 2020; also see, Ministry of Women Child Development, Notification, “Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012” March 9^th, 2020.

[145] Rasheeda Bhagat, “India: Ban this barbarous practice!” Hindu Businessline July 29^th, 2014, available at: http://www.stopfgmmideast.org/india-ban-this-barbarous-practice/.

[146] Government of India, Ministry of Women and Child Development, “National Policy for Children, 2013” Res. No. 16-1/2012-CW-I (April 26^th, 2013).

[147] Somya Abrol, “Yes, Female Genital Mutilation happens in India; here’s everything you need to know” India Today February 6^th, 2018, available at: https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/people/story/female-genital-mutilation-india-clitoris-pleasure-muslim-bohra-community-1162510-2018-02-06.

[148] Justice K.S. Puttawamy v. Union of India (2017) 10 SCC 1 (CB).

[149] UDHR, 1948, art. 3, ICESCR, 1976, art, 12, ICCPR, 1966, art. 7.

[150] The Constitution of India, art. 14,15,21,39 (e).

[151] Sunita Tiwari v. Union of India, W.P (Civil) No. 286 of 2017.

[155] Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India, (1978) 2 SCR 621.

[157] Sunita Tiwari v. Union of India, W.P (Civil) No. 286 of 2017.

[158] ANI, “SC questions practice of female genital mutilation, says why lady be obliged to please her husband” Outlook July 30^th, 2018, available at: https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/accountability-court-to-hear-sharifs-graft-cases-on-aug-1/1360144?scroll.

[161] Sahiyo, “Respected Syedna, we are all disappointed by your views on female circumcision” Bohra Resolution Letters Against Khatna/FGC April 29^th, 2016, available at: https://sahiyo.com/2016/04/29/respected-syedna-we-are-all-disappointed-by-your-views-on-female-circumcision/.

[162] World Health Organisation, “Male circumcision: global trends and determinants of prevalence, safety and acceptability”, Department of Reproductive Health and research, WHO. See also, Rinchen Norbu Wangchuk, “Female Genital mutilation Violates Fundamental Rights, Says Supreme Court” The Better India July 31^st, 2018, available at: https://www.thebetterindia.com/153833/female-genital-mutilation-fundamental-rights-supreme-court/.

[164] Dr. M. Ismail Faruqui v. Union of India AIR 1995 SC 605 A (DB).

[166] The Commissioner, Hindu Religious Endowments, Madras v. Shri Lakshmindar Tirth Swamiyar of Shri Shirur Mutt, 1954 SCR 1005 (CB).

[168] Bombay Prevention of Ex-communication Act, 1949.

[170] Sardar Syedna Taher Saifuddin Saheb v. State of Bombay, 1962 SCR Supl. (2) 496 (CB).

[171] Dr. M. Ismail Faruqui v. Union of India AIR 1995 SC 605 A.

[175] Indian Young Lawyer’s Association v. The State of Kerala, (2019) 11 SCC 1 (CB).

[177] Gautam Bhatia, “Nine Judges, Seven Questions” February 16^th, 2020, available at: https://indconlawphil.wordpress.com/category/freedom-of-religion/essential-religious-practices/.

[184] Lucy Vickers, “A Common Denominator: The Role of the Anti-Exclusion Principle in Freedom of Religion Cases” 3 (2) University of Oxford Human Rights Hub Journal 2020.

[185] Gautam Bhatia, “Freedom from Community: Individual Rights, group life, state authority and religious freedom under the Indian Constitution” 5 (3) Global Constitutionalism, 2016, 351-382.

[191] Fahad Zuberi, “Cannot defend the indefensible: The unconstitutional case of female genital mutilation” The Leaflet November 28^th, 2018, available at: https://www.theleaflet.in/cannot-defend-the-indefensible-the-unconstitutional-case-of-female-genital-mutilation/#.

[194] The Commission of Sati (Prevention) Act, 1987, ss. 2 (b), 4, 5.

[195] The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012, s. 19.

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[3] Cairn Energy PLC v. India, PCA Case No. 2016-7 (2020).

[4] GKN Driveshafts (India) Ltd. v. ITO, (2003) 1 SCC 72.

[5] Hindustan Lever Ltd. v. R.B. Wadkar, (2004) 9 SCC 438.

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