INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

DENIAL OF JUSTICE AND TRUST: THE UNSEEN BATTLES OF MILITARY HEALTHCARE BY - ANSHIKA BHANDARI

Authors: ANSHIKA BHANDARI

Registration ID: 109107 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9107

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THE INDIAN AND GLOBAL LEGAL FRAMEWORKS FOR INTERPRETING EMOJIS IN ONLINE COMMUNICATION: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR DIGITAL JUSTICE BY: VIJAYKUMAR METI

Authors: VIJAYKUMAR METI

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THE CURRENCY OF DEMOCRACY: ENLIGHTENING A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ELECTION FUNDING CAMPAIGN BY - MEGHA SAHA

Authors: MEGHA SAHA

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FAKE FACTS: AN INCREDULOUS LOOK AT PIRACY STATISTICS IN INDIA BY PRASHANT IYENGAR BY: ADV. RIDDHI DINESH KOTHALIKAR

Authors: ADV. RIDDHI DINESH KOTHALIKAR

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HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF INTERNATIONAL TRAFFICKING LAW: PRE-2000 INFLUENCES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TRAFFICKING PROTOCOL BY - PRIYANKA DIPHUSHA

Authors: PRIYANKA DIPHUSHA

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CASE COMMENT: KARUPPUDAYAR V. STATE REP. BY THE DEPUTY SUPERINTENDENT OF POLICE, LALGUDI, TRICHY & ORS. BY: ARYAN QURESHI & SIYA GUPTA

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PARTY AUTONOMY VIS-A-VIS JUDICIAL INTERVENTION IN SETTING ASIDE ARBITRAL AWARD: A QUEST FOR EQUILIBRIUM BY - RITIKA SINGH

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CASE COMMENT: THE CHANCELLOR, MASTERS & SCHOLARS OF UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD & ORS v/s RAMESHWARI PHOTOCOPY SERVICES & ORS (2016) 160 DRJ (SN) 678 BY - SOUMI LAHIRI

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ECONOMIC VIABILITY OF ONE NATION ONE ELECTION AND ITS IMPACT ON REGIONAL POLITICS BY - ARIHANT MISHRA & CHIRAYU SHARDA

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ENSURING FOOD SECURITY IN INDIA: CHALLENGES, POLICIES, AND THE WAY FORWARD BY - SONAM & SANSKRITI RANA

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Registration ID: 109096 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9096 & IJLRA9097

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DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2025-47714293/ENSURING FOOD SECURITY IN INDIA: CHALLENGES, POLIC

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[1] Anuja and Meenal Thakur, "Political Funding Curbs in Budget 2017 Add to NDA's Anti-Corruption Pitch," Livemint, Feb. 2, 2017, http://www.livemint.com/Politics/D3amBITlx7UglrLWXm9UIO/Budget2017-Arun-Jaitley-announces-political-funding-curbs.html.

[2] John Hudson, The Most Expensive Elections in History by Numbers, The Atlantic (Nov. 6, 2012), https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2012/11/most-expensive-election-history-numbers/321728.

[3] Sahoo, Niranjan. Towards Public Financing of Elections and Political Parties in India: Lessons from Global Experiences. ORF Occasional Paper, November 2017. ISBN 978-93-87407-13-8.

[4] Susan E. Scarrow, Political Finance in Comparative Perspective, 10 Ann. Rev. Pol. Sci. 193 (2007).

[5] Gowda, M.V. Rajeev and E. Sridharan. "Reforming India's Party Financing and Election Expenditure Laws." Election Law Journal, vol. 11, no. 2, 2012, pp. [insert page numbers], DOI: 10.1089/elj.2011.0131.

[6] Sridharan, E. "Electoral Finance Reform: The Relevance of International Experience." In Reinventing Public Service Delivery in India: Selected Case Studies, edited by V.K. Chand, 371-75. New Delhi: Sage, 2017.

[7] Milan Vaishnav, "Political Finance in India: Déjà Vu All Over Again," Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, January 2019, https://carnegieendowment.org/posts/2019/01/political-finance-in-india-deja-vu-all-over-again?lang=en.

[8] Milan Vaishnav, Electoral Bonds Prize Anonymity, You Won't Know Who's Bought Them, Indian Express, Jan. 8, 2018.

[9] Kumar, B. Venkatesh. "Funding of Elections: Case for Institutionalised Financing." Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 34, no. 28, July 10-16, 1999, pp. 1884-1888. Stable URL: (https://www.jstor.org/stable/4408179. )

[10] Jayantilal Ranchhoddas Koticha & Anr. v. Tata Iron & Steel Co. Ltd., A.I.R. 1957 S.C. 853, (1957) 2 S.C.R. 566, [1957] 1 LLJ 433.

[11] Kanwar Lal Gupta v. Amar Nath Chawla, (1975) 3 SCC 646.

[12] Common Cause v. Union of India, (1996) 4 SCC 33, AIR 1996 SC 3081.

[13] Public Interest Foundation & Ors. v. Union of India, W.P. (C) No. 273 of 2018, (PIL against amendment to FCRA 1976 and 2010) (April 2018), available at (https://adrindia.org/sites/default/files/PIL_against_amendment_to_FCRA_1976_and_2010_April2018.pdf ).

[15] Association for Democratic Reforms & Anr. v. Union of India & Ors, 2024 INSC 113, W.P. (C) No. 880 of 2017 (India).

[16] India. Ministry of Finance, Electoral Bond Scheme 2018, Press Release, (Jan. 2, 2018), (https://dea.gov.in/sites/default/files/Electoral%20Bonds_Press%20RELEASE_2-1-2018.pdf. )

[17] Krishnadas Rajagopal, "Supreme Court Declares Electoral Bonds Scheme Unconstitutional; Amendments to Law Declared ‘Manifestly Arbitrary’," The Hindu, Feb. 15, 2024, updated May 23, 2024, available at (https://search.app/vbxHk1EoztzMfMoS7 ).

[19] Yogendra Yadav, "Infuse White Money in Politics to Fight Black Money," The Times of India, Feb. 27, 2011.

[21] Citizens United v. Fed. Election Comm'n, 558 U.S. 310 (2010).

[23] Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000, sch. 8, § 1(8) (U.K.).

[26] J. Balaji, 'Paid news' claims first political scalp as EC disqualifies MLA, NEW DELHI, Dec. 4, 2021, available at [ https://search.app/64DYwjLQxzafvezV8 ]

[28] Association for Democratic Reforms, Party-wise Electoral Bonds Encashed (2022), available at (https://adrindia.org/sites/default/files/Part_1_Party-wise_EBs_Encashed.pdf ).

[1] The Protocol to Prevent, Suppress, Punish Trafficking in Person, especially Women and Children, 2000 (adopted on 15 November 2000, came into force on 25 December 2003).

[2] Anne T. Gallagher, International Law of Human Trafficking 55 (Cambridge University Press, USA, 2010).

[3] Penelope Saunders, Gretchen Soderlund, “Threat or Opportunity? Sexuality, Gender and the Ebb and Flow of Trafficking as Discourse” 22(3-4) Canadian Woman Studies 16-24 (2003).

[4] Marlene D. Beckman, “The White Slave Traffic Act: The Historical Impact of a Criminal Law Policy on Women”, George Town Law Journal 72 (1984).

[5]M.A. Irwin, “White Slavery as a Metaphor: Anatomy of Moral Panic” V Ex-Post Facto: The History Journal (1997).

[7] International Agreement for the Suppression of the White Slave Traffic 1904 (adopted on 4May 1904, came into force on 18 July 1905).

[8] Id.,art.1.provides “Each of the contracting Government undertakes to establish or name some authority charged with the coordination of all information relative to procuring of women and girls for immoral purpose abroad; this authority shall be empowered to correspond direct with the similar department established in each of the other contracting States.”

[9]Id.,art.2. provides “Each of the Governments undertakes to have a watch kept, especially in railway stations, ports of embarkation, and en route, for persons in charge of women and girls detained for an immoral life, With this object instructions shall be given to the officials, and all other qualified persons, to obtain, within legal limits, all information likely to lead to the detection of criminal traffic.”

[10]International Convention for the Suppression of the White Slave Traffic 1910 (adopted on 4 May 1910, came into force o 8 August, 1912).

[12]Tom Obotaka, Trafficking of Human Beings from a Human Rights Perspective: Towards a Holistic Approach (Matrinus Nijhoff Publishers, The Netherlands, 2006).

[13]The International Convention for the Suppression of Traffic in Women and Children 1921(adopted on 30September, came into force on 15 June 1922).

[16]The International Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Women of Full Age 1933 (adopted on 11 October 1933, came into force on 24August 1934).

[17]C.C Jones-Pauly,“Report of Anti-Human Trafficking Laws in Six Countries and Compliance with the International Convention against Trafficking” (1996).

[18]Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others, 1949 (adopted on 2 December, came into force 25 July 1951).

[27] Gunjun Kinnu, From Bondage to Freedom: An Analysis of International Legal Regime on Human Trafficking, (National Human Rights Commission, 1^st edn.,2006).

[28] Laura Reanda, “Prostitution as a Human Right Question,” 13 Human Rights Quarterly 202-208(1999).

[29]Global Alliance against Trafficking in Women, Human Rights and Trafficking in Persons- A Handbook 23 (Global Alliance against Trafficking in Women, Bangkok, Thailand, 2001).

[30]Ms. Radhika Coomaraswamy, Report of the Special Rapporteur on Violence against Women on Integration of Human Rights of Women and the Gender Perspective UN Doc E/CN.4/2000/68 (29 February 2000).

[31]M. Dottridge, “International Instruments against Traffic in Persons – When the “Excellent” is the Enemy of the Good”, available at: https://imadr.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/T2-1.-NGO-consultation-1999.06.pdf (last visited on January 15, 2024).

[32]The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women 1979 (adopted on 18 December 1971, came into force on 3 September, 1981).

[33] United Nations Declaration on Human Rights, art.4.

[34]The International Convention on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 (adopted on 19 Dec 1966, came into force on 23 March 1976).

[40]Id.,art.8. Provides “No one shall be held in slavery; slavery and the slave-trade in all their forms shall be prohibited No one shall be held in servitude. (a) No one shall be required to perform forced or compulsory labour, (o) Paragraph 3 (a) shall not be held to preclude, in countries where imprison ment with hard labour may be imposed as a punishment for a crime, the performance of hard labour in pursuance of a sentence to such punishment by a competent court. (c) For the purpose of this paragraph the term “forced or compulsory labour” shall not include: (i) Any work or service, not referred to in sub-paragraph (b), normally required of a person who is under detention in consequence of a lawful order of a court, or of a person during conditional release from such detention; (ii) Any service of a military character and, in countries where conscientious objection is recognized, any national service required by law of conscientious object rs; (iii) Any service exacted in cases of emergency or calamity threatening the life or well-being of the community; (iv) Any work or service which forms part of normal civil obligations.”

[42] International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (adopted on 16December 1966, came into force on 3 January 1976).

[44] The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (adopted on 18 December 1979, came into force on 2 September 1981).

[46] See Janie Chaung, “Commentary on CEDAW Article 6,”in Marsha A.Freeman,Beate Rudolf,et.al (ed.)The UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women : A Commentary (Oxford University Press, 2012).

[47]CEDAW Committee, General Recommendation No.19: Violence Against Women A/47/38 (June 24, 1992).

[49]The Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989 (adopted on 20November, came into force on 2 September, 1990).

[53]Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography, 2000 (adopted on 25May, came into force on 18January, 2002).

[54] Id.,art.2 (a) states that “Sale of Children: means any act or transaction whereby a child is transferred by any person or group of persons to another for remuneration or any other consideration.”

[55] Id.,art. 2 (b) states that “Child Prostitution: “means the use of a child in sexual activities for remuneration or any other form of consideration.”

[56] Id.,art.2(c) states that Child pornography: “means any representation, by whatever means, of a child engaged in real or simulated explicit sexual activities or any representation of the sexual parts of a child for primarily sexual purposes.”

[57] ILO, Unbearable to Human Hearts: Child Trafficking and Action to eliminate it, vii (2002).

https://www.ilo.org/publications/unbearable-human-heart-child-trafficking-and-action-eliminate-it (last visited on 17 January 2025).

[58] Panudda Boonpala, June Kane, Trafficking of Children: The Problem and Responses Worldwide (International Labour Organization, Geneva, 2001).

[59] ILO Convention No. 29 on Forced Labour, 1930 (adopted 28 June 1930, came into force on 1May 1932).

[61] The Convention on the Abolition of Forced Labour, 1957 (adopted on 25 June 1957, came into force on 17 January 1959).

[63] Convention No. 182 on the Worst Forms of Child Labour,1999 (adopted on 17 June 1999, came into force on 19 November 2000).

[65]United Nations Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families, (adopted on 18 December 1990, came into force on 1 July 2003).

[66]The Slavery Convention 1926 (adopted on 7 September 1956, came into force on 30 April 1957).

[68] The Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade, and the institutions and Practices similar to Slavery 1956 (adopted on 7 September, came into force on 30 April 197).

[69]Id.,art. 1(a) states that “Debt Bondage” is “the status or condition arising from a pledge by a debtor of his personal services or of those of a person under his control as security for a debt, if the value of those services as reasonably assessed is not applied towards the liquidation of the debt or the length and nature of those services are not respectively limited and defined.”

[70]Id.,art.1(b) states “Serfdom” as, “the condition or status of a tenant who is by law, custom or agreement bound to live and labour on land belonging to another person and to render some determinate service to such other person, whether for reward or not, and is not free to change his status.”

[71] Id.,art 1 (c) (d) states “Forced Marriage” as “any institution or practice whereby a child or young person under the age of 18 years, is delivered by either or both of his natural parents or by his guardian to another person, whether for reward or not, with a view to the exploitation of the child or young person or of his labour.”

[73]Id., art.3. defines “Trafficking in persons” shall mean the “recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs;(b) The consent of a victim of trafficking in persons to the intended exploitation set forth in subparagraph (a) of this article shall be irrelevant where any of the means set forth in subparagraph (a) have been used;(c) The recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of a child for the purpose of exploitation shall be considered “trafficking in persons” even if this does not involve any of the means set forth in subparagraph (a) of this article;(d) “Child” shall mean any person under eighteen years of age.”

[83]Id.,art.7.

[85] The Ad-Hoc Committee on the Elaboration of a Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime, Note by the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, the United Nations Children’s Fund, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, and the International Organization for Migration on the draft protocols concerning migrant smuggling and trafficking in persons, U.N. Doc. A/AC.254/27(February 8,2000).

[86] P.M. Nair, Trafficking of Women and Child for Sexual Exploitation: Handbook for Law enforcement Agencies India (UNODC, New Delhi, 2^nd edn.,2007).

[2] Indian Penal Code, 1860 (Act No. 45 of 1860).

[3] Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 (Act No. 33 of 1989).

[6] Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989, ss 3(1)(r), 3(1)(s).

[7] Karuppudayar v State Rep by the Deputy Superintendent of Police, Lalgudi, Trichy & Ors 2025 SCC Online SC 215.

[8] Swaran Singh v. State, (2008) 8 SCC 435, 736d-e.

[9] Hitesh Verma v. State of Uttarakhand and another, AIR 2020 SC 5584.

[10] State of Haryana and others v. Bhajan Lal and others, 1992 SCC (Cri) 426.

[11] Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 (India).

[12] Swaran Singh v. State, (2008) 8 SCC 435, 736d-e.

[13] ‘Humiliation’ (noun) – Definition, Pictures, Pronunciation and Usage Notes Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com) https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/humiliation accessed 7 February 2025.

[15] Bar Council of India Rules 1975, rr 36, 39, 42.

[16] Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 (India).

[1] The Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, No. 26, Acts of Parliament, 1996 (India).

[3] The Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, §7, No. 26, Acts of Parliament, 1996 (India).

[5] The Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, §5, No. 26, Acts of Parliament, 1996 (India).

[6] The Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, §34, No. 26, Acts of Parliament, 1996 (India).

[8] The Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, § 34(2)(a)(ii), No. 26, Acts of Parliament, 1996 (India).

[9] The Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, § 34(2)(a)(v), No. 26, Acts of Parliament, 1996 (India).

[10] The Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, § 34(2)(a)(iv), No. 26, Acts of Parliament, 1996 (India).

[11] Oil & Natural Gas Corporation Ltd. v. SAW Pipes Ltd., (2003) 5 SCC 705.

[14] 34. Application for setting aside arbitral award.-(2) An arbitral award may be set aside by the court only if…(b) the court finds that—(i) the subject-matter of the dispute is not capable of settlement by arbitration under the law for the time being in force of (ii) the arbitral award is in conflict with the public policy of India.

[15] The Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, § 35, No. 26, Acts of Parliament, 1996 (India).

[16] The Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, § 34(2A), No. 26, Acts of Parliament, 1996 (India).

[17] Renusagar Power Co. Ltd. v. General Electric Co., AIR 1994 SC 860.

[23] 28. Rules Applicable to substance of dispute.- (3) While deciding and making an award, the arbitral tribunal shall, in all cases, take into account the terms of the contract and trade usages applicable to the transaction.

[25] Ssangyong Engineering and Construction Company Limited v. NHAI, (2019) 15 SCC 131.

[27]The Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996, § 34(2), No. 26, Acts of Parliament, 1996 (India).

[29] OPG Power Generation Private Limited v. Enexio Power Cooling Solutions India Private Limited and Ors, (2024) 9 SCR 490.

[2] Association of Students for Equitable Access to Knowledge (ASEAK) and Society for Promoting Educational Access and Knowledge (SPEAK)

[3] Authors Guild, Inc. v. Google, Inc. 721 F.3d 132

[4] Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights

[5] Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (Paris Text 1971)

[7] Article 9: (1) Authors of literary and artistic works protected by this Convention shall have the exclusive right of authorizing the reproduction of these works, in any manner or form. (2) It shall be a matter for legislation in the countries of the Union to permit the reproduction of such works in certain special cases, provided that such reproduction does not conflict with a normal exploitation of the work and does not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the author. (3) Any sound or visual recording shall be considered as a reproduction for the purposes of this Convention.

[8] Cambridge University Press v. Becker, 863 F.Supp.2d 1190 (N.D.Ga., 2012)

[9] CCH Canadian Ltd. v Law Society of Upper Canada, [2004] 1 SCR 339

^{^[10]} Sec 29 of Copyright Act (R.S.C., 1985, c. C-42) Fair dealing for the purpose of research, private study, education, parody or satire does not infringe copyright.

[11] Case Comment: Delhi University Photocopy Case from Nigerian and South African Contexts Desmond Oriakhogba Journal of Intellectual Property Laws (2018) Issue III, 21 -30.

[1] https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/specificdocs/documents/2024/dec/doc20241217473101.pdf

[2] https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/specificdocs/documents/2024/dec/doc20241217473101.pdf

[4] https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/specificdocs/documents/2024/dec/doc20241217473101.pdf

[10] A. Ramachandra Guha, India After Gandhi: The History of the World’s Largest Democracy, Macmillan, 2007

[1] Shaw, D. J. (2007). World food summit, 1996. In World food security: A history since 1945 (pp. 347-360). London: Palgrave Macmillan UK.

[2] Vir, S. C. Public Distribution System: Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS) and the National Food Security Act (NFSA). In Child, Adolescent and Woman Nutrition in India (pp. 623-664). Routledge.

[3] Bexell, M., & Jönsson, K. (2017, January). Responsibility and the United Nations’ sustainable development goals. In Forum for development studies (Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 13-29). Routledge.

[4] Subramanian, K. (2015). Revisiting the Green Revolution: Irrigation and food production in twentieth-century India (Doctoral dissertation, King's College London).

[5] Prabhakar, A. C., & Brar, G. P. (2024). Green Revolution, Agricultural Performance with Sustainability and Bio-diversity: Special Reference to India. International Journal of Economic Performance, 7(1), 281-318.

[6] Sahai, C. S. (2014). Mid-day meal scheme: Achievements and challenges. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention, 3(10), 6-9.

[7] Kapil, U. (2002). Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) scheme: a program for holistic development of children in India. The Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 69, 597-601.

[8] Assembly, U. G. (1948). Universal declaration of human rights. UN General Assembly, 302(2), 14-25.

[9] Ferguson, R. (2017). The Human Right to Adequate Food and Corresponding Obligations. In The Right to Food and the World Trade Organization's Rules on Agriculture (pp. 98-138). Brill Nijhoff.

[10] Kapil, U. (2002). Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) scheme: a program for holistic development of children in India. The Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 69, 597-601.

[11] Ayala, A., & Meier, B. M. (2017). A human rights approach to the health implications of food and nutrition insecurity. Public Health Reviews, 38, 1-22.

[12] Spicer, J. (2021). Feeding the people: deliberative democracy and the politics of India’s national food security policy (Doctoral dissertation, University of Sussex).

[13] Kumar, S. S. (2018). Prof. Dr. Regina Birner (Doctoral dissertation, Universität Hohenheim).

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