INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

REDEFINING CUSTODY: A CALL FOR GENDER-NEUTRAL CHILD CUSTODY LAWS BY - DEVARAJAN B & SAMYUKTHA V

Authors: DEVARAJAN B & SAMYUKTHA V

Registration ID: 109090 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9090 & IJLRA9091

Year: Feb-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: 128117021@sastra.ac.in & 128118006@sastra.ac.in

Page No: 19 | No of times Downloads: 0065

DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2025-58297118/REDEFINING CUSTODY: A CALL FOR GENDER-NEUTRAL CHIL

THE JUVENILE MENACE: THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON JUVENILE DELINQUENCY AND REDRESSAL STRATEGIES BY - FASEEHA KHATOON & ANKUR KUMAR

Authors: FASEEHA KHATOON & ANKUR KUMAR

Registration ID: 109088 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9088 & IJLRA9089

Year: Feb-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: faseehakhatoon012@gmail.com & ankurkumar.rmlnlu@gmail.com

Page No: 26 | No of times Downloads: 0065

DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2025-73743677/THE JUVENILE MENACE: THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON J

STATELESSNESS AND THE ISSUE OF NATIONALITY THROUGH THE LENS OF HUMAN RIGHTS BY - SRISHTI MAHESHWARI

Authors: SRISHTI MAHESHWARI

Registration ID: 109087 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9087

Year: Feb-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: srishtikarnani99@gmail.com

Page No: 11 | No of times Downloads: 0065

DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2025-69767441/STATELESSNESS AND THE ISSUE OF NATIONALITY THROUGH

OUR CLOSET TO CLIMATE CHANGE: AN ANALYSIS ON FAST FASHION AND THE CLIMATE CRISIS BY- VAISHNAVI. R

Authors: VAISHNAVI. R

Registration ID: 109086 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9086

Year: Feb-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: vaishzzr26@gmail.com

Page No: 34 | No of times Downloads: 0065

DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2025-38568834/OUR CLOSET TO CLIMATE CHANGE: AN ANALYSIS ON FAST

UNDERSTANDING STAKEHOLDER AND STEWARDSHIP THEORY BY - NEETI GOYAL

Authors: NEETI GOYAL

Registration ID: 109085 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9085

Year: Feb-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: neetigoyal.30@gmail.com

Page No: 11 | No of times Downloads: 0065

DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2025-55181531/UNDERSTANDING STAKEHOLDER AND STEWARDSHIP THEORY

CHALLENGES FACED BY PROSTITUTES AND CHILDREN BORN IN BROTHEL IN ORDER TO ACHEIVE SOCIAL STATUS AND EDUCATION BY - KEERTHANA N.K

Authors: KEERTHANA N.K

Registration ID: 109084 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9084

Year: Feb-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: keerthanakanna1103@gmail.com

Page No: 14 | No of times Downloads: 0065

DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2025-46715191/CHALLENGES FACED BY PROSTITUTES AND CHILDREN BORN

DISSENTING FINANCIAL CREDITORS AND THE RESOLUTION PLAN DILEMMA: IMPLICATIONS OF KRISHNA INFOSOLUTIONS RULING BY - TEESHA DEB

Authors: TEESHA DEB

Registration ID: 109083 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9083

Year: Feb-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: 20ba110@nluo.ac.in

Page No: 10 | No of times Downloads: 0065

DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2025-77684532/DISSENTING FINANCIAL CREDITORS AND THE RESOLUTION

THE RIGHT TO PRIVACY IN THE AGE OF SURVEILLANCE BY - PUNYAMURTULA MAANAS

Authors: PUNYAMURTULA MAANAS

Registration ID: 109082 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9082

Year: Feb-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: maanas.p_2028@woxsen.edu.in

Page No: 19 | No of times Downloads: 0065

DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2025-75799624/THE RIGHT TO PRIVACY IN THE AGE OF SURVEILLANCE

THE CONUNDRUM OF RAISING LEGAL AGE OF MARRIAGE BY - RAJA RANJAN

Authors: RAJA RANJAN

Registration ID: 109081 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9081

Year: Feb-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: raja.ranjan@nls.ac.in

Page No: 15 | No of times Downloads: 0065

DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2025-68921352/THE CONUNDRUM OF RAISING LEGAL AGE OF MARRIAGE

A CASE SUMMARY: PROPERTY OWNERS ASSOCIATION & ORS. V. STATE OF MAHARASHTRA & ORS. BY - G. ASWINI & DR. P. BRINDA

Authors: G. ASWINI & DR. P. BRINDA

Registration ID: 109079 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA9079 & IJLRA9080

Year: Feb-2025 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN: 2582-6433 | Country: Delhi, India

Email Id: ashwinignayagam@gmail.com

Page No: 13 | No of times Downloads: 0065

DOI Link: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/02.2025-53255637/A CASE SUMMARY: PROPERTY OWNERS ASSOCIATION & ORS.

International journal for legal research and analysis

Abbreviation:IJLRA

ISSN:2582-6433

Website:https://www.ijlra.com/

Accessibility:Open Access

License:Creative Commons 4.0

Submit Manuscript:Click here

Licensing:

All research articles published INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS are fully open access. i.e. immediately freely available to read, download and share. Articles are published under the terms of a Creative Commons license which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Disclaimer:

The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors. They do not purport to reflect the opinions or views of the INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS or its members. The designations employed in this publication and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

[1] Gaurav Nagpal v. Sumedha Nagpal, AIR 2009 SUPREME COURT 557

[2] Roxann Sharma v. Arun Sharma, AIR 2015 SC 2925 (2016)

[3] Nil Ratan Kundu v. Abhijit Kundu, 2008 (9) SCC 413

[4] KM Vinaya v. B Srinivas, MFA.NO.1729/2011 (G & W)

[7] Githa Hariharan v. Reserve Bank of India, AIR 1999 SUPREME COURT 1149

[8] a judge's expression of opinion uttered in court or a written judgment, but not essential to the decision and therefore not legally binding as a precedent.

[10] Imambandi v. Mutsaddi, (1918)20BOMLR1022.

[12] Ramatheertha v. Kumar V. Jahgirdar, AIR 2004 SUPREME COURT 1525

[18] Israr Ahmad v. Azazul Hussain Ahmad, (2010) 2 SCC 654

[19] Thrity Hoshie Dolikuka v. Hoshiam Shavaksha Dolikuka B, 1982 AIR 1276

[20] Lahari Sakhamuri v. Sobhan Kodali, AIR 2019 SUPREME COURT 2881

[21] Francis Thottappillil Joseph v. Shobha Francis Joseph, C/SCA/7483/2014

[22] Mr. Tushar Vishnu Ubale v. Mrs. Archana Tushar Ubale, AIR 2016 BOMBAY 88

[23] Vivek Singh v. Romani Singh, (2017) 3 SCC 231

* Faseeha Khatoon is a Ph.D. Scholar at the Dr. Ram Manohar Lohiya National Law University, Lucknow. She holds an LL.M in Constitutional Law from the Indian Law Institute, New Delhi. She may be contacted at faseehakhatoon012@gmail.com.

*Ankur Kumar is a Ph.D. Scholar at the Dr. Ram Manohar Lohiya National Law University, Lucknow. He holds an LL.M in Criminal Law from the same. He may be contacted at ankurkumar.rmlnlu@gmail.com.

[1] The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015, s. 2(13).

[2] Amy Kroska, James Daniel Lee, et. al.; “Juvenile Delinquency and Self-Sentiments” 98(1) Social Science Quarterly (2017), available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/26612395.

[3] Abhilasha Belwal, Ashish Belwal, “Juvenile Delinquency in India” Bharati Law Review 311 (2016), available at: chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://docs.manupatra.in/newsline/articles/Upload/B4443CDC5144-4816-946C-7C5EBE5122FC.pdf.

[4] Juvenile Delinquency: Concept and Control, (Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 1973).

[6] J.W. Eaton, K. Polk, Measuring Delinquency (Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh University, 1961).

[8] James Burfeind, Dawn Jeglum Bartusch Juvenile Delinquency (Routeledge, London and New York, 3^rd edn., 2016).

[9] David S. Tanenhaus (eds.) Juvenile Justice in Global Perspective (NYU Press, 2015).

[12] Special Courts for Juvenile Justice, Press Information Bureau, Ministry of Women and Child Development, Government of India (2019), available at: https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1579557; see also, The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015 (No. 2 of 2016), s. 2 (20).

[14] Indian Penal Code,1860 (No. 45 of 1860), s. 82.

[15] Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015 (No. 2 of 2016).

[16] Kallu v. State of Haryana AIR 2012 SC 3212.

[17] The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012 (No.11 of 2013).

[19] United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989, GA RES 44/25, available at: https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-rights-child.

[20] United Standard Minimum Rules for Administration of Juvenile Justice, 1985, GA A/RES/40/33, available at: https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/united-nations-standard-minimum-rules-administration-juvenile.

[22] Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015 (No. 2 of 2016).

[27] Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015 (No. 2 of 2016), s. 2(14).

[29] Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015 (No. 2 of 2016), s. 14.

[30] Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015 (No. 2 of 2016), s. 2(35).

[31] Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015 (No. 2 of 2016).

[32] The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Model Rules, (no. 2 of 2016).

[35] Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015 (No. 2 of 2016).

[36] Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015 (No. 2 of 2016), s. 2(45).

[39] Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015 (No. 2 of 2016), s. 15.

[40] Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015 (No. 2 of 2016), ss. 4-9.

[41] Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015 (No. 2 of 2016), s. 4.

[42] Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015 (No. 2 of 2016), s. 8(3).

[44] Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015 (No. 2 of 2016), ss. 4 (2), (3), (4).

[45] Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015 (No. 2 of 2016), s. 6.

[47] Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015 (No. 2 of 2016), ss. 8 (2), (3).

[48] Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015 (No. 2 of 2016), ss. 27-30.

[51] Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015 (No. 2 of 2016), ss. 28 (2).

[52] Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015 (No. 2 of 2016), s. 30 (i).

[59] The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012 (No.11 of 2013), s. 19 (1) (a).

[60] The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012 (No.11 of 2013), s. 19 (1) (b).

[61] The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012 (No.11 of 2013).

[62] Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015 (No. 2 of 2016), s. 8 (3) (g).

[64] Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Model Rules, 2015 (No. 2 of 2016).

[66] Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015 (No. 2 of 2016, s. 78.

[67] “Living Conditions in Institutions for Children in Conflict with Law”, Ministry of Women and Child Development, p. 177 (2017) available at: https://wcd.nic.in/sites/default/files/Final%20Manual%2024%20April%202017_5.pdf.

[68] The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012 (No.11 of 2013), s. 19 (1) (a).

[70] The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012 (No.11 of 2013), s. 12 (1).

[71] Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000, s. 15.

[72] Sampurna Behura v. Union of India, WP (Civil) No. 473 of 2005.

[73] Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000, 2015.

[75] Siona Chibber, “Child Trafficking and Child Labor Continues to Plague India” Human Rights First Apr. 8, 2024.

[76] UN Convention on the Rights of Child, 1987 UN GA/Res. 44/25, available at: https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-rights-child.

[79] UNICEF, “How We Protect Children’s Rights With The UN Convention On The Rights of The Child” available at: https://www.unicef.org.uk/what-we-do/un-convention-child-rights/.

[80] Geneva Declaration of the Rights of Child, 1924, League of Nations.

[87] United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice, GA Res 40/33 (1985).

[96] Vincent Wood, “Iran executed seven children last year, says UN as 90 remain on death row” The Independent Oct. 24, (2019).

[99] United Nations Rules for the Protection of Juveniles Deprived of Their Liberty, GA Res/45/113 (1990).

[101] UNICEF (Regional Office for Europe and Central Asia), “Deprivation of Liberty of Children in Conflict with the Law in Europe and Central Asia”, November 2022.

[103] PS Pinheiro, “Independent Expert for the United Nations Secretary General’s Study on Violence against Children”, World Report on Violence Against Children, Geneva, 2006; see also, UNICEF (Regional Office for Europe and Central Asia), “Deprivation of Liberty of Children in Conflict with the Law in Europe and Central Asia”, November 2022.

[104] UN OHCHR, “UN Human Rights Office welcomes selection of Manfred Nowak to lead new global study on the situation of children deprived of liberty” October 26^th, 2016, available at: https://www.ohchr.org/en/2016/10/un-human-rights-office-welcomes-selection-manfred-nowak-lead-new-global-study-situation?LangID=E&NewsID=20766.

[105] United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner, “United Nations Global Study on Children Deprived of Liberty” UN GA/74/136 (2019).

[106] UN Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner, “United Nations Guidelines for the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency” GA/Res/45/112 (1990).

[107] Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1945.

[108] International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966.

[109] International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 1976.

[110] United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice, GA Res 40/33 (1985).

[111] The Riyadh Guidelines, 1990, guidelines 20, 21, 22 et. al.

[115] The Riyadh Guidelines, 1990, guideline 9(h).

[116] UN OHCHR, “Guidelines for Action on Children in the Criminal Justice System” ECOSOC Res/1997/30 (1997).

[120] International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966.

[122] International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 1976.

[124] Geeta Kumari, “Child Labour as a Critical Precursor to Juvenile Delinquency” 13(6) Intl. J. of Research in Social Sciences (2023).

[125] International Labor Organisation, available at: https://www.ilo.org/topics/child-labour#ils

[126] ILO, Convention no. 138, “C138-Minimum Age Convention, 1973, art. 3” available at: https://normlex.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_INSTRUMENT_ID:312283.

[128] ILO, C-182, “Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999, Preamble” available at: https://normlex.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_ILO_CODE:C182.

[129] Ajay Ranga, Kavita, “Psychological and Theoretical Perspectives on Juvenile Delinquency” 14(2) Indian Journal of Psychological Science (2021).

[130] Ronald A. Akers, Christine S. Sellers, Student Study Guide for: Criminological Theories: Introduction, Evaluation, Application (OUP, New York, 6^th edn., 2013).

[132] Kristin C. Thompson, Richard J. Morris, “Theories of Juvenile Delinquency” in Juvenile Delinquency and Disability (Springer International Publishing, Switzerland, 2016).

[133] Ashley Crossman, “Understanding Conflict Theories” July 24^th, 2024, available at: https://www.thoughtco.com/conflict-theory-3026622.

[134] MP Baligar, “Juvenile Delinquency: Theories” 8(6) Int. J. of Research in Engineering, IT and Social Sci. (2018).

[135] Sophus Reinert, “Capitalism, Slavery and the Legacy of Cesare Beccaria” 22-034 Harvard Business School Working Paper (2022).

[136] Jeremy Bentham (eds. J.H. Burns, H.L.A. hart), An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, (OUP, 2005).

[137] This theory of Bentham later gave way to theories such as the Rational Choice Theory; see also: Raymond Boudon, “Beyond Rational Choice Theory” 29(1) Annual Rev. of Sociology 2003.

[138] Miomira Kosti?, “Biological and Psychological Theories on Juvenile Delinquency” 11(1) Facta Univesitatis, Law and Politics (2013).

[140] Danielle Boisvert, “Evolutionary Theory of Criminal Behaviour” in: G. Bruinsma, D. Weisburd (eds.) Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice (Springer, New York, 2018).

[142] Cesare Lambroso, (Transl: Horton M.A, Henry P.) Crime, Its Causes and Remedies (W. Heinemann, London, 1911).

[143] Gina Lambroso-Ferrero, Criminal an, according to the classification of Cesare Lambroso (G.P Putnam, New York, London, 1911).

[144] Charles A. Ellwood, “Lambroso’s Theory of Crime” 2(5) J. of Crim. Law and Criminology (1912).

[146] Paul B. Tappan, Juvenile Delinquency (McGraw Hill Book Company, New York, 1949).

[147] David Klinghoffer, “Crime and Punishment, and Darwin’s Theory” Evolution News and Science Today May 2, (2016).

[148] W.H. Sheldon, Varieties of Delinquent Youth: An Introduction to Constitutional Psychiatory (New York: Harper and Row, 1949).

[149] Miomira Kosti?, “Biological and Psychological Theories on Juvenile Delinquency” 11(1) Facta Univesitatis, Law and Politics (2013).

[151] Albert Bandura, “Influence of Models’ Reinforcement Contingencies on The Acquisition of Imitative Responses” 1(6) J. of Personality and Social Psychology (1965).

[152] Ellina Samantroy, “Youth and Delinquency in India: A Sociological Study” Dissertation Submitted to Centre for The Study of Social Systems, School of Social Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University (2004).

[154] William Siegfried, “The Formation and Structure of the Human Psyche: Id, Ego and Superego- The Dynamic (Libidinal) and Static Unconsciousness, Sublimation and the Social Dimension of Identity Formation” 2 Athene Noctua: Undergraduate Philosophy Journal (2014).

[157] Hans Eysenck himself has criticized the Freudian psychoanalysis theory, see also; Mehmet Levent Kayaalp, “Karl Popper and Psychoanalysis Reconsidered” 84 Free Associations: Psychoanalysis and Culture, Media, Group, Politics (2021).

[158] John Bowlby, “Maternal Care and Mental Health” Report on behalf of the WHO as a contribution to the United Nations programme for the welfare of homeless children (Geneva, 1952).

[159] “Eysenck: Dimensions of Personality” (chapter 18: part 2) in Introduction to Theories of Personality American Women’s College Psychology Department, available at: https://open.baypath.edu/psy321book/chapter/c18p2/.

[160] C.G. DeYoung, J.B. Hirsh, et. al. “Testing Predictions from Personality Neuroscience: Brain Structure and the Big Five” 21(6) Psychological Science (2010), see also; Colin G. DeYoung, Jeremy R. Gray “Personality Neuroscience: Explaining individual differences in affect, behaviour and cognition” The Cambridge Handbook of Personality Psychology pp.323-346 (2009).

[162] Laceé N. Pappas, Amy L. Dent, “The 40-year debate: a meta-review on what works for juvenile offenders” 19 J. Exp. Criminol. p.30 (2023), available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-021-09472-z.

[164] Holly A. Wilson, Robert D. Hoge, “The Effect of Youth Diversion Programs on Recidivism” 40(5) Criminal Justice and Behaviour (2013).

[167] Carol Cammack, Tina M. Waliczeck et. al. “The Green Brigade: The Psychological Effects of a Community-based Horticulture Program on the Self-development Characteristics of Juvenile Offenders” 12(1) Hort Technology (2002).

[169] Elizabeth R. Barnert, Raymond Perry et. al. “Incarcerated Youths’ Perspectives on Protective Factors and Risk Factors for Juvenile Offending: A Qualitative Analysis” 105(7) Am. J. Pub. Health (2015).

[170] Swati Vashishtha, “Exploring operation dynamics: A case study of juvenile justice boards under the juvenile justice care and protection act of 2015” 4(1) Intl. J. of Law, Justice and Jurisprudence (2024).

[171] Ed Smeets, “Education in young offender institutions and secure youth care institutions” 20(1) Educational Research and Evaluation (2013).

[173] United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Vienna, “Handbook on restorative Justice Programmes” United Nations (New York, 2006).

[174] Albert Eglash, “Creative Restitution: Its Roots in Psychiatry, Religion and Law” 10(2) The British Journal of Delinquency (1959), available at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/23640779.

[175] “The Vienna Declaration on Crime and Justice: Meeting the Challenges of the Twenty-First Century” 10^th UN Congress on the Prevention of Crime and Treatment of Offenders, Vienna, 10-17 Apr., 2000, A/CONF. 184/4/Rev. 3, para. 29.

[176] “The Bangkok Declaration—Synergies and Responses: Strategic Alliances in Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice”, 11th United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders, Bangkok, 18-25 Apr., 2005, para. 32.

[177] European Union Council Framework Decision, “The Standing of Victims in Criminal Proceedings”, Art. 10, Mar. 15, 2001.

[178] Debra-Heath Thornton, “Restorative Justice” Encyclopedia Britannica, June 10^th, 2023, available at: https://www.britannica.com/topic/restorative-justice.

[179] Ani Triwati, “The Best Interest of the Juvenile in the Diversion Agreement within Juvenile Criminal Justice System” European Union Digital Library ICEHHA (2021), available at: https://eudl.eu/doi/10.4108/eai.3-6-2021.2310828.

[1] Shaw, Malcolm N. “The Subjects of International Law.” Essay. In International Law, Eighthed., 157. Cambridge University Press, 2017.

[2] By The Arbitration Commission of the European Conference in Yugoslavia in Opinion 1 : Shaw, Malcolm N. “The Subjects of International Law.” Essay. In International Law, Eighthed., 157. Cambridge University Press, 2017.

[3] Koessler, Maximilian. “‘Subject,’ ‘Citizen,’ ‘National,’ and ‘Permanent Allegiance.’” The Yale Law Journal 56, no. 1 (1946): 58–76. https://doi.org/10.2307/793250.

[4] Grossman, Andrew. “Nationality and the Unrecognised State.” The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 50, no. 4 (2001): 849–76. http://www.jstor.org/stable/761517.

[5] Grossman, Andrew. “Nationality and the Unrecognised State.” The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 50, no. 4 (2001): 849–76. http://www.jstor.org/stable/761517.

[6] Article 1 of the 1954 Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons

[7]Bhiwgade, Sachi Ashok. “Statelessness under International Law: All You Want to Know.” iPleaders, February 3, 2020. https://blog.ipleaders.in/statelessness/#:~:text=Under%20International%20Law%2C%20a%20stateless%20person%20means%20an,any%20State%20under%20the%20operation%20of%20its%20law.”

[8] Sahoo, Simran. “Statelessness under International Law.” Edited by Swati Pragyan. JudicateMe, July 22, 2020. https://judicateme.com/statelessness-under-international-law/.

[9] McDougal, Myres S., Harold D. Lasswell, and Lung-chu Chen. “Nationality and Human Rights: The Protection of the Individual in External Arenas.” The Yale Law Journal 83, no. 5 (1974): 900–998. https://doi.org/10.2307/795378.

[10] McDougal, Myres S., Harold D. Lasswell, and Lung-chu Chen. “Nationality and Human Rights: The Protection of the Individual in External Arenas.” The Yale Law Journal 83, no. 5 (1974): 900–998. https://doi.org/10.2307/795378.

[11] “About Statelessness.” IBELONG. Accessed May 1, 2022. https://www.unhcr.org/ibelong/about-statelessness/.

[12] When one territory's sovereignty passes to another, this is known as state succession. State Succession is defined in Article 2(1)(b) of the Vienna Convention on State Succession as "the substitution of one State by another in the responsibility for international territorial relations." : “State Succession, Recognition and Jurisdiction under International Law.” Law Corner, February 24, 2021. https://lawcorner.in/state-succession-recognition-and-jurisdiction-under-international-law/.

[13] “About Statelessness.” IBELONG. Accessed May 1, 2022. https://www.unhcr.org/ibelong/about-statelessness/.

[14] “STATELESSNESS: ANALYSIS OF THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK CONCERNING STATELESS PERSONS AND PERSONS AT RISK OF STATELESSNESS IN CROATIA.” UNHCR: The UN Refugee Agency, 2020. https://index.statelessness.eu/sites/default/files/UNHCR%2C%20Analysis%20of%20the%20Legal%20Framework%20Concerning%20Stateless%20Persons%20and%20Persons%20at%20Risk%20of%20Statelessness%20in%20Croatia%20%28July%202020%29.pdf.

[15] Sathyanarayanan, Sunethra. “Creation of Statelessness in India: An Analysis of the Crisis and the Way Forward.” The Peninsula Foundation, February 9, 2021. https://www.thepeninsula.org.in/2020/08/27/creation-of-statelessness-in-india-an-analysis-of-the-crisis-and-the-way-forward/.

[16] “STATELESSNESS: ANALYSIS OF THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK CONCERNING STATELESS PERSONS AND PERSONS AT RISK OF STATELESSNESS IN CROATIA.” UNHCR: The UN Refugee Agency, 2020. https://index.statelessness.eu/sites/default/files/UNHCR%2C%20Analysis%20of%20the%20Legal%20Framework%20Concerning%20Stateless%20Persons%20and%20Persons%20at%20Risk%20of%20Statelessness%20in%20Croatia%20%28July%202020%29.pdf.

[21] “UNHCR Statelessness - UNHCR - The UN Refugee Agency.” UNHCR: The UN Refugee Agency. Accessed May 1, 2022. https://www.unhcr.org/ibelong/wp-content/uploads/UNHCR-Statelessness-2pager-ENG.pdf.

[22] Higgins, Rosalyn, Yash P. Ghai, Lung-chu Chen, Valerie Chalidze, Hussein A. Hassouna, and Sidney Liskofsky. “Expulsion and Expatriatioin in International Law: The Right to Leave, to Stay, and to Return.” The American Journal of International Law 67, no. 5 (1973): 122–40. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25660486.

[23] Blackman, Jeffery L. “State Successions and Statelessness: The Emerging Right to an Effective Nationality Under International Law.” Michigan Journal of International Law. Accessed May 2, 2022. https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1460&context=mjil.

[24] Article 1 of the Hague Convention, 1930: “it is for each state to determine under its own law who are its nationals.”

[25] Bhiwgade, Sachi Ashok. “Statelessness under International Law: All You Want to Know.” iPleaders, February 3, 2020. https://blog.ipleaders.in/statelessness/#:~:text=Under%20International%20Law%2C%20a%20stateless%20person%20means%20an,any%20State%20under%20the%20operation%20of%20its%20law.”

[26] “UNHCR Statelessness - UNHCR - The UN Refugee Agency.” UNHCR: The UN Refugee Agency. Accessed May 1, 2022. https://www.unhcr.org/ibelong/wp-content/uploads/UNHCR-Statelessness-2pager-ENG.pdf.

[27] “UNHCR Statelessness - UNHCR - The UN Refugee Agency.” UNHCR: The UN Refugee Agency. Accessed May 1, 2022. https://www.unhcr.org/ibelong/wp-content/uploads/UNHCR-Statelessness-2pager-ENG.pdf.

^{^[1]}3rd yr student, BBA.LLB(Hons), Saveetha School of Law, Chennai, No. 305, 2^ndcross street, 3^rdmainroad, Nolambur phase 2, Barathi salai, Mogappair West, Chennai- 600 037, Contact no: 9840963276 , Email ID: vaishzzr26@gmail.com

^{^[2]}Fashion Summit, HSBC and KPMG China, “Sustainable fashion: A survey on global perspectives” (2019)

^{^[4]}Annie Radner Linden, “An Analysis of the Fast Fashion Industry An Analysis of the Fast Fashion Industry” 14 Senior Projects Fall (2016)

^{^[5]}Polly Bindman, “Sustainable fashion has a marketing problem”, Energy Monitor, available at: https://www.energymonitor.ai/finance/reporting-and-disclosure/sustainable-fashion-has-a-marketing problem/?cf-view&cf-closed (last visited: January 15, 2024).

^{^[6]}Abdelsalam Busalim , Grace Fox, Theodore Lynn, “Consumer behaviour in sustainable fashion: A systematic

literature review and future research agenda” 46 Int. J. Consum. Stud. (2022)

^{^[7]}Lisa McNeill, Rebecca Moore, “Sustainable fashion consumption and the fast fashion conundrum: Fashionable

consumers and attitudes to sustainability in clothing choice” 39 Int. J. Consum. Stud. (2015)

^{^[8]} Kerri Byrd, Jin Su, “Investigating consumer behaviour for environmental, sustainable and social apparel”

IJCST (2020)

^{^[9]}Kirsi Niinimäki, “Eco-Clothing, Consumer Identity and Ideology” 18 Sustainable Development (2010)

^{^[10]}Yongdan Liu, Matthew Tingchi Liu, “Big Star Undercover: The Reinforcing Effect of Attenuated Celebrity Endorsers’ Faces on Consumers’ Brand Memory” 49 JA (2020)

^{^[11]}Hakan Karaosman, Gustavo Morales Alonso, Mercedes Grijalvo, Alessandro Brun, “The impact of ethical

fashion on Spanish consumers” 57 DYO (2015)

^{^[12]} Mirella Soyer and Koen Dittrich, “Sustainable Consumer Behaviour in Purchasing, Using and Disposing of Clothes” 13 Sustainability (2021)

^{^[13]}Laura Valtanen, Consumer motivations and Value Ccreation from Sustainable fashion consumption (2021) (Unpublished Bachelor’s thesis, School of Business, Aalto University)

^{^[14]}Ma?gorzata Koszewska, “A typology of Polish consumers and their behaviours in the market for sustainable textiles and clothing” 37 Int. J. Consum. Stud. (2013)

^{^[15]}Kirsi Niinimäki, Sustainable Fashion: New Approaches (Aalto Arts Books, 2013)

^{^[16]}Helena M. de Klerk, Madelein Kearns, Mike Redwood, “Controversial fashion, ethical concerns and environmentally significant behaviour: The case of the leather industry” 47 IJRDM (2018)

^{^[17]}Maarit Aakko, Ritva Koskennurmi-Sivonen, “Designing Sustainable Fashion: Possibilities and Challenges” 17 RJTA (2013)

^{^[18]}Bo Zhang, Yaozhong Zhang, Peng Zhou, “Consumer Attitude towards Sustainability of Fast Fashion Products in the UK” 13 Sustainability (2021)

^{^[19]}Sanjukta Pookulangara, Arlesa Shephard, “Slow fashion movement: Understanding consumer perceptions— An exploratory study” 20 Jour. Of Retail. And Cons. Serv. (2013)

^{^[20]}Ruth Marciniak and Marwa Gad Mohsen, Fashion: Tyranny and Revelation (Inter-disciplinary press, 2016)

^{^[21]}Thabet Muhammad, Sally Majid; Al-Dabbagh, Maha Abdullah, “Exploring the Influence of Ethical Consumption on Sustainable Fashion Choices in Saudi Arabia” 7 AISRP (2023)

^{^[22]}Sonali Diddi, Ruoh-Nan Yan, Brittany Bloodhart, Vickie Bajtelsmit, Katie McShane, “Exploring young adult consumers’ sustainable clothing consumption intention-behavior gap: A Behavioral Reasoning Theory perspective” 18 Sustainable Production and Consumption (2019)

^{^[23]}Shuai Yang, Yiping Song and Siliang Tong, “Sustainable Retailing in the Fashion Industry: A Systematic Literature Review” 9 Sustainability (2017)

^{^[24]}William Young, Kumju Hwang, Seonaidh McDonald, Caroline J. Oates, “Sustainable Consumption: Green Consumer Behaviour when Purchasing Products” 18 Sustainable Development (2009)

^{^[25]}Rashmila Maiti, “Fast Fashion and Its Environmental Impact” Earth.org, Jan 5th 2024

^{^[26]}Gam, H.J., Cao, Hl, Bennett, J., Helmkamp, C., & Farr, C, “Application of design

for disassembly in men’s jacket” International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology, 83-94 (2011)

^{^[27]}Clark Hazel, “Fashion Theory”, 12 Issue4, DOI:10.2752/175174108X346922, Berg 427 (2008)

^{^[28]}Holt Tim, “Is the time right for Slow Fashion?”, Contributor to The Christian Science Monitor (2009).

[1] NATIONAL COMPANY LAW APPELLATE TRIBUNAL, PRINCIPAL BENCH, NEW DELHI, Comp. App. (AT) (Ins) No. 279 of 2024

[2] Guest, ‘Interpretation of Section 30(2) of the IBC: Rights over Prudence?’ (indiacorplaw, 14 February 2024) accessed 7 January 2025

[3] Tata Steel BSL Ltd. v. Venus Recruiter (P) Ltd., 2023 SCC OnLine Del 155

[4] Essar Steel India Limited v. Satish Kumar Gupta and Others, (2020) 8 SCC 531.

[5] Jaypee Kensington Boulevard Apartments Welfare Association v. NBCC (India) Ltd AIRONLINE 2021 SC 224

[1]Justice K.S. Puttaswamy & Anr., The Right to Privacy in India: A Constitutional Analysis (2017).

[2]R. Rajagopal, Freedom of Speech and the Right to Privacy: The Media’s Role (1994).

[3]People’s Union for Civil Liberties (PUCL), Challenges to Privacy: The Role of the State in Surveillance (1997).

[4]Selvi, Involuntary Confessions: Narcoanalysis and Right to Privacy (2010).

[5]The “Information Technology (Reasonable Security Practices and Procedures and Sensitive Personal Data or Information) Rules”, 2011, “Gazette of India, Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology”, Notification No”. 20, dated 11/4/2011

[6]“The Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019, Bill No. 373 of 2019”, Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology, Government of India.

[9]The Digital Personal Data Protection Bill, 2023, Bill No. 376 of 2023,

[1] Sonalde desai, 'Gender Scripts And Age At Marriage In India, [2010] 47(3) Demography 672

[3] Dadaji Bhikaji vs. Rukhmabai (21.09.1885 - BOMHC) :MANU/MH/0047/1885

[4] https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1629832

[5] Sakshi Singh, 'PROHIBITION OF CHILD MARRIAGE :AN ANALYTICAL STUDY' [2022] 1(3) Indian

Journal of Contemporary Legal and Social Issues 5

[6] The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act 2006, s 3(1)

[8] P.H. Nguyen, ‘Social, Biological, andProgrammatic Factors Linking Adolescent Pregnancy and Early Childhood Undernutrition (2019) 3 The Lancet Child and Adolescent Health 463–473.

[10] Ecowrap, ‘Increasing the Legal Age of Women Marriage: A Dominant Strategy For Societal Good, Financially Empowering Women’ State Bank of India 3 (22 October 2020)

[11] Government of India, Law Commission of India, “Proposal to amend the prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 and other allied laws, Report no. 205, February 2008

[12] Ashwini Kumar Upadhayay vs. Union of India Writ Petition (C) No. of 2019

[13] Joseph Shine v. Union of India, Writ Petition (C) No. 194 of 2018

[14] The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act 2006, s 3(3)

[16] Megan Arthur “Child Marriage Laws around the World: Minimum Marriage Age, Legal Exceptions, and Gender Disparities.” Journal of women, politics & policy vol. 39,1 51-74. 22 Nov. 2017,

[17] Protection of Children from Sexual Harassment Act, 2012. Sec 2(d(a))

[18] Independent Thought vs. Union of India (2017) 10 SCC 800

[19] An international treaty adopted in 1979 by the United Nations

[20] K.S. Puttaswamy and Ors. vs. Union of India (UOI) and Ors., MANU/SC/0911/2017

[21] V.Bhalla, “‘Increasing the marital age of women to 21 is counter-productive’, says pioneer of the women’s movement, Flavia Agnes”, January 27, 2022, as accessed from https://theleaflet.in/incr

[22] Joseph Shine v. Union of India, Writ Petition (C) No. 194 of 2018

[23] Aparna Mitra, ‘Son Preference in India: Implications for Gender Development’ (2014) 48(4) Journal of Economic Issues 1021

[24] MEMORANDUM-TASK-FORCE-ON-AGE-OF-MARRIAGE-FROM-CIVIL-SOCIETY-ORGS-AND-

REPS-June-25-2020.pdf (pldindia.org)

[26] Shakti Vahini v Union of India and others(2018) 7 SCC 192

[27] Shafin Jahan vs Ashokan and OthersAIR 2018 SC 1933

[28] K.S. Puttaswamy and Ors. vs. Union of India (UOI) and Ors., MANU/SC/0911/2017

[29] State of Bombay v. Narasu Appa Mali [AIR (1952) Bom 84]

[30] V.Bhalla, “‘Increasing the marital age of women to 21 is counter-productive’, says pioneer of the women’s movement, Flavia Agnes”, January 27, 2022, as accessed from https://theleaflet.in/incr

[31] MEMORANDUM-TASK-FORCE-ON-AGE-OF-MARRIAGE-FROM-CIVIL-SOCIETY-ORGS-AND-

REPS-June-25-2020.pdf (pldindia.org)

[33] Bandita Sahoo, '18 v 21: AN ANALYSIS OF MARRIAGEABLE AGE IN INDIA' [2022] 2(3) Journal of

Legal Research and Juridical Sciences 7

[35] Shireen J. Jejeebhoy, Ending Child Marriage in India, Drivers and Strategies (New Delhi,

UNICEF) ://www.unicef.org/india/media/2556/file/Drivers-strategies-for-ending-childmarriage.pdf>

[37] Flavia Agnes, ‘Controversy over Age of Consent’ (2013) 48(29) Economic and Political Weekly 10,

[2] https://www.scobserver.in/cases/nature-of-private-property-property-owners-association-v-state-of-maharashtra.

[3] Art 31C. Saving of laws giving effect to certain directive principles: Notwithstanding anything contained in Article 13, no law giving effect to the policy of the State towards securing all or any of the principles laid down in Part IV shall be deemed to be void on the ground that it is inconsistent with, or takes away or abridges any of the rights conferred by Article 14 or Article 19 and no law containing a declaration that it is for giving effect to such policy shall be called in question in any court on the ground that it does not give effect to such policy:

Provided that where such law is made by the Legislature of a State, the provisions of this article shall not apply thereto unless such law, having been reserved for the consideration of the President, has received his assent.

[4] Art 39 Certain principles of policy to be followed by the State- The State shall, in particular, direct its policy towards securing—

(b) that the ownership and control of the material resources of the community are so distributed as best to subserve the common good.

[5] https://www.citypopulation.de/en/world/agglomerations/(All urban agglomerations of the world with a population of 1 million inhabitants or more (reference date: 2024-01-01)). last visited on 24.02.2025.

[8] Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala, (1973) 4 SCC 225.

[11] The Supreme Court had earlier taken this stand in the case of Sanjeev Coke v. Union of India (1983 AIR SC 239) and State of Karnataka v. Ranganath Reddy ((1978) 1 S.C.R. 641).

[15] Whether Article 31C (as upheld in Kesavananda Bharati) survives in the Constitution after the amendment to the provision by the forty-second amendment was struck down by this Court in Minerva Mills?

[16] In para 203 of the judgement “Article 39(b) is not a source of legislative power. The inclusion or exclusion of ‘privately-owned resources’ from the ambit of the provision does not impact the power of the legislature to enact laws to acquire such resources. The power to acquire private resources, in certain situations, continues to be traceable to other provisions in the Constitution, including the sovereign power of eminent domain.”

[17] In para 204 of the judgement “Five significant elements emerge from the text of Article 39(b), which has been reproduced in paragraph 2 of this Judgement. These are:

a. The provision relates to “ownership and control”;

b. The ownership and control of “material resources” is dealt with by the provision;

c. The material resources which the provision covers are those which are “of the community”;

d. The policy of the state must be directed to secure the “distribution” of the ownership and control of such resources;

e. The purpose of the distribution must be to “best subserve the common good”.”

IJLRA	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals Volume 5 Issue 8 2022 Page 1-6
IEEE	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, 5(8)

REDEFINING CUSTODY: A CALL FOR GENDER-NEUTRAL CHILD CUSTODY LAWS BY - DEVARAJAN B & SAMYUKTHA V

THE JUVENILE MENACE: THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON JUVENILE DELINQUENCY AND REDRESSAL STRATEGIES BY - FASEEHA KHATOON & ANKUR KUMAR

STATELESSNESS AND THE ISSUE OF NATIONALITY THROUGH THE LENS OF HUMAN RIGHTS BY - SRISHTI MAHESHWARI

OUR CLOSET TO CLIMATE CHANGE: AN ANALYSIS ON FAST FASHION AND THE CLIMATE CRISIS BY- VAISHNAVI. R

UNDERSTANDING STAKEHOLDER AND STEWARDSHIP THEORY BY - NEETI GOYAL

CHALLENGES FACED BY PROSTITUTES AND CHILDREN BORN IN BROTHEL IN ORDER TO ACHEIVE SOCIAL STATUS AND EDUCATION BY - KEERTHANA N.K

DISSENTING FINANCIAL CREDITORS AND THE RESOLUTION PLAN DILEMMA: IMPLICATIONS OF KRISHNA INFOSOLUTIONS RULING BY - TEESHA DEB

THE RIGHT TO PRIVACY IN THE AGE OF SURVEILLANCE BY - PUNYAMURTULA MAANAS

THE CONUNDRUM OF RAISING LEGAL AGE OF MARRIAGE BY - RAJA RANJAN

A CASE SUMMARY: PROPERTY OWNERS ASSOCIATION & ORS. V. STATE OF MAHARASHTRA & ORS. BY - G. ASWINI & DR. P. BRINDA

LAW JOURNAL

IMPORTANT LINKS

ETHICS & POLICY

Citation

Citation

Citation

Citation

Citation

Citation

Citation

Citation

[7]- [(2017) 10 SCC 1]

[8]- [(1994) 6 SCC 632]

[10] [(1997) 1 SCC 301]

[11]- [(2010) 7 SCC 263]

Citation

Citation

Citation 2