INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

CHILD PORNOGRAPHY AND ITS LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR ITS CONTROL: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS BY - SUMIT KUMAR BHARTI & ANUSHKA DUTTA

Authors: SUMIT KUMAR BHARTI & ANUSHKA DUTTA

Registration ID: 108835 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8835 & IJLRA8836

Year : Dec -2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: bhartisumit911@gmail.com & anushkadutta2424@gmail.com

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COPYRIGHT IMPLICATIONS OF AI-GENERATED WORKS BY: GUNJAN RATHORE

Authors: GUNJAN RATHORE

Registration ID: 108834 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8834

Year : Dec -2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: gunjanrathore.jodhpur@gmail.com

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STANDARD OF PROOF IN CRIMINAL CASES BY - ANJALI BHATT

Authors: ANJALI BHATT

Registration ID: 108833 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8833

Year : Dec -2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

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Email Id: anjalibhatt46@gmail.com

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DOI Link :: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/12.2024-81141935/STANDARD OF PROOF IN CRIMINAL CASES

A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF GENDER NEUTRAL LAWS IN INDIA: FOCSING ON UPCOMING LECUNAS OF SOCIETY BY - SANIA SIDDIQUE & MOHD AKASH

Authors: SANIA SIDDIQUE & MOHD AKASH

Registration ID: 108831 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8831 & IJLRA8832

Year : Dec -2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: saniasiddiqui23@gmail.com & mohdakash001@gmail.com

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THE IMPACT OF OFFENCES AGAINST WOMEN TOURIST IN INDIA: AN OVERVIEW BY - ADITYA PRATAP SINGH

Authors: ADITYA PRATAP SINGH

Registration ID: 108830 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8830

Year : Dec -2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: Sadityapratap085@gmail.com

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RISE OF CONSUMER DISPUTES AT DIGITAL MARKETPLACE: AN ALTERNATIVE PATH TO JUSTICE BY - ADITYA PRATAP SINGH

Authors: ADITYA PRATAP SINGH

Registration ID: 108829 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8829

Year : Dec -2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: s2232.aditya@gmail.com

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"ANTI-COMPETITIVE AGREEMENT IN INDIAN MARKET" INSTEAD OF "INDIAN ECONOMY." BY - VIBEK MEHER

Authors: VIBEK MEHER

Registration ID: 108828 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8828

Year : Dec -2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: vibekmeher.student@slsnagpur.edu.in

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THE ULTIMATE PRECEDENCE IN LAW SCIENCES: FLEXIBLE STRUCTURE DOCTRINE AS THE NEW LEGAL PARADIGM BY - SANDEEP S. JAISWAL

Authors: SANDEEP S. JAISWAL

Registration ID: 108827 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8827

Year : Dec -2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: augjaiswal@gmail.com

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DOI Link :: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/12.2024-62277927/THE ULTIMATE PRECEDENCE IN LAW SCIENCES: FLEXIBLE

EVALUATING CHALLENGES IN PROTECTION OF DIGITAL TRADE AND TRANSACTIONS THROUGH CYBERSPACE IN PERSPECTIVE OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW BY: SHUBHAM DIWATE

Authors: SHUBHAM DIWATE

Registration ID: 108826 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8826

Year : Dec -2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: shubhamrajeshdiwate@gmail.com

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CHALLENGES, OPPORTUNITIES, AND PROSPECTS OF IMPLEMENTING INDIA’S NEW CRIMINAL LAW: IN THE CONTEXT OF SWIFT JUSTICE BY: RUP KUMAR

Authors: RUP KUMAR

Registration ID: 108825 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8825

Year : Dec -2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: rupkumarbgp@rediffmail.com

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DOI Link :: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/12.2024-91582159/CHALLENGES, OPPORTUNITIES, AND PROSPECTS OF IMPLEM

International journal for legal research and analysis

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[1] LL.M. Student at Hidayatullah National Law University

[2] LL.M. Student at Hidayatullah National Law University

[3] Trevor Buck, International Child Law, (Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, 3^rd edition, London, 2014)

[4] Study on Child Abuse: India (2007). Ministry of Women and Child Development, Government of India, 2007 available at: www.wcd.nic.in/childabuse.pdf (visited on September 30, 2024)

[9] Section 15 of Protection of Children from Sexual Offences lays down that:

1. “Any person, who stores or possesses pornographic material in any form involving a child, but fails to delete or destroy or report the same to the designated authority, as may be prescribed, with an intention to share or transmit child pornography, shall be liable to fine not less than five thousand rupees and in the event of second or subsequent offence, with fine which shall not be less than ten thousand rupees.”

2. “Any person, who stores or possesses pornographic material in any form involving a child for transmitting or propagating or displaying or distributing in any manner at any time except for the purpose of reporting, as may be prescribed, or for use as evidence in court, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description which may extend to three years, or with fine, or with both.”

3. “Any person, who stores or possesses pornographic material in any form involving a child for commercial purpose shall be punished on the first conviction with imprisonment of either description which shall not be less than three years which may extend to five years, or with fine, or with both and in the event of second or subsequent conviction, with imprisonment of either description which shall not be less than five years which may extend to seven years and shall also be liable to fine.”

[10] Just Rights For Children Alliance & Anr v. S. Harish & Ors., SLP(CRL) No. 3665-3666 of 2024.

[1] Andrew Ashworth, “Principles Of Criminal Law” 72 (2009).

[2] MatteoRizzolli and MargheritaSaraceno, “Better that X guilty person’s escape than that one innocent suffer” University of Milano-Bicocca Press, June 16, 2009.

[3] Byron M. Sheldrick, “Shifting Burdens and Required Inferences: The Constitutionality of Reverse Onus Clauses”, 44(2) U. torontofAc.l. rev. 179, 180 (1986).

[4] Rangammal v. Kuppuswami and Ors , (2011) 12 SCC 220.

[5]“That burden of proof lies on the person who first asserts the fact, and not on the one who denies that fact to be true. The responsibility of the defendant to prove a fact to be true would start only when the authenticity of the fact is proved by the plaintiff.”

[7] The Indian Evidence Act, 1872, §105:“Burden of proving that case of accused comes within exceptions- When a person is accused of any offence, the burden of proving the existence of circumstances bringing the case within any of the General Exceptions in the Indian Penal Code (45 of 1860) or within any special exception or proviso contained in any other part of the same Code, or in any law defining the offence, is upon him, and the Court shall presume the absence of such circumstances”.

[8] David Hamer, “The Presumption of Innocence and Reverse Burdens: A Balancing Act”, Cambridge Law Journal, Vol. 66, No. 1, p. 142, 2007.

[9] Dahyabhai Chhaganbhai Thakkar v. State of Gujarat, AIR 1964 SC 1563.

[10] Pooja Garg, “Shifting trends in Burden of Proof & Standard of proof: an analysis of the Malimath Committee report”,Manupatra.

available at: http://www.manupatra.co.in/newsline/articles/Upload/33C9F78E-CCA3-454E-82D9

[11] Prasannjeet S. Baghel, Pratik P. Chaudhary, Praveen Kumar “Proof Beyond Reasonable Doubts”, KIIT Law Journal. Available at:

http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1922144.

[12]Prasannjeet S. Baghel, Pratik P. Chaudhary, Praveen Kumar “Proof Beyond Reasonable Doubts”,Kiit Law Journal.

Available at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1922144

[13] M. Monir, “Textbook on Evidence Law”,Universal Publishing House, 2005.

[14] Dorothy K. Kagehiro and W. Clark Stanton, “Legal vs. Quantified Definitions of Standards of Proof”, Springer, Law and Human Behavior,Jstor Vol. 9, No. 2 (Jun.,1985), pp. 159-178. Available at:

http://www.jstor.org/stable/1393751.

[15]PoojaGarg, “Shifting trends in Burden of Proof & Standard of proof: an analysis of the Malimath Committee report”, Manupatra. available at: http://www.manupatra.co.in/newsline/articles/Upload/33C9F78E-CCA3-454E-82D9-A2E693F4B5EE.pdf

[16]PoojaGarg, “Shifting trends in Burden of Proof & Standard of proof: an analysis of the Malimath Committee report”, Manupatra. available at: http://www.manupatra.co.in/newsline/articles/Upload/33C9F78E-CCA3-454E-82D9-A2E693F4B5EE.pdf

[17]R.V.E. venkatachalaGounderArulmiguViswesaraswami v. V.P. Temple, AIR 2003 SC 4548 : (2003) 8 SCC

752.

[18]V.D. Jhingan v. State of U.P., AIR 1966 SC 1762.

[19] “The accused during a criminal prosecution has at stake interests of immense importance, both because of the possibility that he may lose his liberty upon conviction and because of the certainty that he would be stigmatised by the conviction . . . Moreover use of the reasonable doubt standard is indispensable to command the respect and confidence of the community. It is critical that the moral force of the criminal law not be diluted by a standard of proof that leaves people in doubt whether innocent men are being condemned.”

[20] In Re Winship, 397 US 358 (1970), at pp. 361–64. See also the more recent elaboration of the rationale of the principle in R v. Oakes 26 D.L.R. (4th) 200 (1987), at pp. 212–214.

[21] Zuckerman, “The Burden Of Proof In Criminal Justice”, the Singapore Academy of Law Journal, Part II, PN 267.

[23] R v. Oakes 26 D.L.R. (4th) 200 (1987), at pp. 212–214.

[24] Zuckerman, “The Burden Of Proof In Criminal Justice”, the Singapore Academy of Law Journal, Part II, PN 267.

[26] Thomas Christopher Rider, “What is the Most Useful Standard of Proof in Criminal Law?”, Pragmatism Tomorrow 2013, Issue 1: No. 9.

Available at: http://www.pragmatismtomorrow.org/downloads/Essay009-RiderTC.pdf

[27] Thomas Christopher Rider, “What is the Most Useful Standard of Proof in Criminal Law?”,

available at: http://www.pragmatismtomorrow.org/downloads/Essay009-RiderTC.pdf

[28] Thomas Christopher Rider, “What is the Most Useful Standard of Proof in Criminal Law?”

available at: http://www.pragmatismtomorrow.org/downloads/Essay009-RiderTC.pdf.

[31]Rayaprolu Narayana Murthy v. RayaproluRamkrishna Sharma, 2002 AIHC 3151 (AP).

[32]M. NarsingaRao v. state of Andhra Pradesh, AIR 2001 SC 318 (322).

[38]SudiptoSarkar, VR Manohar , “Law Of Evidence” Lexis Nexis , 17^th edition 2010.

[39]“Just as in civil cases the balance of probabilities may be more readily fitted in one case than in another, so in criminal cases Proof beyond the reasonable doubt may more readily attend in some cases than others.”

[40]SudiptoSarkar, VR Manohar ,“Law Of Evidence” Lexis Nexis , 17^th edition 2010.

[41]State of West Bengal v. Orilaljaiswal, 1994 SC 1418, 1429.

[42]State of West Bengal v. Orilaljaiswal, 1994 SC 1418, 1429.

[43]Rawalpentavenkalm and Anr.v. State of Hyderabad, AIR 1956 SC171.

[44]Rawalpentavenkalm and Anr.v. State of Hyderabad, AIR 1956 SC171.

[45]Rawalpentavenkalm and Anr.v. State of Hyderabad[45], AIR 1956 SC171.

[48]SudiptoSarkar, VR Manohar , “Law Of Evidence” Lexis Nexis , 17^th edition 2010.

[49]KansamningalMikoi Devi v. kunamAchouba Singh, (2002) 1 GuLR 90 (Gau).

[51]MallappaSiddappaalakanur v. state of karnatake, (2009) 12 SCC 748 (755).

[52]MallappaSiddappaalakanur v. state of karnatake, (2009) 12 SCC 748 (755).

[53]Lakhwinder Singh v. State of Punjab, AIR 2003 SC 2577 (2582).

[54]Basavaraj v State of Maharashtra, 2009, CrLJ 2088 (Bom).

[55]BhaskarRamappaMadar v. State of Karnataka , 2005 CrLJ 108 SC.

[56]Rigo v. State of Kerala, 2010 CrLJ 1315 (Ker.).

[57]State of M.P. v. Chamaru, 2001 (2) JLT 161 (M.P.).

[62]Shivaji v. the State of Maharashtra, AIR 2009 SC 56.

[1] Aditya Pratap Singh, Assistant professor, department of legal studies Lcit college of commerce and science

[3] Tourism Destination Competitiveness of India and China, Kumar, Phuong-Dung & Duc-Thang (2016)

[4] U.K. government, on its official website (Foreign Travel Advice, India), https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/india

^{^[1]} Centre VM, “Alternative Dispute Resolving Mechanism in E-Commerce ” (VIA Mediation Centre) accessed October 2, 2024

^{^[2]} Ballesteros T, “International Perspectives on Online Dispute Resolution in the E-Commerce Landscape · International Journal of Online Dispute Resolution· Eleven Journals” 8 International Journal of Online Dispute Resolution 85

^{^[3]} “Alternative Dispute Resolution for E-Commerce” (Daniel W. Uhlfelder, P.A., June 6, 2019) accessed October 4, 2024

^{^[4]} Centre VM, “Alternative Dispute Resolving Mechanism in E-Commerce ” (VIA Mediation Centre) accessed October 4, 2024

^{^[5]} Student MKI year BALLB (Hons), “Jurisdiction and Enforcement of E-Commerce Contracts”

^{^[6]} “Conditions of Use” (Amazon Customer Service) accessed October 3, 2024

^{^[7]} mappingadr, “Online Dispute Resolution: The Future of Dispute Resolution in India” (Mapping ADR, April 17, 2024) accessed October 5, 2024

^{^[8]} “THE EVOLUTION AND EFFECTIVENESS OF ONLINE DISPUTE RESOLUTION (ODR) PLATFORMS: A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF ADR IN THE DIGITAL AGE”

^{^[9]} “Alternative Dispute Resolution for E-Commerce” (Daniel W. Uhlfelder, P.A., June 6, 2019) accessed October 4, 2024

^{^[10]} Hugh Collins, ‘The Role of ODR in Resolving Consumer Disputes on E-Commerce Platforms: Amazon’s A-to-Z Guarantee’ (2016) 39 Journal of Consumer Policy 503.

^{^[11]} Colin Rule and Shreyas Friedberg, ‘Amazon’s A-to-Z Guarantee and the Impact of ODR on E-Commerce Dispute Resolution’ (2019) 23 Journal of Internet Law 12.

^{^[12]} Yi Cheng and Wei Fang, ‘Resolving Cross-Border Disputes in E-Commerce: Alibaba’s Arbitration Process’ (2017) 34 Journal of International Arbitration 221.

^{^[13]} Pablo Cortes, The Law of Online Dispute Resolution (Cambridge University Press 2015).

^{^[14]} Pablo Cortes, The Law of Online Dispute Resolution (Cambridge University Press 2015).

^{^[15]} Xiaohua Zhao, ‘eBay’s Mediation Process in E-Commerce Disputes: A Case Study of Consumer Protection’ (2020) 45 International Journal of Law and Commerce 75.

^{^[16]} Ethan Katsh and Orna Rabinovich-Einy, Digital Justice: Technology and the Internet of Disputes (Oxford University Press 2017).

^{^[17]} “——” (Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) 2002) accessed October 8, 2024

^{^[18]} ——, “International Perspectives on Online Dispute Resolution in the E-Commerce Landscape · International Journal of Online Dispute Resolution · Eleven Journals” 8 International Journal of Online Dispute Resolution 85

^{^[19]} ——, “International Perspectives on Online Dispute Resolution in the E-Commerce Landscape · International Journal of Online Dispute Resolution · Eleven Journals” 8 International Journal of Online Dispute Resolution 85

^{^[20]} “An Effective Dispute Resolution System for Electronic Consumer Contracts” 23 Computer Law & Security Review 42

[7] Builders Ass’n of India v. Cement Mfrs. Ass’n & Ors., Case No. 29 of 2010, Competition Commission of India (2012)

[8] https://corporate.cyrilamarchandblogs.com/2016/11/curious-case-cement-cartel/

[9] Auto Parts Cartel, Case No. 27 of 2014, Competition Commission of India (2014)

[10] Beer Market Cartel, Suo Moto Case No. 6 of 2017, Competition Commission of India (2018)

[11] World Bank, India: Competition and Economic Development at 45 (2021), available at https://www.worldbank.org.

[12] Competition Commission of India, Annual Report 2023, at 12-15 (2023), available at https://www.cci.gov.in.

[1] The author is Researcher Student of Master of Laws in Department of Law, IILM University Gurugram.

[2] Gibson, 1984; Benedikt, 1991; Dodge & Kitchin, 2001.

[3] OECD, 2019; WTO, 2018; López González & Ferencz, 2018.

[5] Anwarul Yaquin, Legal Research and Writing Methods, Lexis Nexis

[6] Google LLC v. Equustek Solutions Inc. (2017, Supreme Court of Canada)

[7] Data Protection Commissioner v. Facebook Ireland Limited, Maximillian Schrems (Schrems II) (2020, EU)

[8] Google LLC v. Equustek Solutions Inc. (2017, Supreme Court of Canada)

IJLRA	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals Volume 5 Issue 8 2022 Page 1-6
IEEE	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, 5(8)

CHILD PORNOGRAPHY AND ITS LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR ITS CONTROL: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS BY - SUMIT KUMAR BHARTI & ANUSHKA DUTTA

COPYRIGHT IMPLICATIONS OF AI-GENERATED WORKS BY: GUNJAN RATHORE

STANDARD OF PROOF IN CRIMINAL CASES BY - ANJALI BHATT

A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF GENDER NEUTRAL LAWS IN INDIA: FOCSING ON UPCOMING LECUNAS OF SOCIETY BY - SANIA SIDDIQUE & MOHD AKASH

THE IMPACT OF OFFENCES AGAINST WOMEN TOURIST IN INDIA: AN OVERVIEW BY - ADITYA PRATAP SINGH

RISE OF CONSUMER DISPUTES AT DIGITAL MARKETPLACE: AN ALTERNATIVE PATH TO JUSTICE BY - ADITYA PRATAP SINGH

"ANTI-COMPETITIVE AGREEMENT IN INDIAN MARKET" INSTEAD OF "INDIAN ECONOMY." BY - VIBEK MEHER

THE ULTIMATE PRECEDENCE IN LAW SCIENCES: FLEXIBLE STRUCTURE DOCTRINE AS THE NEW LEGAL PARADIGM BY - SANDEEP S. JAISWAL

EVALUATING CHALLENGES IN PROTECTION OF DIGITAL TRADE AND TRANSACTIONS THROUGH CYBERSPACE IN PERSPECTIVE OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW BY: SHUBHAM DIWATE

CHALLENGES, OPPORTUNITIES, AND PROSPECTS OF IMPLEMENTING INDIA’S NEW CRIMINAL LAW: IN THE CONTEXT OF SWIFT JUSTICE BY: RUP KUMAR

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