INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

LEGAL MEASURES AGAINST CHILD EXPLOITATION AND TRAFFICKING VIS- À-VIS CAPITAL PUNISHMENT: A SOCIO-LEGAL STUDY BY - DR. ANJU & SHRUTI

Authors: DR. ANJU & SHRUTI

Registration ID: 108684 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8684 & IJLRA8685

Year : Nov -2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: anjulaw@cuh.ac.in & shrutisinha577@gmail.com

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DOI Link :: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/11.2024-15615849/LEGAL MEASURES AGAINST CHILD EXPLOITATION AND TRAF

CASE ANALYSIS ON NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSSION V. STATE OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH (1996) BY: MAHI THAKUR, KISHAN PAVAN DAAGA & AKHIL R JAYAN

Authors: MAHI THAKUR, KISHAN PAVAN DAAGA & AKHIL R JAYAN

Registration ID: 108681 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8681, IJLRA8682 & IJLRA8683

Year : Nov -2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: mahithakur1013@gmail.com, 23010324045@student.slsh.edu.in & 23010324007@student.slsh.edu.in

Page No : 17 | No of times Downloads: 0065

DOI Link :: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/11.2024-98168849/CASE ANALYSIS ON NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSSION

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF COMMUNITY SERVICE PUNISHMENT WITH OPEN PRISON IN INDIAN CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM BY - POONAM TAMRAKAR & ASHWANI KUMAR

Authors: POONAM TAMRAKAR & ASHWANI KUMAR

Registration ID: 108679 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8679 & IJLRA8680

Year : Nov -2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: tamrakarpoonam2016@gmail.com & aashwanikumar11431@gmail.com

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DOI Link :: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/11.2024-33434246/A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF COMMUNITY SERVICE PUNISH

THE LEGAL BASIS FOR SHIP ARREST: A COMPREHENSIVE OVERVIEW BY: ADV. DEVIKA S B & ADV. A C ARJUN

Authors: ADV. DEVIKA S B & ADV. A C ARJUN

Registration ID: 108677 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8677 & IJLRA8678

Year : Nov -2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: devikashibu4@gmail.com & acarjun01@gmail.com

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DOI Link :: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/11.2024-59195719/THE LEGAL BASIS FOR SHIP ARREST: A COMPREHENSIVE O

BEYOND THE COLONIAL SHADOW: SEDITION LAWS AND THE RIGHT TO DISSENT BY - INDRAKSHI SAHA

Authors: INDRAKSHI SAHA

Registration ID: 108676 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8676

Year : Nov -2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: indrakshisaha2612@gmail.com

Page No : 27 | No of times Downloads: 0065

DOI Link :: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/11.2024-46451184/BEYOND THE COLONIAL SHADOW: SEDITION LAWS AND THE

SIGNIFICANCE OF IP CLAUSES IN A FASHION AGREEMENT: AN ANALYSIS BY - DEEKSHA KATHAYAT

Authors: DEEKSHA KATHAYAT

Registration ID: 108675 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8675

Year : Nov -2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: deekshasinghkathayat@gmail.com

Page No : 12 | No of times Downloads: 0065

DOI Link :: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/11.2024-42348391/SIGNIFICANCE OF IP CLAUSES IN A FASHION AGREEMENT:

INFORMATION ACCESS THROUGH RTI ACT, 2005; A TOOL TO ENHANCE CIVIC EMPOWERMENT AND ENGAGEMENT BY - ANU RAPHY

Authors: ANU RAPHY

Registration ID: 108674 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8674

Year : Nov -2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: anu.raphy@law.christuniversity.in

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DOI Link :: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/11.2024-66214982/INFORMATION ACCESS THROUGH RTI ACT, 2005; A TOOL T

Decriminalization Of Minor Offences BY - SHREYA S, GOWSHIHA A & SHRAYASHTA MD

Authors: SHREYA S, GOWSHIHA A & SHRAYASHTA MD

Registration ID: 108671 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8671, IJLRA8672 & IJLRA8673

Year : Nov -2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: 128087044@sastra.ac.in, 128118008@sastra.ac.in & 128087059@sastra.ac.in

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DOI Link :: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/11.2024-43325373/DECREMINALISTION OF MINOR OFFENCES

TAX EVASION AND THE GENERATION OF BLACK MONEY IN INDIAN ECONOMY: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS BY - ASHISH PATHAK

Authors: ASHISH PATHAK

Registration ID: 108669 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8669

Year : Nov -2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: ashishpathak025@gmail.com

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DOI Link :: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/11.2024-21263966/TAX EVASION AND THE GENERATION OF BLACK MONEY IN I

REGULATING THE PRINCIPLES OF THE INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW A CRITICAL ANALAYSIS WITH RESPECT TO ENVIRONMENT BY - JASLEEN KAUR BAHRI , SHREEYA BISWAS & MOHD YASIR KHAN

Authors: JASLEEN KAUR BAHRI , SHREEYA BISWAS & MOHD YASIR KHAN

Registration ID: 108667 | Published Paper ID: IJLRA8667, IJLRA8668 & IJLRA8670

Year : Nov -2024 | Volume: II | Issue: 7

Approved ISSN : 2582-6433 | Country : Delhi, India

Email Id: jasleenkaur.bahri@calaw.in & shreeya.biswas@calaw.in

Page No : 16 | No of times Downloads: 0065

DOI Link :: https://www.doi-ds.org/doilink/11.2024-28316668/REGULATING THE PRINCIPLES OF THE INTERNATIONAL ENV

International journal for legal research and analysis

Abbreviation:IJLRA

ISSN:2582-6433

Website:https://www.ijlra.com/

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All research articles published INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR LEGAL RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS are fully open access. i.e. immediately freely available to read, download and share. Articles are published under the terms of a Creative Commons license which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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[4] Avanish Patel, “Child Trafficking in India: An Overview” International Journal of Law and Social Sciences (2023).

[5] Christine Joffres, “Sexual slavery without borders: trafficking for commercial sexual exploitation in India,” 7 "International Journal for Equity in Health" 22 (2008).

[11] “CULTURAL DIMENSIONS OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN INDIA - ProQuest,”available at: https://www.proquest.com/openview/220ed8168bca3e01ee8812e5a678685a/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=626342 (last visited October 16, 2024).

[12] Rajendra N. Srivastava, “Children at Work, Child Labor and Modern Slavery in India: An Overview,” 56 Indian Pediatrics 633–8 (2019).

[13] Navpreet Kaur and Shobha Gulati, “TRAFFICKING OF CHILDREN FOR CHILD LABOUR IN INDIA” 24–8 (2022).

[14] “Trafficking in women and children in India: nature, dimensions and strategies for prevention,”available: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/13642980802533109?needAccess=true (last visited October 16, 2024).

[19] Gulnaz Shirin, “Role of Judiciary in Protection of Rights of the Children.”

[27] Vishnupriya Dadhich, “Child Rights and Child Protection: Issues, Challenges and Strategies Role of Judiciary in Protecting Child Right,” 4 (2022).

[33] Dr Shripad Kulkarni, “Role of NGO’s in Protecting Child Rights,” 8 (2023).

[36] Kannan Jhunjhunwala, “A case against the death penalty for child sexual abuse,” 6 Indian Law Review 1–16 (2022).

[1] National Human Rights Commisssion V. State Of Arunachal Pradesh (1996) 1 Scc 742

^{^[4]} Chirantan Kumar, Migration and Refugee Issue Between India and Bangladesh, 1 Scholar’s Voice: A New Way of Thinking 64-82 (2009).

^{^[5]} B. S. Chimni, The Legal Condition of Refugees in India, 7 J. REFUGEE STUD. 378 (1994)

^{^[6]} Kallol Debnath & Kunal Debnath, Chakma Refugees in Arunachal Pradesh: Their Inclusion and Setback, 7 Emerald Publishing Limited 137-148 (2020).

^{^[7]} Suparna Nandy Kar & K. C Das, Migration and Displacement Refugee Crisis: A Study of the Chakma Refugees in Mizoram, 6 International Journal of Humanities & Social Studies (2018).

^{^[8]} Nawang Choden, Forced Migration and the Plight of the Chakma Refugees in Arunachal Pradesh: ‘Citizenship’ as a Bone of Contention, 8 Journal of Migration History 483-512 (2022).

[11] Human Rights Protection Act, No. 10, 1993 (IND)

^{^[13]} Louis De Raedt v. Union of India, 1991 3 SCC 554

^{^[14]} State of Aruna chal Pradesh v. Khudiram Chakma, 1994 Supp (1) SCC 615

^{^[15]} M P Jain, Indian Constitutional Law 7-9 (7th ed. 2014).

^{^[16]} Yusuf Khan v. Manohar Joshi, (1999) SCC (Cri) 577

^{^[17]} Indira Nehru Gandhi vs Shri Raj Narain & Anr, AIR 1975 SC 2299

^{^[18]} Maneka Gandhi vs Union Of India, 1978 AIR 597

^{^[19]} Smt. Nilabati Behera Alias Lalit Behera ... vs State Of Orissa And Ors, AIR 1993 SC 1960

^{^[20]} Extra Judl.Exec.Victim Families ... vs Union Of India & Anr, 2016 INSC 527

^{^[21]} Ram Deo Chauhan Alias Raj Nath Chauhan v. Bani Kanta Das And Others, 2010 SCC 14 209

^{^[22]} Gujarat Urja Vikas Nigam Limited v. Amit Gupta And Others, 2021 SCC ONLINE SC 194

^{^[24]} People's Union for Civil Liberties v. Union of India and Another, 2005 SCC 2 436

^{^[25]} National Human Rights Commission vs State Of Gujarat & Ors, 2008 SCC 16 497

^{^[26]} Louis De Raedt v. Union of India, 1991 3 SCC 554

^{^[1]}First year student at RTMNU’s Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar College of Law, Nagpur, Maharashtra., (2024-2025)

^{^[2]}^{Doris Mary Stenton, Magna Carta, ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA ONLINE available at: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Magna-Carta}

^{^[3]}^{Richard Kraut, The Athenian Ideal of Free Speech, ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA ONLINE available at: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/551948/Socrates/233637/TheAthenian-ideal-of-free-speech}

^{^[4]}^{Josiah Ober, Kurt Raaflaub, and Robert Wallace, ORIGINS OF DEMOCRACY IN ANCIENT GREECE (2007).}

^{^[5]}^{The Trial of the Colonial Legal Order: The Tilak Trial 1908 and the Colonial Fiat (https://ijlmh.com/paper/the-trial-of-the-colonial-legal-order-the-tilak-trial-1908-and-the-colonial-fiat/)}

^{^[6]} The trio of Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai and Bipin Chandra Pal. Refer to https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/the-spirit-of-lal-bal-pal-in-indian-history/

^{^[7]}^{Arvind Ganachari, Evolution of the Law of “Sedition” in the Context of the Indian Freedom Struggle in Nationalism And Social Reform In A Colonial Situation 54 (2005)}

^{^[8]}^{Walter Russel Donogh, A treatise on the law of sedition and cognate offences in British India,}

^{available at http://archive.org/stream/onlawofsedition00dono#page/n23/mode/2up}

^{^[9]}^{3 R. Dhavan, Only The Good News: On the Law Of the Press in India 285-87 (1987)}

^{^[10]}^{These sections dealt with “waging war against the government” and “abetting to wage a war” t http://archive.org/stream/policecrimeinind00coxerich#page/86/mode/2up}

^{^[11]}^{The Wahabis have been described as an extensive network of rebels who principally participated in the First War of Indian Independence in 1857. They followed a well-organised model of mass preaching, mostly concentrating on political and religious issues to win the support of the people (Refer to Narahari Kaviraj.)}

^{^[12]}^{“Whosoever, by words, either spoken or intended to be read or by signs or by visible representations or otherwise excite or attempts to excite feelings of disaffection to the Government established by Law in British India, shall be punishable with transportation of life … to three years to which fine may be added.” - IPC/1898/Sec- 121A}

^{^[13]}^{Refer to : https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/11-12/12}

^{^[14]} Dramatic performances act 1876 which had the power to prohibit certain dramatic performances; The Provincial Government may prohibit any public performance if it deems it scandalous, defamatory, likely to incite disaffection towards the government, or likely to corrupt the audience. (Refer to : https://www.caluniv.ac.in/global-mdia-journal/DOCUMENTS%20-DEC%202013/Document_1_The_Dramatic_Performances_Control_Act_1876.pdf )

^{^[15]} The Vernacular Press Act (1878) curtailed Indian-language press freedom in British India, aiming to prevent criticism of British policies, especially during the Second Anglo-Afghan War. Repealed in 1881, it fueled India's independence movement.

(Refer to : https://latestlaws.com/bare-acts/central-acts-rules/media-laws/vernacular-press-act1878 )

^{^[16]}^{Eric Barendt, Interests in Freedom of Speech: Theory and Practice in Legal Explorations: Essays in Honour of Professor Michael Chesterman 175 (Kam Fan Sin, 2003)}

^{^[17]}^{The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, Schedule I.}

^{^[18]} Refer to the original case file: https://indianhistorycollective.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/ILR189822BOM112.pdf

^{^[19]} Kedar Nath Singh v. State of Bihar, 1962 AIR 955

^{^[20]} Vinod Dua v. Union of India 2021 SCC OnLine SC 414

^{^[21]} S.G. Vombatkere vs. Union of India (2022) 7 SCC 433 ;11 May 2022; Writ Petition(C) No. 682 of 2021

^{^[22]} Refer to judgement https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1537928/

^{^[23]} FIR Against Journalist Vinod Dua in Himachal, Summoned For Questioning in Shimla (Refer: https://www.news18.com/news/india/fir-against-journalist-vinod-dua-in-himachal-summoned-for-questioning-in-shimla-2667153.html)

^{^[25]} The Vinod Dua show episode 255 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vjjFD_tgvv8

^{^[26]} Case analysis: Vinod Dua vs Union Of India on 3 June, 2021 (Writ petition) Refer to : https://blog.ipleaders.in/case-analysis-vinod-dua-vs-union-of-india-on-3-june-2021-writ-petition/

^{^[27]} Shuvro Prokash Lahiri, Case Comment on the Supreme Court Of India Judgment: Vinod Dua Versus Union Of India & Others,volume 2 issue1,6-7 (2021).

^{^[28]} Disha A. Ravi vs State (Nct Of Delhi) & Ors.; Delhi High Court; AIRONLINE 2021 DEL 159 (2021)

^{^[29]} The toolkit was tweeted by Swedish environment activist Greta Thunberg on February 3, 2021. Refer to : https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/disha-ravi-case-what-is-a-toolkit-that-has-brought-activists-under-the-lens-1769523-2021-02-15

^{^[30]} Refer to judgement https://indiankanoon.org/doc/108912186/?type=print

^{^[31]} Kanhaiya Kumar was the then President of JNUSU (JNU Student’s Union) while Umar Khalid and Anirban Bhattacharyya- (https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/my-phd-student-umar-khalid-anirban-bhattacharya-jnu-jnu-row/) were the former members of Democratic Students Union (DSU)

^{^[32]} During the "fracas" that ensued, a small group of people consisting of the people convicted, raised slogans that were generally described as "anti-India" slogans. They included phrases like "Kashmir ki azadi tak jung chalegi, Bharat ki barbadi tak jung chalegi" ("War will continue till Kashmir's freedom, war will continue till India's demolition") to protest execution of Afzal Guru and Maqbool Bhat and in the support of "the struggle of Kashmiri people for their democratic right to self-determination".

^{^[33]} Student Describes What Actually Happened At The Jawaharlal Nehru University On Feb 9 Refer to https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/student-describes-what-actually-happened-at-the-jawaharlal-nehru_n_9233910

^{^[34]} While people like Gulzar supported the protests by JNU students, Refer to I feel both me and my country are safe: Gulzar supports JNU students' voice of dissent

There were people like Prof Mohandas Pai who were extremely critical Refer to:Dear JNU Students, We Fund Your Studies, Not Your Politics

^{^[35]} JNU students’ protests get support from universities across India Refer to: https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/jnu-students-protests-get-support-from-universities-across-india/story-ZyAPUXcr3H7wzgMmhyxWsK.html

^{^[36]} S.G. Vombatkere vs. Union of India (2022) 7 SCC 433 Writ Petition(C) No. 682 of 2021

^{^[37]} The Chief Minister was referred to as a “puppet of Hindutva” in a video that Mr. Wangkhemcha, a journalist based in Manipur and anchor for local news channel ISTV, posted on social media. Mr. Wangkhemcha was arrested for his criticism of the Manipur government and its relationship with the current NDA government.

^{^[38]} Kanhaiya Lal Shukla, a journalist from Chattisgarh, took part in an alternative type of political commentary by publishing cartoons on social media that parodied the phoney encounters that the Gujarat police are said to have staged between 2002 and 2006.

^{^[39]} “All pending trials, appeals and proceedings with respect to the charge framed under Section 124-A IPC be kept in abeyance. Adjudication with respect to other sections, if any, could proceed if the courts are of the opinion that no prejudice would be caused to the accused.”-

^{^[40]} Whoever by any act, or by any illegal omission, conceals the existence of a design to wage war against the Government of India, intending by such concealment to facilitate, or knowing it to be likely that such concealment will facilitate, the waging of such war, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to ten years, and shall also be liable to fine.

^{^[41]}^{BNSS refers to clauses 150, 195, 297 as ‘seditious matter’ even though the word sedition doesn’t appear directly.}

^{^[42]}^{Kainat Sarfaraz, JNU row: What is the outrage all about, , HINDUSTAN TIMES (2019), available at:}

^{https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jnu-row-what-is-the-outrage-all-about/story-3OglXKhzB3RCFsEgjIOlZP.html}

^{^[43]}^{After 110 Days in Jail for Saying “Pakistan Zindabad,” 19-Year-Old Activist Gets “Default Bail,” , THE WIRE, available at: https://thewire.in/rights/amulya-leona-bail-bengaluru}

^{^[44]}^{Refer : https://devgan.in/ipc/chapter_06.php and 42.}

^{^[45]}^{Bombay High Court, Emperor vs Bal Gangadhar Tilak on 22 July, 1908 (Refer : https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1430706/ )}

^{^[46]}^{Delhi High Court, Umar Khalid vs State Of National Capital Territory Of Delhi on 18 October, 2022}

^{^[47]}^{Delhi High Court, Sharjeel Imam vs State Of Nct Of Delhi on 10 July, 2020}

^{^[48]}^{Delhi High Court, Mr. Kanhaiya Kumar vs Union Of India & Ors on 20 May, 2024}

^{^[49]}^{Karnataka High Court, Amulya Leona vs State Of Karnataka on 22 May, 2020}

^{^[50]}^{The legal quorum: S.G. VOMBATKERE VS. UNION OF INDIA by Nandini K.T}

^{^[51]}^{124(A)- [ Whoever by words, either spoken or written, or by signs, or by visible representation, or otherwise, brings or attempts to bring into hatred or contempt, or excites or attempts to excite disaffection towards, the Government established by law in India, a shall be punished with imprisonment for life, to which fine may be added, or with imprisonment which may extend to three years, to which fine may be added, or with fine.]}

^{^[52]}^{Supreme Court of India : In Re:Arundhati Roy.... Contemner vs --- on 6 March, 2002}

^{^[53]}^{Bombay High Court: Sanskar Marathe vs The State Of Maharashtra And Anr on 17 March, 2015}

^{^[54]}^{The Chief Minister was referred to as a “puppet of Hindutva” in a video that Mr. Wangkhemcha, a journalist based in Manipur and anchor for local news channel ISTV, posted on social media.He was arrested in August 2021 under the grounds of sedition}

^{^[55]}^{Kanhaiya Lal Shukla, a journalist from Chattisgarh, took part in an alternative type of political commentary by publishing cartoons on social media that parodied the phoney encounters that the Gujarat police are said to have staged between 2002 and 2006. He was arrested in April 2021.}

^{^[56]}^{DIrection (d) - “All pending trials, appeals and proceedings with respect to the charge framed under Section 124-A IPC be kept in abeyance. Adjudication with respect to other sections, if any, could proceed if the courts are of the opinion that no prejudice would be caused to the accused.”}

^{^[57]}^{Sedition Law in India: A Critical study by Umesh Kumar and Dr, MP Verma}

^{^[58]}^{Whoever wages war against the Government of India, or attempts to wage such war, or abets the waging of such war, shall be punished with death, or imprisonment for life and shall also be liable to fine.}

^{^[59]}^{Whoever within or without and beyond India conspires to commit any of the offences punishable by section 147, or conspires to overawe, by means of criminal force or the show of criminal force, the Central Government or any State Government, shall be punished with imprisonment for life, or with imprisonment of either description which may extend to ten years, and shall also be liable to fine.}

^{^[60]}^{Whoever collects men, arms or ammunition or otherwise prepares to wage war with the intention of either waging or being prepared to wage war against the Government of India, shall be punished with imprisonment for life or imprisonment of either description for a term not exceeding ten years, and shall also be liable to fine.}

^{^[61]}^{Whoever by any act, or by any illegal omission, conceals the existence of a design to wage war against the Government of India, intending by such concealment to facilitate, or knowing it to be likely that such concealment will facilitate, the waging of such war, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to ten years, and shall also be liable to fine.}

^{^[62]}^{Whoever, with the intention of inducing or compelling the President of India, or Governor of any State, to exercise or refrain from exercising in any manner any of the lawful powers of such President or Governor, assaults or wrongfully restrains, or attempts wrongfully to restrain, or overawes, by means of criminal force or the show of criminal force, or attempts so to overawe, such President or Governor, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to seven years, and shall also be liable to fine.}

^{^[63]}^{Whoever, purposely or knowingly, by words, either spoken or written, or by signs, or by visible representation, or by electronic communication or by use of financial mean, or otherwise, excites or attempts to excite, secession or armed rebellion or subversive activities, or encourages feelings of separatist activities or endangers sovereignty or unity and integrity of India; or indulges in or commits any such act shall be punished with imprisonment for life or with imprisonment which may extend to seven years, and shall also be liable to fine.}

^{Explanation.—Comments expressing disapprobation of the measures, or administrative or other action of the Government with a view to obtain their alteration by lawful means without exciting or attempting to excite the activities referred to in this section do not constitute an offence under this section.}

^{^[64]}^{Whoever by words, either spoken or written, or by signs, or by visible representation, or otherwise, brings or attempts to bring into hatred or contempt, or excites or attempts to excite disaffection towards, the Government established by law in India, a shall be punished with imprisonment for life, to which fine may be added, or with imprisonment which may extend to three years, to which fine may be added, or with fine.}

^{Explanations: 1.The expression “disaffection” includes disloyalty and all feelings of enmity.Comments expressing disapprobation of the measures of the Government with a view to obtain their alteration by lawful means, without exciting or attempting to excite hatred, contempt or disaffection, do not constitute an offence under this section.}

^{2.Comments expressing disapprobation of the administrative or other action of the Government without exciting or attempting to excite hatred, contempt or disaffection, do not constitute an offence under this section.}

^{3.Comments expressing disapprobation of the administrative or other action of the Government without exciting or attempting to excite hatred, contempt or disaffection, do not constitute an offence under this section.}

^{^[65]} All citizens shall have the right-to freedom of speech and expression;

^{^[66]} The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India.

^{^[67]}^{A Decade of Darkness : The story of sedition in India.(Refer : https://sedition.article-14.com/)}

^{^[68]}^{Supreme Court - Daily Orders}

^{S.G. Vombatkere vs Union Of India on 11 May, 2022}

^{^[70]} Surya Kanta Mishra’s recorded speech on State Repression and Freedom of Expression

^{^[71]} A. G. Noorani, How a Supreme Court judgement brought back the sedition law in India
Refer: https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/sedition-in-freedom-struggle/article35786523.ece

^{^[72]} REFORMING THE LAW OF SEDITION, (New Zealand & New Zealand eds., 2007)

^{^[73]} Refer to : The road to Sedition : https://medium.com/westside-stories/the-road-to-sedition-e0b0f18ed4c7

^{^[74]} Sedition in England: The Abolition of a Law From a Bygone Era | In Custodia Legis: Law

Librarians of Congress, https://blogs.loc.gov/law/2012/10/sedition-in-england-the-abolition-ofa-law-from-a-bygone-era/

^{^[75]} Schenck v. United States, OYEZ, https://www.oyez.org/cases/1900-1940/249us47

^{^[76]}Prabhat Singh, A quick history of sedition law and why it can’t apply to JNU’s Kanhaiya Kumar,

NEWSLAUNDRY (Feb 16, 2016) https://www.newslaundry.com/2016/02/16/a-quickhistory-of-sedition-law-and-why-it-cant-apply-to-jnus-kanhaiya-kumar

^{^[77]} Richard C. Paddock, Malaysia to Repeal Death Penalty and Sedition Law, THE NEW YORK TIMES,

(October 11, 2018) https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/11/world/asia/malaysiadeath-penalty-repeal.html

^{^[78]} Indonesia: Bold Court Decision Good for Free Expression, HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH (2007),

https://www.hrw.org/news/2007/07/19/indonesia-bold-court-decision-good-freeexpression

^{^[79]} Roy Jordan, In Good Faith: Sedition Law in Australia, Parliament of Australia, Parliament of

Australia (Aug. 23, 2010) available at:

https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_departments/Parliamentary_Libr

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^{^[83]} 5 India Today, Kashmir University lecturer released, January 2, 2011, available at http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/kashmir-university-lecturer-released/1/125303.html

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[1] P. Rathinam v. Union of India on 26 April 1994

[2] Kachrulal Bhagirath Agrawal & Ors vs State of Maharashtra & Ors on 22 September, 2004

[3] Directorate General of C.Ex. Intelligence vs State

[1] WWW. CONSTITUTIONOFINDIA.NET (Last visited May. 2, 2024) Read - Constitution of India

[3] Income Tax Act, 1961, S. 4, Acts of Parliament (India)

[4] “GST officials detect 14,597 tax evasion cases in Apr-Dec: Govt informs LS” 2024, Business Standard, February.

[5] “Top 10 biggest Income Tax raid in India” 2024 Clear Tax, May 20, Biggest Income Tax Raid in India | Top 10 Biggest Income Tax Raid in India (cleartax.in)

[6] A Tax haven country has zero or very less tax rates and it does not share the information of the depositor with other nations.

[7] 73^rd Report, Standing Committee on Finance (2018-2019). https://taxguru.in/income-tax/status-unaccounted-income-wealth-country-critical-analysis.html. (24^th June 2019)

[8] Richard Mahapatra, Tax avoided by corporate groups can eradicate global poverty, Down To Earth, https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/economy/tax-avoided-by-corporate-groups-can-eradicate-global-poverty-66243, August 20, 2018

[9] Virendra Singh Ghunavat, Munish Chandra Pandey, Mastermind of Nirav Modi- PNB scam reveals how he helped carry out fraud transactions, 2022, India Today news, Apr. 11, https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rs-11-400-crore-pnb-fraud-ed-may-attach-properties-of-nirav-modi-mehul-choksi-cbi-seals-brady-house-branch-1172622-2018-02-19.

[11] https://www.rauias.com/daily-current-affairs-for-upsc-ias/double-tax-avoidance-agreement-cairn-energy-upsc/

[12] Mittal D.P. 2014, Indian Double Taxation Agreements and Tax Laws, 104, (Taxman’s Publications 2014)

[13] Ibid

[14] A Resident refers to a person who as per the relevant laws of the Contracting States, i.e. India and the US are liable to pay tax by reason of domicile, residence, citizenship, place of management, place of incorporation, etc.

[15] Sukanta Sarkar, The Parallel Economy in India: Causes Impact and Government Initiative, Economic Journal of Development Issues, 124, 124-125.

[16] No official estimate of black money I foreign accounts in last 5 years: Govt. in Parliament, Times of India News, April 7, 2022, https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/no-official-estimation-of-black-money-in-foreign-accounts-in-last-5-years-govt-in-parliament/articleshow/88279663.cms

[17]Indians’ funds in Swiss banks climb to Rs. 20,700 crores, highest in 13 years, India Today news, April 12, 2022, https://www.indiatoday.in/business/story/indian-black-money-swiss-bank-accounts-latest-estimate-1816211-2021-06-17

[18] Dr. Pradip Kumar Das, The Menace of Black Money in India, Archives of Business Research 7, 77-87

[1] Author

[2] Co- Author

[3] Co- Author 2

[4] Wilkinson, D., “Environment and Law” (London: Routledge, 2002), 100.

[5] (1938/1941) 3 R.I.A.A. 1905.

[6] See also the Corfu Channel Case (UK v. Albania (1949) ICJ Rep. 4.

[7] See principle 2 of the Rio Declaration on the Environment and Development, 1992 containing same principle.

[8] Ibid.

[9] Ibid.

[10] [1991] SDNY 668.

[11] Kramer, L., “E. C Treaty and Environmental Law” (London: Sweet & Maxwell, 1995), 53.

[12] Supra 3, 245.

[13] Thornton, J., and Bekwith, S., “Environmental Law” (London: Sweet & Maxwell, 1997), 38.

[14] Ibid.

[15] Nichols v. Natural parks & Wildlife Service [1994]5 Env. 1 ; Per Talbot J.

[16] Supra 23.

[17] Supra 1, 121.

[18] Ibid.

[19] Burge, H.C., “The principles of Polluter pays in economic Law”, in Law and Economics, ed. Eide, E. and Van der Bergh, R. (Oslo: Juridisk Forlag, 1996), 16.

[20] Supra 3, 247.

[21] Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future, 1987 (The Brundtland Report.).

[22] McGoldrick, D., “Sustainable Development and Human Right: An integrated conception” International and Comparative Law Quarterly 45 (1996) 796-818, available at: <http://www.jstor.org/stable/760584> (accessed: October 21, 2017).

[23] Supra 22, 41.

[24] Hayward, Steven, “Sustainability and Non-Renewable Resources”, Mackinac Center for Public Policy, available at: <https://www.mackinac.org/2843> (accessed: October 22, 2017).

IJLRA	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals Volume 5 Issue 8 2022 Page 1-6
IEEE	N. Raj Kumar ; Kamble Shivadayal . "Design of Fault Tolerance Parallel FFT’s Using Xilinx 14.5v" Iconic Research And Engineering Journals, 5(8)

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